Keletas pastabų apie sistematikos terminiją

A FEW NOTES ABOUT THE TERMINOLOGY OF SYSTEMATICS In the Great Dictionary of Lithuanian Language (hereinafter —LDL) we will not find the name of the highest basic taxon in the world of organisms either next to the word kingdom or next to the word kingdom. In the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (hereinafter — DŽ) next to the word kingdom third — prk. —for the meaning "area where something dominates, dominates" we find an illustrative example mushroom kingdom, but it is not presented as a systematic term. Some botanists refer to this taxon as the kingdom AAS 17, while others refer to it as the kingdom G 170. The more common and long-used term is kingdom. It should be regarded as normative. In addition, intermediate taxa are sometimes incorrectly named, such as superregnum and subregnum. It should be: over-kingdom and after-kingdom. Some taxonomic names have special Latin and Lithuanian suffixes. For example, the Lithuanian suffix -ūnai (-phyta) is used for divisions of plants, -ainiai (-opsida) for classes, -iečiai (-ales) for rows, -iniai (-aceae) for families. However, the necessary consistency in their use is not yet present. For example, the suffix -iečiai is used to name plant rows, and the suffix -žiedžiai is used to name flowers. The names of the varieties and varieties vary. Such inconsistencies could only be eliminated by the specialists themselves in these fields, together with the terminologists. Below we will discuss some of the inconsistencies we have noticed in the creation and use of terms in this field. 1. Entomology terminology is not yet established Tettigonia viridissima! Tettigonia viridissima! He does not know himself that his name is this — several centuries, — Say as much as you want in the meadow or in the wilderness — nobody will answer neither in Latin, nor in Lithuanian, nor after death. S. Jonauskas- ,,The Green Goose“ 138 In the quoted poem, the poet plays with the Latin name of the snake. However, similarly written in the academic work "Lietuvos fauna" (I, V., 1995), for example: "Only in the Lithuanian coast are found halophilic beetles. These are species adapted to living in salty soils (e.g., Cicindela maritima, Dyschirius obscurus, D. impunatipennis, Bembidion pallidipenne, Pogonus chalceus, Dicheirotrichus rufithorax, Cercyon litoralis, Aegiala arenacia, Coccinella undecimpunctata, Phyllon gibbus)“ (p. 24). But this is no longer a poetic Laugh, this is a scientific name. But why are Lithuanian terms not used? After all, further in the same work many of the mentioned beetles are already called in Lithuanian, e.g. : Cicindela — dancer, Dischirius — dwarf walker, Bembidion — bearded walker, Dicheirotrichus rufithorax — brown-breasted walker, Cercyon — dust beetle, Aegiala arenaria — hill dung beetle, Coccinella — ladybird, Phylan gibbus — coastal black beetle, etc. From these examples we can see that Latin professionalisms are more convenient for entomologists, and they are often used in scientific literature. Lithuanian entomology terminology was significantly improved by publishing Prof. S. Pileckis’ books and academic work “Lietuvos fauna”. However, even in the corrected publications there are still cases that need to be corrected. For example, let us take two terms: Upis ceramboides L. and Pseudocistela ceramboides LF II 63, 66. There is also a family of beetles, the Cerambycidae LF II 87. There is only one language in Lithuania. Entomologists create it by using the suffix -iškas, meaning similar. Thus, Upis ceramboides is a mustache-like black beetle. The term "Crypticus guisguilius L." — a black beetle similar to a creeping beetle — is also motivated. However, the term of the same taxon fur-beaked black beetle (Cylindrinotus dermestoides), being of the same motivation, is already made with the suffix -inis. The problem here is small: adjectives with the suffix -inis can also indicate similarity. The linguist P. Kniūkšta, having studied the -inis adjectives in depth, writes: "Synonymous -iškas and -inis adjectives, as we have already mentioned, when speaking about similarity adjectives, have differences in meaning. The adjectives with -iškas have the qualitative meaning of a characteristic characteristic, and with the suffix -inis — indicate the type of objects." Thus, the suffix -inis would be more appropriate for naming the species in this case, but with this suffix in entomological terminology are made species terms of different motivation, e.g.: Paromalus parallelipipedus, Curculio crux, etc. The importance of common lifestyles and nutrition is indicated here, not similarity. Since the suffix -iškas is used in the terminology of this field to indicate similarity in other cases (e.g., egg-shaped dusia (Hyphydrus ovatus L.), ball-shaped coelostomum (Coelostoma orbiculare), etc.), the suffix -inis should not be used in this sense. However, species adjectives with the suffix -iškas should be named, e.g.: pear-shap139 ed (= pear-shaped) snail (Cychrus ceraboides L.), globe-shaped (= globe-shaped) lichen (Amphicyllis globiformis) and so on. This would be a terminological variant of the general language norm. The term is commonly used to refer to the striped porcupine (Porhydrus lineatus) and the common porcupine (Scarodytes halensis). One thing is that the word prūdas should not be used, and another thing is that the ending of the compound word should not be -ia, but -ė (cf. the common peatgrass —Graptodytes granularis L.). It is not clear what the first word of the compound word should be associated with. Sometimes the names of the beetles are too cumbersome, for example: Nemadus colonoides and so on. It would be much easier to call this beetle, for example, as follows: the red beetle cave. The term "Micropeplidae" could be used to refer to the brindle beetles. In particular, the simplicity of tribal names should be observed. Species names would then be simpler. 2. Variations of plant names Be forgiving and kind to the Blooming Bull, Who has not yet learned His Latin name, Musca domestica! A. Nyka-Niliūnas „Musei“ All plants and plants already know their Latin names. They were taught this by Linnaeus and his students. Only Lithuanian names are still missing or distorted. For example, in the FLOREXLIT SPRING 1998 advertisement, the flower Salpiglossis sinuata was named as a 140 tri-flowered salpiglossis. There is no such name in the LKŽ or LBŽ, where not only the scientific names but also the dialect names of plants are listed. We would think that such a term did not arise from a proofreading error. Or again another example. In the very ornately and neatly published book „Sodo gėlės“ (V., 1996) we find the term virginian kohlrabi (Physostegia virginiana). The book's index is corrected: virginia kohlrabi. And it's still wrong. Physostegia is a phytophthora, and Physostigma is a calla. Thus, two completely different plants are mixed. Their Lithuanian names, too, can be said to be unsuitable. The name Pūstataurys can be kept only because it is used in the LBŽ, and instead of kalabarpupės the Lithuanian word pupuėlė would be better suited. Lithuanian names of plants should be given preference. For example, the terms cher and elebor are now competing. This is the name of a very early flowering, but poisonous plant. The first term is used by J. Pabrėža, but in the LKŽ it is presented without the cross (i.e., used), and the second is the transliterated Latin term of Greek origin Helleborus. The term emphasis should not be forgotten. Some Latin borrowings are difficult to pronounce, not even resembling the names of plants. For example, in the beautifully published book „Kambarinės gėlės“ (V., 1997) we find insufficiently Lithuanianized names of plants. One such name is Veltheilmia. It could be called a newborn fibrous flower because its inflorescence consists of many small bell-shaped flowers. Change the names of flowers nidularius, pteris, shafflera. The first flower could be called the word leafy because its leaves are prominent. The second flower could be called the new fern, because its “genus contains about 280 species of evergreen, semi-evergreen and evergreen ferns” KG 221. The third flower could be called the newly made twig, because its stem is very characteristic branching. Lithuanian new words could be used alongside borrowed ones, in order to establish themselves in the long term in the nomenclature of this field. Some borrowing names for outdoor or indoor flowers are spelled incorrectly or grammatically incorrect. For example, a pleasantly fragrant flower originating from Peru and Ecuador is called the fragrant heliotrope (Heliotropium arborescens) SG 86. Should be: fragrant 141 heliotrope, because its flowers turn to the sun, which in Greek is called the word helios. One of the flowers in the alpinarium is called the word etijonema (Aethionema) SG 100. It should be: etionema. There is only one species, Aethionema grandiflora, which is commonly cultivated. The perennial prairie flower with its graceful inflorescences is called the compound term Liatris spicata SG 155. The correct term should be liatris. It is also known as the heart-leaf tiare (Tiarella cordifolia- ). It should be: heart-shaped tiara. The short-lived house fern is called the borrowed term adiantum (Adiantum) KG 130. It should be: adiant. House palms, whose leaves are very original, at the ends look like a feather, are called the term Caryota (Caryota) KG 150. This term should also be written without j, namely: kariotė. In the translated books some names of plants from distant countries remain untranslated because there are no Lithuanian equivalents, e.g. : Adenium obesum, Beaucarnea recurvata, Exacum affine, Jatropha podagrica, Medinilla magnifica, etc. (KAE 126). In consultation with specialists, the translators could suggest new names for them, even though some of the distinctive features of the flowers mentioned are very pronounced. For example, Adenium obesum could be called the fat stem because its stem is very thick, similar to a tree trunk. The plant Beaucarnea recurvata of the agave family originating from Mexico could be called the compound term curved agave. The pleasantly scented house flower Exaccum affine could be called the newly created energy flower, because it blooms with very abundant small flowers and cures depressions and activates the lungs. In other cases, the Latin names of plants are not translated even if the corresponding Lithuanian terms are used in the same book. For example, calendula (Calendula officinalis) “is suitable for combination with Ageratum, Salvia farinacea, Tagetes, Delphinium, Heliopsis, Rudbeckia, Calamagrostis” SG 82. Also, in other parts of the text, Ageratum is called blue, Salvia farinacea — flour sage, Delphinium — pentinium, Heliopsis — sage, Rudbeckia — rudbeckia, Calamagrostis — lavender. This inconsistency in the use of terms is unjustifiable. By the way, the names of flower varieties are untranslatable. 142 Abbreviations AAS Galinis V. Systematics of Higher Plants, Vilnius, 1984. Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian, Vilnius, 1993. G Urbonas V. Grybai, Vilnius, 1986. KAE Hoffmann E. K. Energy of Houseplants, Vilnius, 2000. KG House Flowers, Vilnius, 1997. LF Lietuvos fauna. Vabalai 1, 2, Vilnius, 1995, 1997. English-Lithuanian dictionary of botany. Red. J. Dagys, Kaunas, 1938. LKŽ Lithuanian Language Dictionary 5, Vilnius, 1959. 1976. pp. 10. "P. P. Kniūkšta Priežogos -inis biidvardziai, Vilnius, 1976. SG Hertlé B., Kyrmejeris P., Nikig M. Garden Flowers, Vilnius, 1995. Kazimieras GAIVENIS Kazimieras GAIVENIS Received 2001 06 10 Lithuanian Language Institute Antakalnio g. 6, 2055 Vilnius E-mail [email protected] 143