Lietuviškų ir tarptautinių fonetikos terminų sinonimija

Gita KAZLAUSKAITĖ Vilnius Pedagogical University LITHUANIAN IR This article discusses the prevalence of the type of synonymous terms, which are given with respect to one origin, in individual works of phonetic fields, as well as their development tendencies. The research XX a. material is collected from the most important special phonetic studies and linguistic iš works of this century, in which phonetic subjects are touched in one way or another." Regarding the synonymy of Lithuanian international ar terms, there are single words, ir compound terms. It should be added that to the ir international terms here are distinguished je hybrids, i.e. ir ir ir terms ar jų elements with ir internationair l, Lithuanian elements. In this respect, there are two types of synonymy du of single-word terms: Synonymy of 1) Lithuanian internationir al term (e.g.: sambalsis || hiatas), 2) synonym of the ir Lithuanian term hybrid (e.g. softness | palatality). The synonyms of compound terms may be the main elements (marking words) or the dependent elements (marking words). Similarly to single-word terms, the synonym of the Lithuanian international term can be assigned here ir (e.g.: vowel equalization ||vowel assimilation, soft vowel ||palatal vowel) and synonymy of the Lithuanian term hybrid ir (Example: phonetic vowel ||phonetic vowel, palatal consonant ||palatal consonant). Be Therefore, there are ir such cases of synonymy of Lithuanian ir international terms, when the synonymy is made up of terms of different mų structure, for example, one-word term ||two-word term (degeneration || ! A list of abbreviations ir is provided at the end of the article. Roman numerals indicate ki volume, Arabic numerals indicate page. Most often, — the first use of the term in the source is recorded. 25 mas), monosyllabic term || trisyllabic term (Afrikata || pure consonant diphthong), bisyllabic term|| trisyllabic term (consonant metathesis|| consonant substitution). In fact, the very concept of synonymy is understood differently both in linguistics and in terminology. In addition to synonyms, the ir term doublets is also used. Sometimes both these terms are perceived as synonyms: „The terms — synonyms (dubblets) are called du ar even several terms, meaning tą the same concept“ (TD, 9). Russian linguist O. Achmanova does not identify these ir terms with the terms doublets (triplets, ir etc.). refers to words that are “joined by a special terminological interface in the same su scientific object. Therefore, they are considered ne words as such, only as a o consequence of the impossibility of distinguishing between the objects they represent” (Akhmanova 1969: 13). In her opinion, these doublets are mistakenly called synonyms. This difference of opinion relates to the notion of absolute su simple ir synonyms. In common language, absolute synonyms are considered “these synonyms whose meanings are identical. Due to the identity of meaning they are also called doublets” (Jakaitienė 1980: 51). The ordinary ones are "these synonyms, of which one or more ar meanings are absolutely ne identical, only o close" (Jakaitienė 1980: 52). In terminology, only absolute synonyms (doubles) can be spoken of. Synonymous terms of the spoken type are definitely considered absolute synonyms or duplicates. Jų values are identical — differ only in resolution. Before talking about synonyms of phonetics of the aforementioned type, it is worth briefly discussing the concept of phonetics itself. In ir modern linguistics, it is almost universally accepted that the sounds of language are studied by the science of phonetics (in the broad sense), consisting of two relatively independent branches: iš ir (DLKG 15; Pakerys 1995: 5; Girdenis 1995: 23). As a constituent part of phonology, prosody is usually distinguished (DLKG 15, Fresh air, Changes 1990: 163). Morphology is considered an intermediate subject, connecting phonology morphology ir (DLKG 17). Therefore, in this respect, the terms of pure phonetics, phonology, morphology of prosody are distinguished. ir 26 Iš of the total was investig1700 ated within the terms. Tą the variation of terms denoting the same concept is evidenced 300 by synonym lines, iš jų 173 lines for the (55,1%) synonym type of ir Lithuanian international terms or hybrids?. The terms of pure phonetics comprise about 5296 (905 pcs.) all phonetic terms, between almost jų synonym170 ous lines. Synonym strings to allocate to the spoken 94 type of synonym (5696). In the XX a. first halfje ji was not very common. How many more such synonymous terms are only K. Boogs ir M. Door work, e.g.: afrikata BRR III 168||compound consonant BRR III 631, Equalization of Vowels BRR II 492||assimilation of vowels BRR II 492, Garsomoxlis BRR II 217|| phonetics BRR I 408, rounded vowel DKP 94||labialized vowel DKP soft 94, voice DKP 126||palatal voice DKP 126 ir kt XX a. in the ir middle of the second half, starting E. With Mikalauskaitė- ’s phonetic works ending ir the “Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language”, the number of synonymous terms of the spoken type increased considerably. E. In Mikalauskaitė's phonetic works, a 23 string of such synonymous terms was found, e.g.: accommodation MFD 67 ||adaptation MFD 67, Diphthongoid MFD 59 ||false diphthong MFD 59, secondary tweeter MFD 55 ||secondary diphthong MFD 55, sambalsis MFD 33||hiatas MFD 33 ir kt This type of synonymous terms does not avoid ir A. Synonym (15 strings), e.g.: afrikata PF 175||pure consonant diphthong PF 175, diphthong vowel PF 67||Diphthongated vowel PF 67, softness PF 100||palatality PF 100, semivowel PF 94 ||sonant PF 96 ir kt A. in Girdenis’ works of (16 synonymous lines) of the spoken type synonymy usually arises because In "Phonology" ir In the "theoretical foundations of ta phonology" the term itself is referred to differently, e.g.: murmuring vowel GF 6 ||reduced (murmuring) * For comparison, quantitative data of other types of synonymy can be provided: synonymy of Lithuanian terms synonym — 84 string synonymy of (26,8%), international terms or hybrids — 57 synonym strings (18,1%). 27 voices GFP 88, intervowel consonant GFP 116 ||intervocalic consonant GF 83 and others. „In Lithuanian Grammar“ (,,Phonetics® section author V. Vaitkevičiūtė) ir “In the Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (Authors of the Section “Phonology” K. Garšva ir A. "Morphology". — A. This type of synonyms is also not excluded from the synonym string), e.g.: (25 degeneration LKG I 115||Fat skipping LKG I 115, diphthong LKG 1 57||diphthongs LKG 1 57, hardening DG 48||depalatalization DG 48, palatal consonant LKG I 57 ||gutural consonant LKG 1 71, Trigarsis DG 22||triftong DG 22 ir kt Lithuanian ir international terms (or hybrids) synonymity in the second half can be justified by XX a. the development of phonetics itself, which led to the need for new lo terms. In many cases, terms already used abroad were taken or Lithuanian equivalents were searched for. Phonology terms comprise about 1996 (320 pcs.) all phonetic terms, iš jų through 50 synonyms lines. The first works on Lithuanian phonology appeared only in the 1960s. XX a. In fact, the ir term is used only in iš the second half of the 19th century. Perhaps the most developed terminology of Lithuanian phonology A. Girdenis, "Phonology", "Theoretical Fundamentals of Phonology" ir "Grammar of the Lithuanian Language". Here we are talking about 230 terms, i.e. 2/3 all phonological terms. In the terminology ir of phonology, as pure phonetics, the spread is distinguished by the synonymous terms of (25 spoken type — 45%), e.g.: delimiting function delimiting PF 9, GF 20|| function PF 9, GF 20, soft consonant phoneme GF 168||diezic consonant phoneme GF 168, neutralization MFD 67 ||change of fats MFD 67, neutralization position GF 98 ||weak position GF 98, distinguishing feature PF 9, DG 15||distinctive feature PF 9, DG 15 ir kt Although a monograph specifically ir devoted to theoretical and methodological problems of prosody appeared only XX a. in the 1980s (A. Packer. “Prosody of Lithuanian Common (1982)), Language” but these questions have been studied since the In the 19th a. century, the o term was ir 28 used to refer to the same thing. In total, about 400 prosody terms are used in the studies, i.e. about 2396 of all phonetic terms, of which almost 60 are synonymous lines (of the spoken type — 27). Synonymy of Lithuanian and international terms or hybrids in prosody terminology became more widespread in the second half of the 20th century. From the first half of the century only a few such synonymous terms are mentioned, used in the works of K. Būga, M. Duris, J. Žiugžda (7 synonym lines), e.g.: akūtas BRR III 45 ||tvirtapradė priegaidė BRR III 45, balsingumas ŽG 12||tonas skambinamas skiemuo ŽG 12, DKP 158||emphasized syllable DKP 158, firmness BRR III 45||acuteness BRR III 45 etc. ir Later, synonymous terms of this type increased (18 the number of synonymous lines), e.g.: acute PF 319, LKG I 128||right sign PF 319, LKG I 128, extension GF 193||continuous waiting GF 193, kirtis GF 173||accent GF 173, quantitative interjection PF 313, GF 175, LKG I 127 ||quantitative cross-section PF 313, GF 175, LKG I 127, correction GF 193 ||sudiné sudden GF 193, spontaneous prosody GFP 216 ||non-functional prosody GFP 216 et al. Although the study of morphological phenomena is not a direct (and phonology), but phonetic phonologists often have to rely on the laws ir of morphology. In the researched sources, the ir terms of morphology are discussed, i.e. iš so 100 about all 6% phonetic terms, among which are jų through synony30 ms lines. Synonym ir strings for Lithuanian international terms or hybrids type 28 (i.e. more than e.g. 9096), apheresis LKG I 118|| consonant declination LKG I 118, disassembly LKG 1 93||similarity of sounds LKG I 94, epentese DKP 129||the appearance of a vowel Merger of 129, DCPs DKP 124||contraction DKP 124||contraction DKP near 124, metastasis DKP 131||, contact” metathesis DKP 131 ir kt The synonymy of morphological terms of the spoken type is distinguished by synonymous lines, which consist of members of uneven structure (of this nature are 26 synonymous lines of 28). | Thus, from iš what has been said, it can be seen that the synonymy of Lithuanian ir international terms is perhaps the most widespread of all the types of synonymous iš terms that are distinguished with regard to origin. Comparing XX a. the ir beginning of the treatment. 29 the end, it becomes clear that such synonymy cases are constantly increasing. This trend is likely to continue in the future, because the development of sciences, including phonetics, is currently very rapid. International terms first reach Lithuania, where they are searched for equivalents, and in usage both variants are usually provided. Sources BRR —Būga K. Selected Writings. Vilnius, 1958. T. 1; Vilnius, 1959.T. 2, Vilnius, 1961. T.-3. DG —Grammar of Modern Lithuanian Language /red. V. Ambrazas. Vilnius, 1994. DKP —Durys M. Fundamentals of Linguistics. Kaunas, 1929. GF —Girdenis A. Phonology. Vilnius, 1981. GFP —Girdenis A. Theoretical foundations of phonology. Vilnius, 1995. LKG —Lithuanian Grammar | ed. K. Ulvydas. Vilnius, 1965; T:1. MFD —Mikalauskaitė E. Phonetics of the Lithuanian language. Vilnius, 1975. PF —Pakerys A. Phonetics of the Lithuanian Common Language. Vilnius, 1986. ŽG —Žiugžda J. Grammar of the Lithuanian language. Kaunas, 1966. D. 1. References 1. Achmanova 1969 —Axmanosa O. Crogapv nuneeucmuseckux mepmunos. Mocksa. 2. DLKG -Grammar of Contemporary Lithuanian Language /red. V. Embrace. Vilnius, 3. Gaivenis, Keinys 1990 —Gaivenis K., Keinys St. Kalbotyros terminų žodynas. Vilnius. 4. Girdenis 1997, 1995 —Girdenis A. Theoretical foundations of phonology. Vilnius. 5. Jakaitienė 1980 —Jakaitiene E. The lexicology of Lithuanian language. Vilnius. Pakerys 1995 —Pakerys A. Phonetics of the Lithuanian Common Language. Vilnius. 7. TD —Terminological work. Vilnius, 1973. SYNONYMY OF LITHUANIAN AND INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC TERMS Summary This paper analyses synonymy of Lithuanian and international phonetic terms of the 20* century. Hybrids are considered as one type of international term. Oneword and compound terms are taken into consideration. 30 The most freguently occurring type synonymy of is Lithuanian and international terms. There are such 173 synonymy lines about per - cent all 55 synonymic phonetic of terms. If we compare the beginning and the end the century, of would see 20“ that the we number such synonyms increasing continually. of is Most likely this tendency will remain the future, because the in development sciences occurring rapidly. International of terms come is to Lithuania first. They are gradually changed into Lithuanian equivalents, but both versions are used phonetic works. in Gita KAZLAUSKAITE Received 2000 11 06 Vilnius Pedagogical University Faculty of Lithuanian Studies Department of Lithuanian Linguistics T. Ševčenkos g. 31 LT-2009, Vilnius 31