Metalų terminijos aiškumui ir tvirtybei

Jonas KLIMAVIČIUS Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius METAL TERMS FOR CLEARNESS IR The basics of metal thermals are well established and clear. ir Here we want to finalize the choice of only a few terms, to clarify the meanings, so that terminological clarity accuracy is everywhere ir — ir in dictionaries, encyclopedias, textbooks, ir departments, auditoriums, classes, production, ir trade. 1. Ketos Every user of common language at least some logic ir paisanžmonių surprises advertised tį Kaunas cast iron foundriesspike stoves. All of us who went to high school, chemistry, iš physics, geography we know only a few, this should be enough life should not destroy ir the — foundations of school. But civilization some still very much lacks griautermijos normą advertising, what newspaper cooking: — ŠpiZiniame na boiler jkaitinami ir fat or oil ir LA 1998 32 22. Most of the enlightenment knows (at least heard) that the skewer (alternative Spiža, špyžė, spižius, spyžius, spižas, spižė, spyža) barbarism, pollution — (meaning “cast ir iron cauldron” in dialects, even “cast iron cover”), the same iš as the German [link. Spiž, ryt. prue. Spis, vid. vok. height. (Glocken)spise]. Ar somebody iš „špižininkų“, who try to argue the use of the word „špižė“ with the use of dialects, know that in the dialects of the eastern highland — Zemgaly there is another ir Polish, known — according to ir the Russian language gygūnas ir (Ččiugūnas), having the same — meanings ir ‘ge- "Ileženkelis"? Barbarism is still barbarism, its own, a vestige, in o ne dialects ne there are many barbarisms. About the word ketūs 1929 m. in your book “Language ir of antiquity” was written by the famous linguist Kazimieras Bow: "In a word, we are Kuršaitis calls the potter's iron (Russian). uyeyn): ketūs das Gusseisen, ready-made pot K! I 573. Vok.-latv. Ulmanium ir In the Strawberry dictionary we read: : Eisen gegossenes cuguns kets 236, Cast iron, cast iron 71 (uyryn) kets (Bartau, lith. ketūs) 365. Where is the homeland of those two words?" 139, pp. 139. Although the question of Boge was not answered for a long time, the Lithuanianness of the word ketus was undoubted. Already in 1918, in Rygiškiai Jon's "Our Dictionary" published in Voronezh, the — preference is given to him: ketūs, špižas uyeyns . 1919 m. Kaune KarZ (prepared, as far as is known, by Petro Rusecko) prefers Lithuanian: ketus (špižas) —uyeyne, ketinis (špižinis) —uyeynnbiū., 1920 TechZ, —also: uyeyns —ketus, Spizas (although in the Lithuanian part —both equally). In 1939, the CP instead of the words špižius, špižinis gives ketūs, -aūs, ketinis, -ė. This was the most authoritative proposition of the norm-setters. 1950 in Bielefeld LKV also: ketus, -aus ‘grade of iron’ (no : I. (e.g., r. hawthorn, hawthorn). DZ, clearly shows the direction: špižius see ketus, and DZ, and DZ, codify strictly: špižius ntk. (i.e. not applicable!) = ketus. 1949 TechZ, not yet cut: uyeyn —ketus (Spizius), 1959 PolZ, back to barbarism: uyeyn špižius, — 1984 m. PolZ, = =pinmyn; uyeyn — ketus; 1960 m. ChZ, Siokia gives this preference to Lithuanian: špižius (=ketus), but fetus (=SpiZius) is considered the main, because Here is the explanation ir — ‘Fe ir C alloy with su impurities of other elements’; 1997 m. ChŽ; : SpiZius ntk. (i.e. not applicable) /ketus. Boston LE only six (VII 106), MLTE II only six. However, after a long break and the complete rejection of the barbarism of Spizius by normative lexicography, the encyclopedists are again making concessions — ketus, Spizius LTE V, TLE II. The Latvians, who generally have much more slavybiy in their common language, here have squeezed the country and tend to use kets, čuguns more. Thesaurus of Latvian language ME II latv. į kets — compares with lit. ketūs, ne refers to o used in the surroundings of Liepaja, Kuldiga, Aizpute, Nygranda. Although M. Brencė indicates that „kets (from Lit. ketus) no dienvidrietumu Kurzemes (kursiskajam) izloksném ir kadreiz parnemts literaraja valoda un kopš ta laika lietojums ka paralėlforma vardam čuguns (kr. uyeyn)“ (M. Brence, Lituanismi latviešu literaraja valoda, —-LVKJ I 60), neither its borrowing from Lithuanian (tarmiy!), nor its wider use in common language is confirmed by facts. LaKV X considers cast iron as the main variant: kets sk. (i.e. see — see) cast iron. Both are also considered as a term, but preference is given to the own word: čuguns, kets — ne 72 MTME. The singular noun is quite strict: čuguns ‘ferro-carbun on alloy; kets’ IVV, kets o not! — 1964 m. LieLaV, done opposite — as in Lithuanian: špižius see. cast iron, o cast iron, — cast iron. However, 1977 m. LaLieZ kets see Cast iron [0 ir Lithuanian language dictionary anachronically named: čuguns ketus, — špižius: ketaus foundry; Spicy (ketamine) boiler; piece of cast iron, ingot). 1995 m. LieLaV, not consistent: ketus — kets, čuguns, but kėtaus (=hard!) foundry cast — iron mill; to the Lithuanian spoken language here is not be necessary to bring up spižius sar. (i.e. snail.) — cast iron, cast iron. Latv. kets in usage is not at all rare: LVBV I 1 Cast iron — 65x, keys — 8x; LV BV IV Cast iron — 1/1, kets — 1/1; LV BV II 1 Cast iron — 6/3; LVIBV cast iron — 73, kets — 8. Multiatoms IV V, black time quite equivalent: cast iron — “brittle iron-carbon un alloy; kets“ kets ir ,brittle iron-carbon un alloy; cuguns®. Liet. ketus ir latv. kets commonality ir Ernstui Fraenkel, as before Bugs, yet no explanation of origin: jy ‘is the Origin of the Words unclear" FrnW. Finally Konstantinas Karulis savo LEV kets I ketus ir aligns with the words latv. ketna (with variants) „Ietena“, lit. ketera, gr. kotyle, kotylos ‘the trench; indas“, lot. catinus ‘(clay) bowl’, dem. Catillus "bowl, plate" [per got. katil(u) come debtors — sen. sl. Kaffls , rus. come, let. boiler, latv. boiler) — iš Indo-European root *ket- „to bend, to bend; crooked, bent”. This contradicts ne the o ją etymology, perhaps it could be supplemented ir by remi Kazimieras Gaivenis’ ir unexpectedly simple connection: "his cousin could be considered at least the word ketai ‘wooded bark of ruddy birch’ TV I 38 (no matter that used not widely: birch cast I§ burned tar Pain. Birch trunk casts peeled will take į the place of coal Pain. Keten birch Skaudvilė — LKŽ III). The etymology may ir reinforce latv. four positions in the common language. Liet. ketus in common language in ir terminology must remain first of all according to the principle of norm stability. Even if someone ever proves that the ir word “ketus” (like “špižis”) is of non-Lithuanian origin, it is no longer possible to think about changing the foundations tų of the nė school, language — norms are not allowed to be destroyed. The Slavicity of Spisz is clear only to linguists who ne know Polish, but to 73 ordinary ar users of the common language, ir active, leaders, therefore offends the — sense of national pride, cannot be prestigious. We always choose our own word, especially when the debt is a clearly felt alienation. Even when we have to choose between two borrowed words, we choose the one that is not recognized by the common language users as a clear foreignness. So in common language there is germanity street, o ne the glory is a blow; germany closet (Latin origin), rather than the Slavic sphagnum; Germanity a rod, not Slavery a sword; Germanic executioner, not Slavic executioner (cf. kotavoti); turkish onions, slavy cibulis, although o ne these slavy dialects are the most widely used. Even from two celebrities we choose the one that doesn’t seem so foreign or doesn’t look foreign at all: skirt (of Italian origin), not skirt (and not andarok); ayer (of Turkish origin), o ne thistles; lions, o ne levers; violin, o ne violin; play, not play, grajinti; to witness, not to shine. Sometimes we even cover the form so that it does not look foreign: pošeňa (cf. kišti), rather than kešenius: drum, o ne drum; peony, o ne Peony. Similarly, we choose two iš germans: ditch (plg. digging, trench), o ne ragweed; frame (see support), not Roma. We use and we will use ketos, intent — only! If the Latvians did not keep their kets, we would remain the only heirs of the Baltic kets. ir 2.How tin, not tin, took hold Language historians cannot be pleased with the word dlvas, but it has not entered the common language. There may not be any blame, but there is some sort of resentment: the Baltic old word alvas praganytas, the Slavic relative — the — borrowed tin is used. According to LKZ I, tin was o used in J. jo Bretkūnas’ Bible and M. Daukša’s Catechism, its meaning is indicated as “lead”, and LKZ > “soft, silver-coloured metal” (it would be like white tin —“Silvery white, soft” LTE I; o Lead — "blueish grey, soft" LTE XI). SD, ofow/Plumbum is lead, as well — SD,, SD, I coat with o oil/wax/etc. co Obductive liquid — Apteiu atawu/was74 h/etc. (approximately as high as DK 77 — alwu yr waszku teia, only here tin, tin! ). ne O However, already ir K. In the dictionary of Sirvydas there is a loanword cina — SD, Cyna/ex germ. stannum is cyna, SD, Cynd. Stannum — Ciua (= Ena), also SD, Contryfat/tin frontfabo English Stanum Anglicanum — China iz Carbon tabay game (SD, contrifat/plumbum cinereum — neiSversta). Alavinés kulkos Mrk would indicate that this — "Swine". Tin Plv, Lš, alavukas Ūd, alupka Kp, Pn, Mžk, alūpka Grg "pencil" also most likely here indicates floating "Swine" means mę (plg. vok. ‘pencil’ — Pencil: Lead ‘Lead’ + Stift ‘vinutė; pin; pen”). LKZ II, cinnamon — "soft silver metaJas“, LKŽ 0 II]. ‘tin. ir lead alloy", although ir w. Tin, ir iš German borrowed polk. tin — thickener ‘tin’. Alavo (and tin) values — ‘Lead’ — "tin" — apparently depends on the pragmatism of metallurgy. Although tin cinas ir are different borrowijų ngs, the meanings in Lithuanian coincided (in Polish ofow — ‘Lead’, o ‘tin’ - China! ). K. Būga 1912 m. siejo ir interpreted: lit. dlvas = latv. Tin, tin ,, Tin" [i.e. ‘tin’ — J. K.] = prue. alwis K. Big. RR I 342. Later: lit. dlvas ‘aux’ (Nesselmann Wb. 5); ceuney (Bezzenberger Beitr. zur Gesch. 270); ,,0m0B0“ = latv. Tin ,,0110B0%, olvs prūs. = alwis ‘cBHHer’ K. Bug RR II 507 (o prue. ‘tin’ — scarstis : lit. Jam. tin K. Bug RR II 684). O K. Boogs "Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language" tin — Tin B, O, plumbum album, oj110B0 [0 cBunen, Lead, plumbum nigrum lead] - K. Būg RR III 428. LotZ data plumbum, , or plumbum nigrum (Plinius Major), is Lead, o plumbum album (Julius Caesar, Pliny the Elder Major), or p. candidum (Plinius Major) — ‘tin’ — probably ‘white tin’; o SD, plumbum cinereum gal — ‘grey tin’ (‘below 13,2 Cc at which white tin turns to gray, or alpha tin, which is brittle and easily turns to powder’ ir LTE I): lot. cinereus — ‘Ash’ (so corresponds ir to color, ir consistency). O Latin (and scientific chemical) "tin" name stannum in Pliny's time meant "Blend of ir lead and silver," just again. lat., turned stagnum — already ‘tin’ (Isidorus Hispalensis, ~570 — 636), though staniolis — ‘foil of tin or jo lead su alloys’. 75 K. Bog explains the origin of dlvo in detail: “If the name of a metal was given by its color, then it would be similar to jo these words: sva. su [i.e. You're going. height. - J. K.] elo “Iohbrown, yellow” (...): lot. al-bus, gr. 'aXA-ę0c ‘white’: air. eighth ‘Lead’ (...)“ K. Bug RR III 428. By the way, in ir “Language in antiquity” the color ir motivation explains the origin of lead: ‘Sl. svin-'co Lie. // Lead (la. "Silver be isn't the only color that iš shines". : : [i.e. Sanskrit — J. K.] Flowers, f. ¢vent ‘white’ P. Persson Beitr. 745?“ K. Bug RR II 259. It should be added that T. V. Gamkrelidzes ir In Vyacheslav Ivanov’s latest version of Indo-European studies, among the Indo-Europeans “white; bright” representatives — ir let. dlvas ‘tin’ (o ne Lead! ), fr. alwis ‘Lead’ IKI II 783. By the way, it should not be forgotten that the relativity of the Baltic or even Indo-European origin of dlvo (probably also of other metal names) was already perfectly understood by K. Būga: “If the origin of the name tin (Ide. olowo-) is true, it would still be unacceptable to claim that the name of the metal is not a loanword. From the Indo-European proto-language, the Estonians could not inherit dlvo, because at that time there was still a stone (Neolithic) mine and they could not yet forge any metal TŽ I 407“ K. Būg RR III 428. Thus, M. Daukša used inherited dlv, while K. Sirvydas used borrowed tin and cina. In J. Bretkūno Bible — both tin and tin. K. Būga considers the tin to be a Belarusian debt —iz g. [i.e. gudų —J. K.] 01060 K. Būg RR III 388. Cina is Polish, and cinas is Germanic. Thus, rather early next to the alternative tin or tin appeared another —tin or tin. R 375 and K are Zinc (although still N: Alwas —Zinn), J — Zinc. 1919 KarZ tin —01060, 1920 TechZ, tin —ono6o (and tin —0/1060, net 01060 —tin, tin). The etymologist K. Būga did not propose the common language dlvvo, although he was concerned about the names of metals lietuvisSkumas —he himself, next to metal, used lit. naūgis: Naugiai (metalai) then not very well known K. Būg RR III 496. Copper is a single commodity known to the Indo-Europeans K. Būg RR III 587; noted the Lithuanianness of the name geišis used by S. Daukanto (:2xecms) K. Big RR II 684 (geišis 2. ret. „dalgis“ Grg —LKZ III). In 1933, Lenc I used tin. Only in LKŽ I, tin is considered an unusable word: x alavas (sl.), but there it is “lead”, not dlvas… As if the door opened for tin, but it did not open. 76 Then again 1950 m. Bielefeld Lithuanian Exile Community ex. 5000 in circulation LKV instead of tin (g.) applied tin, but also quite consistenne tly, quite chemicallne y: dilva, tin (plumbum album), although tin is not jo given in alphabetical order. By the way, already 1943 m. LieVoZ, although tin — Tin (and cinnamon — Zinn), but alvinis zinnern. — However, there was no continuation of the tin. Nors Boston LE I tin — "old Lithuanian iš borrowing from Polish ‘olow’. Jo Instead our chemists use the borrowiš ed German word. language — tin", real iš tin, tin is LE IV — not. O — O In Lithuania 1949 m. TechZ, 041060 — Tin. 1960 m. ChZ, zinc see Tin. DG, DG, ir cinnamon See Tin: o DG, Zinc etc. = Tin. Tik KPP, ir KPP,—with an “ethological” look: tin is better than — tin. However, there is no "better" in terminology. Tin, unlike cast iron, simply did not have luck. Ne one such liet. — Jam. ports (Lithuania Minor ports) also gave way to their Slavic common borrow — mustache. 3. bronze; brass, brass (lighthouse); misingis; copper; tombacas Jau 1907 m. SNŽŽ is bronze —,Sulietas varis tin“ su (1936 m. TŽŽ-— ‘gold-like į alloy of copper ir and tin’). 1923 m. STŽZ bronze meaning confused — ‘copper-- zinc-alumiir nium mixture [alloy — metal|’. The Lithuanian word bronzas has been tried for a long time. 1870 m. K I 262 Bronze — yellow wūrias. 1914 m. John Jablonski wreath iš bronze repairs į brass crown J. Apple R IV 131-132. 1918 m. Rygiškių Jono In our dictionary: brass, tin — 6pon3a. 1919 m. KarZ brass (clear) — 6pon3a [nors skaistvaris — ne ‘bronze’, o kKpacnas medbo (v. brass), as well as a gelsvarinė box namynnas — kopobka (by the way, gelsvaris not fixed even LKŽ III); still foundationir al covering wood — pybawxa). 1924 m. VĮ blond — namynb. The test failed, because brass is a completely different copper alloy, but the remains of to the test are still there: although bronze was legalized already 1949 m. TechZ, ir 1959 m. PolZ. : 6pon3a — bronze, namyno — brass, o 1960 m. ChZ, purpurinis — Ew į ir Zn lydinys“ — namyno, aceamas meow, bet 77 prie bronza —„Cu ir Sn lydinys“ —6pon3a ChZ, dar pazymima: "some call Zalvariu". Selected totals ne be the — matter is still relevant. 1958 m. in the first issue of the American P. S. (i.e. Pranas Skardžius) į question: "Is purple the same as brass?" answers: "Usually these words have not so far been distinguished more strictly in their meanings; e.g., „Lietuvių kalbos vadove“ [Lithuanian language handbook] [LKV —J. K., cited in 2] both these words are equivalent and are used to translate bronze „Copper and tin alloy“ GK 1958 1 16. In 1968, the 1. Brass, 2. Bronze. In Lithuania also: brass —1.tech. namynb, 2. (bronze) 6pon3a LRKŽ, and LRKŽ; ; 6pon3a —bronze, brass RLKŽ, I, 6pon3a —1. bronze (in history1 and brass) RLKŽ, Toliau I. P. S. ei DZ: In the “Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language” bronze is “an alloy of copper with tin and other metals”, and brass is “an alloy of copper, tin and zinc, the foundation” GK 1958 1 16. Here. P. S. quoting twice inaccurate — iš real DŽ “There is: purpuras cf. brass, and in the interpretation there is no synonym misingis — on the contrary: misingis cf. brass, so the foundation is not provided. DZ, error: In Zalvari interpretation there must not be “tin” (by the way, it is repeated in LE XXXV — even without “zinc”). Bronze (Italian: bronzo < Pers. biring "copper- ") is an international term for copper. — bronze, angl. bronze, vok. Bronze, check. Bronze, left. brąz, latv. bronze, east. Bronze, rus. 6pons3a. No synonyms term is not required. And Boston LE III already in 1954 bronze —“general name of copper (Cu) with tin (Sn) alloy”: soft bronze (94% Cu + 6% Sn), machine bronze (90% Cu + 10% Sn), cannon bronze (86% Cu + 14% Sn), bell bronze (80% Cu + 20% Sn), as well as special —aluminium bronze (93% Cu + 7% Al), manganese bronze (95% Cu + 5% Mn), phosphorous bronze, silicon bronze; especially iStanding out red bronze — su Zinc impurity (from to 2 7%). 1977 m. LTE II emphasizes that bronze — "an alloy of copper with other chemical elements, except alloys with zinc (brass) and with nickel", can only be "part of tin replaced by zinc and lead". The oldest — tin bronze; also named silicon, aluminum, lead, beryllium, chrome bronze. ChZ, bronze —1. "Cu (> 60 %) alloy with Sn and other elemental additives". All bronze ne is auksiné bronze, or mosaic gold ChZ, - 78 ‘tin disulphate, SnS,, gold-coloured crystals’ LTE I (nors 2. ‘Cu ir Sn Alloy’ ChZ. ). Zalvaris is ‘copper-- ir zinc alloy’ DZ, ‘Cu ir Zn (4-45%), Alloy, su sometimes with additions of other elements’ — 2amyus, scheamas meow; brass ChZ, “a copper alloy with zinc as the main alloying element” LTE XII. LTE XII distinguishes: single-phase brass (has up to zinc) 39% two-phair se brass — 40-45% Zn, "in addition to zinc, sometimes still has tin, aluminum, lead, nickel." Why LE XXXV brass is "copper ir tin alloy", can only be guessed (perhaps by confusion of similar chemical symbols: tin — Sn, zinc — Zn). The question, ar bronze age, brass age, is ar solved pragmatically: bronze was used in the beginning (before this even copper somewh- — ere mentioned short copper age), but bronze (like ir copper) tools were too soft, so brass was quickly found. The Bronze Age was common — in France. dge de bronze, angl. the Bronze age, vok. Bronze Age, left. epoch (okres) brqzu, latv. Bronze Age,. Russian. 6pon3oeviii eek. In Lithuania, the two-word name brass age, bronze age is established („started to make tools of iš bronze ir brass“) LTE XII. Brass is a living word — LKŽ According to the archive, mainly Žemaičiai, in the songs — brass gates, doors, bridge, dadgelė, even nursery — ir Highlanders (and green copper), brass — curse ‘whites’. In the writings brass was used by the Zemgale authors — L. Ivinskio, S. Daukanto, Valančiaus, M. is A. The Yukon Dictionary. Synonyms: dominant brass bright brass book, ir bright book, foundational sv. In the English language, the word is often used in the same sense as in the German. According to LKŽ, the XV lighthouse is Small Lietuvos žodis — Lex 61, O 344, C II 44, N, option beacon R, MZ, N. Skaistvaris, LKZ XII, also known as iš Small Lietuvos — C II 44, H, R, MZ, also N, Bt Apr 1, 14, but ir DP 581, o truly eastern highland form of the bright-haired — SD, 79, 172, SD, 179, 416, Ch 1 Moz 4, 22. Ir in songs widely: Brass trembled, lightning rang KIvD 216. Copper drummers, copper trumpets they will — accompany me, they will entertain me RD 94. Skaistvario making ir motivation is quite clear shiny — 1. "glowing, shining", 2. "which bright colors" LKŽ XII. 79 dense words of Lesser Lithuania švitvaris ir skaistvaris (the clearinghouse of the ir eastern Highlands old writings). There they were pushed by Germanity misingis (misingė, misingas), į pushed even common language (this is a — regional loan: latv. misinš, est. brass (and whitewash), check. Washed, left. brass). There was a proposal to call the yellow brass "purple". (6596 Cu + 35% Zn). The term "red" refers to the red color of the skin. It was called the Red-headed ir Tortoise. 4. In chemistry there are only precious metals, in jewelry — precious metals. The ir content and scope of the concepts differ. This is distinguished in many languages, although some have a generalized one-cat name (net ‘orange’). Received 07/09/1998 Abbreviations ALChŽ —- Hostage V. 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