„Nulis“: anksčiau ir dabar

ZERO: Previously IR NOW On the origin of the concept of zero there are several opinions. There is an opinion that zero was borrowed from the iš Greeks. In the absence of a number, Ptolemy wrote a letter o (omikron) — probably iš the word ovdev — nobody. It is possible that this sign iš originated the sixty-zero. Most often the homeland of zero is considered India. In Indian mathematics, zero is known since ‘Brahmaguptos’ (about 600 m.). It was marked with a dot or ball. Later through the Arabs zero entered į Europe. The Arabs expressed zero as as-sifr, which literally means emptiness. Somewhere in the iš beginning zero was similarly called ir (plg. vok. Cipher, Russian. yugpa. ). About 15 a. end In France, Italy, another word appeared to name this concept. Later many languages borrowed the iš zero ir from Italian so jį it is now called zero. Terminas nulla figura —‘no sign’ appeared in — manuscript Latin translations of Arabic works ir 12 a. Terminas nulla (lot. nullus — none, one) nė found Comb N. (N. "Chuguet" (in French). (1484 ir in the first printed arithmetic (1478 m.). Dar 15 a. zero was not a number. Probably A. Girard. (A. "Giro d'Italia 2013: il primo appunta- (1697 mento con il numero zero". Assigned zero to the natural numbers L. Oileris (L. Euler) The Universal Arithmetic (1768). When zero entered the Lithuanian į language, it is now difficult to say exactly. In the ancient religious scriptures, this word was apparently not needed. The first dictionary of Lithuanian language — K. Sirvydo The "Dictionarium trium (~ 1620; I linguarum" edition of this dictionary ir later (III — V) editions are now treated as different dictionaries dictionaries transferred 1979 ir 1997 m.) we can't find zero. Probably in Lithuanian lexicography zero appeared only 18 a. Jį find P. Ruiz's dictionary. As it is written ‘Brockhaus Encyclopaedia" (p. 39), in German until 15 a. zero value was used for die ' The facts are presented iš Azerbaijan H. B. Maremarnueckue TEepMHHBI CripaBOuHHK. Mocxea, 1978. C. 85-86; Brockhaus Encyclopedia. Mannheim, 1991. Bd. 16. S. 38-309. 92 Number. In the 19th century, the meaning of die Ziffer expanded and it became a number. P. Ruigys records both meanings of die Ziffer: 3iffer, f. 3ahl, Rokotinė, ės, f. Suskaitytinė, ės, f. 3iffer, die Nulle, Nulle, lės, f. (Ruig 413*) As can be seen, the feminine gender nulė is made according to the German analogy. Half a century later K. Milkus copied exactly the same word from P. Ruigi’s dictionary into his own (Milk 557). E. Kuršaitis also adds the word in question to the dictionary. It gives the form niulis: Null, die, niūlis, io. There N. goes up with N., cžią wilkas lygiei ifeit. he is a true N., jis cžyltai per niékq; like nothing. that is N. u. void, tai wifdi niéks; from. per niékq (F. Kurš 96) It is not clear whether E. Kuršaitis' zero means a number (digimenij), because the examples illustrate only the phraseological word. the use of die Null. In this case, the meaning of nil would probably be "nothing". There have been other forms of zero. Interesting facts are recorded in the huge Lithuanian-- German dictionary by Aleksandras Kuršaitis (nephew of Friedrich Kuršaitis). A. Kuršaitis, providing the basic form of zero, also mentions others: apskritulis, nuūolis, zeras (A. Kurš 1576). The circle is taken from A. Vilimavičius- 's speech: apskritulys (nulis, zero) Null m. (Vilim 209). By the way, the circle (with zero value) is not present in the LCZ or its catalog. This can only be the term of A. Vilimavičius. From the dictionary of M. Miežinis, zero is taken (A. Vilimavičius' unaltered form zero was not inserted by F. Kuršaitis): zeras, v. nulis. m. zero. zero. nyrv (0) (Miež 288). The source of the drop is J. Šlapelis's dictionary. Here the drop is only as an illustration: vypustit, vypustim, -pusem —pazoymuca. What is nioline? - Down... a dart?... It is a puffy bulge (Slap 212). It is interesting that the unchanged form zero with the meaning of zero as an international word was presented in Lithuanian language dictionaries for a long time. Zero may- * Here and below numbers indicate pages. 93 ma can be found in several “International dictionaries of words” (1936, edited by K. Boruta et al., 1951, translated by O. Katinskaitė et al., 1969, translated by O. Doveikienė et al.). Only in the 1985 dictionary (edited by V. Kvietkauskas) zero is no longer present. I wonder if zero has been used in Lithuanian for so long. It was probably only because they were translated that it was included in dictionaries. The first meaning of zero in various encyclopedias and dictionaries is given very similarly. A typical encyclopedic definition would be the following: the number 0, which when added to any number gives the same number (LTE VIII 254; TŽZ 345). In the main Lithuanian dictionaries, the presentation of zero values is slightly different. Chronologically, the change would look like this: zero (2) 1. the digital sign “0”, indicating the absence of size and quantity; limit of positive and negative numbers. 2. prk. none, no amount (DZ, 506) null sm. (2) TrpZ 1. dimension. digital sign 0, denoting the absence of quantity, and attached to any number from the right side — increasing it ten times. 2. conditional value from which to start calculating: As the temperature rises, the surface tension of liquids decreases and reaches zero at the critical temperature trš. 3rd Prk. something very small, insignificant; niekas: How so: the state taught a person, the educators gave him a part of their heart, and the result —zero tsp (LKŽ VIII 892) nullelis (2) 1. digital sign “0”, indicating the absence of size or quantity; added from the right to the number —increasing it ten times; limit of positive and negative numbers: 7the thermometer fell, rose to ~io. 2. prk. nobody, no quantity. A Absolute n. (temperature —-273.16* C) (DZ, 444) zero (2) 1. number indicating the absence of a quantity or quantity; The thermometer dropped, rose to ~io. 94 2. prk. none, no quantity: A Absolute n. (temperature — 273,16° C) (DZ, DZ, 439, Although 439) at first glance the meaning of zero in dictionaries seems essentially the same, on closer inspection you can see differences. The values can be divided into three types. Obviously the most similar is the presentation of DZ, and DZ. Here it is first emphasized that zero is a digital sign “0”, i.e. zero is perceived as a digit or graphic unit. It is also added that this is the boundary between positive and negative numbers (just not said, the ar ta limit is a number). Another type of presentation is DZ, and J. Here it seems that the previous value is reversed. First it is said that zero is a certain category of number, later — that it is a graphical expression of that number. In both of these types of definitions, the logical category of the number and its material expression — the graphic sign — are considered to be one (first) zero value. How different it is LKŽ VIII (third type). Here, the first value of zerois only a mė numeric sign, the number (size) o separated is given as the second ir value. This separation of values seems fairly reasonable, but the hierarchy of values could be disputed. After all, logically first is a certain size, not a graphic expression of that size nė (although historically the concept of zero was developed later than the sign appeared in this regard welcome 0). DZ, (DZ,) the choice of zero first defined as a number. O the ar question of one of two values remains. Apparently, in all DZs the number and sign are presented as one value according to the analogy of mo presentation of numerals DŽ ir LKŽ. In this respect, the exclusion of two zero values LKŽ seems somewhat unfair. The reason to was probably the zero-size conditionality. By the way, it's interesting that 1936 m. In the International Dictionary of Words, the first meaning of zero is not mathematical at all: Zero (Latin) 1. nothing; 2. in mathematics — no quantity; the boundary between positive and negative quantities, ir 0; 3. in a figurative — sense, weakness, a weak, meaningless person. (p. 386) order of 95 What part of speech is zero*? Only one way to answer the question į šį is not easy. In the dictionaries and grammar of many languages (including Lithuanian), zero is considered a noun (we can judge about the assignment of zero to a noun in grammar from the fact that Ji is not even mentioned with numerals). Why is zero not a number? It is difficult to say, because the morphological treatment of the noun itself is problematic. The LKM says that “a nominative ir part of speech consisting of words denoting units of quantity—numbers, quantities of objects expressed in numbers—is called a numeral. ir jų precedence" (p. 79). The definitions of zero indicate that it is a number, so at least formally it should be among the units of quantity mentioned in the definition of the digit. All the more so since the LKG I states that numerals are “words that represent an abstract number” (p. 604). Isn't zero an abstract number? The number is considered the most limited part of the language, i.e. in the number there is a small number of roots (although some words, such as both, -i, pusė, pusė ir pusė, etc., are treated differently). It is reasonable to assume that the numeral is a very heterogeneous part of the language. Grammatically very different words are assigned to one class. ir — If the facts were treated morphologically, the class of numerals would not remain. DLKG recognizes that some iš jų close to adjectives (e.g. one, one), others for nouns (ten, cf. eyes), and others for adverbs — (ten, plg. many) (p. 238). But so far we are not breaking traditions. Thus, if we look at zero purely į morphologically, it is a noun, but semantically (in our linguistics the numerals are distinguished semantically) (o it tends to the numerals. It is also directed ir because the numerals are treated quite mathematically, we have fractional numerals (used almost only in — mathematical language, after all, we say half, o ne one second; o What is verbal 0,5 expression? ). * As far as I have been asked, Lithuanians (even ir scientists) get confused šį when they hear the question. It is often considered a number, but it is often the final answer. happens —I don't know. 96 Since numerals do not have common morphological distinguishing criteria, their most characteristic feature, as a part of language, is considered the categorical meaning of abstract quantity, exact number (LKM 80; LKMA 221). It is also said that because of the definition of the meaning, the descriptive su words are not used with numerals they do not have signs — (LKMA 221). The accuracy of zero as a number is defined as the number — that, when added to another number, su gives the same number. Having certificates is another thing. Jau DZ, DZ, (DZ we saw absolute ,) zero. — But zero ar in this compound is perceived in the same way as zero degrees in the compound (plg. one hundred degrees). Obviously not. Or let's compare again: gave a trio of apples the teacher ir wrote a big trio. In the latter case, me the numbered person gets a mark. In the case of zero, we can see the opposite process. Null (first indicating a sign 0 — plg. note triplet is now counted in (3)) some cases (e.g. zero hours left, match score zero — du : [goals J). Zero digitation is supported by the inversion of ir the zero value DŽ, (DZ, where ), zero is the first number, sign. o ne Thus, the morphological treatment of zero could depend on the contextonewhere noun, to — elsewhere numeral (just like one, ir -a — number, adjective or pronoun). This is the only example of the term in German grammar. ir Here the quantitative digits (Grundzahlen, or Cardinal numbers) are named from zero. (null) (e.g., Jews) 174; Mikal 159). Null (number) and die Null (noun) are given in separate slots in the sentences because of the different spelling ir (VLZ 95). By the way, the GDR (p. 399) indicates next to null that it is an adverb, but that would already be a discussion in the German language. In French, numerals are sometimes not distinguished at all (this is a purely morphological approach), they are discussed with pronouns as quantitative determinants (déterminants numéraux) o (For example, PPKG Here we 78). also find zero (zero). LKM said —„number —comparatively few, with new words almost unfilled (thinned my — A. U.) part of the speech’ (p. 80). This "almost" gives the possibility to add zero to the numerals in certain cases. 97 Zero is not a word that is often used in colloquial language. It is probably a more written word. As shown L. Grumadienė ir V. Žilinskienė- 's research (DDRLKŽ 29), zero falls į 2200 of the most commonly used written words (if these data correspond to reality). 28 zero uses found in 76 samples (total samples tested 1200 po 300 000 word uses). Only the iš dictionary does not show ir exactly where zero is used. It is likely that the numerical use of zero is typical of non-specialized spoken written language, in the exact sciences zero is quite terminologized, ir there are a number of generic terms, o which undoubtedly indicates noun use. Here are some examples of terms where zero has a binding sign: dešinysis (MTZ) / binary ATC) / rear ACS, ACS) left | (MTZ) | multiple (MTZ) | computerized (CZ, CZT) not relevant / (AUC, AUCs) / normal (AKZ, AKTZ) common | (MTZ) | frontal (AKZ, KTZ) / conditional (MTZ) / identical (MTZ) zero. Available ir du combinable subsignals: negative computing zero (AKTZ), positive computational zero (AKTZ). How rarely zero gets the non-compatible mark: function zero (MTZ), timeline zero (AKTZ), zero su minus (MTZ), zero plus su (MTZ). There are many ir terms where zero becomes the dependent term. In this case, it is usually in the noble form: removal of non-significant zeros (ATC), zero environment (MTZ), zero divisor (MTZ, VLMZ), zero-one ir law (MTZ), zero sign (ATC), zero multiplier (VLMŽ), number of zeros (VLMZ), zero density (VLMZ), zero theorem (MTŽ). There are terms where zero in the subject goes into the form of another ir verb, e.g.: division of zero iš (ATC), fill with zeros (ATKZ). Several ir atypical (non-noun form) zero of compound terms, e.g. zero divisors su be (VLMŽ), homologous to zero (VLMZ), homotopic to zero (VLMZ). As you can see, in Lithuanian zero has already advanced į considerably. It's no longer just an ellipse-shaped digit (together ir with the conditional number) has — given rise to new terminological meanings, which are most relevant 98 in mathematics and computer science. On the other hand, the use of zero as an ordinary number in non-specialized spoken and written language prompts us to think about its morphological treatment, which is deliberately or unconsciously ignored in current Lithuanian linguistics. Perhaps we should also think about the dual treatment of zero, which would allow in certain cases to supplement our semantically distinguished class of numerals. A. Kurš AKTŽ wv AKZ DDRLKZ DLKG DZ E. Course Jud LKG I LKM LKMA LKZ VIII LTE VIII Miez Mikal Milk v MTZ Abbreviations Kurschat A. Lithuanian-- German dictionary. Thesaurus linguae Lituanicae. Gotingen, 1970. Bd. II. 1998-1999 English-Lithuanian Explanatory Dictionary of Computer Terms. Kaunas, 1997. 1998. Paulius K. V., Jasinevičius R. Explanatory Dictionary of Computing. Kaunas, 1995. 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Vilnius, 1994. 99 PPKG Balaišienė J, Mickienė V. Practical French Grammar. Vilnius, 1996. Ruig Ruhig Ph. Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian Lexicon <...>. Königsberg, 1747. Slap Slap ale J. English-Rir ussian dictionary. Vilnius, 1921. TZZ Dictionary of International Terms. Vilnius, 1985. GDR Dictionary German-Russian / by E. Thumb and W. Schenk. Leipzig, 1990. Vilim Vilimavičius A. Small German lesson <...>. Heidelberg, 1919. VLMŽ Mačienė V. Mathematical Dictionary of the German-Lithuanian Languages. Vilnius, 1994. VLZ KriZzinauskas J. Smagurauskas S. German-Lithuanian dictionary. by Vilnius, 1992. T. 2. Alvydas SHADOW Alvydas SHADOW Received 2000 10 20 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6 LT-2055 Vilnius El. email [email protected] 100