Terminų pragmatika

TERMINOLOGY IR PRESENT Kazimieras GAIVENIS Institute of Lithuanian Language TERMS PRAGMATICS The term pragmatika (sign relationships su with users) primarily associated with the su terms semantics (sign connectiosu ns with the ir outside world) syntax (sign connections su with other signs). Foreign terminologišį sts have ne once used the term to refer to various issues of terminology management . (Gajda 1990: 34, Cabrê 1999: 27—222 ir kt ). In this article, we will use the term pragmatic when talking about the status of normative terms, because neither word for word nor term for term is equal. For example, popular terminology cannot be identified su with scientific terminology. Scientific texts sometimes provide quite long lines of synonyms for popular terms, e.g.: common bloodwort (Achillea millefolium L.) — balžiedės, balžiedis, gajutės, kraujanosė, kraujanosis, krauvauninkas, kraujinis, kraujinžolė, carrot, nosrava, nostravos, nosravės, pelvuodegiai, pepper, narrownosies, srauzdė, sraujanosis, sraujanosė, sraujažolė, sraugėlė, sravai, sravažolė, sravanosė, sravanosis, sravenis, sravinė žolė, sravžolė, sravožolė, srevas, srevanosis, srevžolė, sraaunanosiai, sruvanosiai, sruvažolė, straviklė, straviklis, stravyklas, strevžolė, strujažolė, šiaurolė, ostrich (Lithuania flora VI 96). Why are these synonyms used in scientific publications? As an additional source of naming (botanicians use these synonyms for terminology purposes when 1) distinguishing new plant species or even genera); as a source of term history ar 2) (some of these synonyms have been used in the past by well-known ir botanists) etc. Folk terminology is very heterogeneous, it contains barbarisms, ir strongly ir stylistically connoted words. Thus, all folk terms ne are suitable for terminology. On the other hand, only a few fields of science have popular terms. Some specialists do not like folk terms very much, considering them inaccurate. This is an entirely unacceptable approach. The suitability of each popular term for scientific terminology should be assessed separately, taking into account the term’s construction, į motivation, semantics, systematicity, etc. ir In addition to the popular terms in some fields of terminology are widely used two more terms: systematic non-systematic (trivial). For example, in chemical ir terminology, non-systematic names usually indicate the raw material from which the compound was isolated iš ar (e.g. malic acid), production method (e.g. pyruvic acid), place of production (e.g. Berlin sand), authors (e.g., Michler ketone) ir etc. (ChemZ 8). These names are long-standing, easy to remember and relatively ir short. Meanwhile, the systematic names, formed according to The IUPAC approved rules must accurately reflect the structural formula of the compound. They are often longer and more complex. For ir example, a non-systemic term is ammonia, systemic trihydrogen o nitride, — non-systemic water, systemic hydrogen — oxide, etc. o — ir More complicated are the systemic names of acids. ‘Systemic names of deoxycholic acids include the cation (hydrogen atoms) with the greatest electrical negativity ir (acid residue or anion). The name of an anion first refers to the oxygen atom mų (-oxo-) number (dioxo-, trioxo-, ir etc.), followed by — the acid residue-foną rming element su suffix - Dad. Po anion charge in parentheses after the name’ (ChemŽ 11). For example, the non-systemic name boric acid, the systemic trihydrogen trioxoborate o non-systemic name — sulfuric acid, the systemic dihydrogen (3—); tetraoxosulfate o — (2—) ir t.t. Non-systematic names are not ma considered non-normative. Non-normative names in the dictionaries of terms are mi su usually given by reference ntk. (=invalid). It may be someone's used but incorrect term, an outdated modified term. ar It is difficult to agree su with those specialists who believe that the concepts "error" ir ‘prohibited term’ are equivalent. These concepts are related by entry: all banned (changed) terms are terminological errors, but all terminological errors are banned (changed) ne terms. Terms can become obsolete in two ways: naturally and artificially. Naturally aging terms become historicisms, i.e. ir words that withdraw passive į reserve ją because the concepts they name disappear. For example, the names of household objects that are no longer used have become historicisms: krūva, dagiakyvis, piesta, vyžos, etc. ir Even thermal microsystems can become obsolete over ir time. For example, many terms denoting kinship relationships, ancient measurements of volume length, names of fingers, etc., no longer have any meaning. ir ir What else is artificially aged, i.e. terms and forms prohibited by jų anyone. For example, the State Lithuanian Language Commission has declared as non-valid forms of terms ipoteka, ekslibris, as well as terms arenda, bantas, blicas, planeris, salka, etc. ir In the years of Soviet rule, the terms district, gymnasium, seimas, supraaitis, etc. were declared obsolete. ir These words are now revived again in the most ir widespread use. Terminology users are always concerned about the reliability of terms. In doubt about the suitability of terms, the user either uses the word so-called, or writes in parentheses one or more synonyms of the questionable term. ar Sometimes specialists express their opinion without any curtains, e.g. ir be : "Instead of the terms xerophytes, mesophytes, saprophytes should be xerophiles, mesophiles, saprophytes" (Urbon 1986: 53). Pragmatics of terms connect ir su the accuracy of terms, which is usually identified with unambiguity. In the practical work of time su management this is ir not easily achieved. The unambiguity of terms is developed through a constant struggle of opinions. Different understandings of terms can last for decades. For example, the geological term faction has existed for more than a decade, but has not yet had a more or 100 less uniform definition. Be of this, this term is used only in geology, but in geography ne terminology, where the understandiir ng definition is already a little jo different ir again. Tą the same can be said of the term ir discourse (Hawthorn 1998: 72-75). Species-specific ir characteristics of cultured plants in domestic animal terminology, ir cross-breeding selection in rapidly improving varieties, often also lose their original meaning. For example, the blue carnation (Dianthus gratianpolitanus) now blooms only blue, but white, ne pink, red. ir Such terms also cannot be considered imprecise. Standardize ar relevant authorities (e.g., the State Lithuanian Language Commission) are often considered to be the highest standard normative terms. Of course, they can be regarded as such, but things need to be kept in mind: terminology standards are optional du 1) ir 2) a scientist must always have the freedom to choose terms for ir the creation of novelties. Be this freedom is not possible scientific progress. Literature 1. Cabrê 1999 — Cabrê M. Teresa. Terminology. Theory, methods and application. Amsterdam / Philadelphia, PA 1999. 2. ChemZ — Daukšas K., Barkauskas J., Daukšas V. ir kt Chemical Terminology Dictionary. Vilnius, 1997. 3. Gajda 1990 — Gajda S. Introduction do to the theory of term. Opole, 1990. 4. Hawthorn 1998 — Hawthorn J. Theory of Modern Literature. Vilnius, 1998. 5. Flora of Lithuania — Lietuvos TSR Flora. Vilnius, 1980. T. 6. 6. Urbonas 1986 — Urbonas V. Mushrooms. Vilnius, 1986. PRAGMATICS OF TERMS Summary This article deals with such Lithuanian groups of terms as folk (and dialect) terms, well systemic and as non-systemic as terms. The norms such terms of are discussed. Non-standard terms in Lithuanian dictionaries of terms are marked the reference by ntk. However the concepts ‘error’ (mistake) and “uždraustas terminas” (forbidden term) are not equal value. of The State Language Commision declares numerous terms to be forbiden, e. g. arenda, blicas, planeris, salka etc. If the usage of a Lithuanian term in a text is questionable, it is usually marked the by word vadinamasis, which expresses the doubt. Kazimieras GAIVENIS Received 2000 10 31 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6 LT-2055, Vilnius