Iš žodžio „mokinys“ istorijos

Vincentas DROTVINAS Vilnius Pedagogical University FROM THE HISTORY OF THE WORD MOKINYS The pupils of Veliuona wrote in a little grammar From Antanas Juška’s “Songs” The authorship of the term mokinys is usually associated with the name of Jonas Jablonskis. Having found the example Jautis dar mokinys, that is, jį mokina arti, in Antanas Juška’s dictionary, Jonas Jablonskis was the first to begin using this word not only in the sense of “an ox being trained to plough,” but also in the sense of “a child or young person attending school” (see below). However, mokinio’s path into educational terminology and present-day usage was not as direct and simple as it might seem at first glance. In fact, the history of this term is much older and more complex, and also more interesting. A special term for a child or adolescent pursuing an education became necessary when the teaching of young people began to be institutionalized—that is, when the first elementary schools began operating in Lithuania in the second half of the 16th century. As we know, the first school was established in 1397 beside Vilnius Cathedral. Schools were established near churches. In 1528, the Vilnius Chapter urged the establishment of elementary schools near churches and the appointment of vicars who knew Lithuanian, whose duty was to teach children. Usually, however, the teaching was done by organists or sacristans, often Poles who had learned only a little Lithuanian. The pupils of the first schools also served the church, sang in the church choir, and so on. Initially, there were no Lithuanian terms for pupil, just as there were none for school or teacher. Thus, pupils were called by words borrowed from Polish: žakas, žekas, že keli1. The first time 1 žėkas Polish žak “pupil of a church school; adolescent chorister,” cf. žekelis, Polish żaczek. Polish acquired this word, like many other religious terms, through Czech (cf. žak) from the Vulgar Latin word diacus, diaconus. The word жак “pupil of a bursary, chorister” existed in Old Russian and Ukrainian (see Vasmer, Max. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language in Four Volumes. Volume II. Second Stereotyped Edition. Moscow: Progress, 1986, 34). 112 We find the term žėkas in Martynas Mažvydas’s Catechism: Hei Welpatis wiſłaky ant ßmaniu suſimilkiet Kunigump ßekump ßmanes tremkiet. The loanword žėkas was widely used in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century manuscript and printed German–Lithuanian dictionaries of Lithuania Minor, though alongside synonyms, for example, Schüler žėkas Szu lokas Lexicon Lithuanicum 77; Schüler. Mokintinis, iš. M. Zekas, ko. M. Szulokas, ô. M. ka, ôs. (-ė-ės) F. Clavis Germanico-Lithvana III (495–507), and so on. In Lithuania, žėkas, as the examples show, had several other synonyms as well: alongside the rarer škalinis (see below), other words were also common, such as studentas, učnius (Polish uczeń). Simonas Daukantas used the word žėkas to explain the hybrid šuilokas, cf. The sermons given here are highly suitable for everyone, especially for šuilokai (žėkai), who are going to šuilė (iškalą) for the last time (cited from Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 15, 1993, 323). We would add that Daukantas (that is, in the mid-nineteenth century) had not found Lithuanian equivalents for the Polish words szkota, szkotaż, szkolnik, and so on.2 Thus, in Lithuanian written monuments, the Polonism žėkas was not the only name for this concept. There was also its Lithuanian substitute, mokinys. The word mokinys is first found in the first edition of Konstantinas Sirvydas’s “Dictionary of Three Languages”: žak / scholasticus, discipulus, zieks mokinis, SD₁ (208); cf. also žacek / tyro tyrunculis, ziekeiis; żakowski / scholaris, żieku (ibid.). Most likely this was one of the first neologisms coined by Sirvydas himself. Although the formation of the word mokinys was also regular, as its subsequent history shows, Sirvydas’s mokiniui was destined for only a brief life. Its failure to spread in Lithuanian can be seen from the fact that already in the 1642 edition of the dictionary, instead of mokinīs, we find only szkalinis: szkolny / literarius, Scholasticus, Szkalinis SD₃ (436), Scholasticus (Scholaris, Szkalinis) (518); for the derivational base, cf. szka-la: Szkola / Schola, Academia, Szkala SD₁ (179), Szkola / Schola, Szkala SD₃ (436). It should be added here that Sirvydas’s dictionary also has a variant of mokinio, namely mokytinis: Kuśnierczyk / tyro huius opificij mokitinis kuśnieriaus SD₁ (69); Malarczyk / tiro huius opificij, mokitinis malariaus SD₁ (76); Vczén / Discipulus. Mokitinis SD₁ (184); Krajamowski vczeń / 2 Great Polish–Lithuanian Dictionary 3. Compiled by Giedrius Subačius, Vilnius, 1996, 174. 113 Declamator / Mokitinis gracios iškalbos SD3, (128); Vczeń / Diſcipulus. Mokitinis SD3 (453); cf. Kráfomowſtwo / Krafomowſka nauka / Rhetorica, Eloquentia. Gražy kalba / gauſi kalba (ibid.). Mokytinis (mokintinis) is recorded from Mažvydas’s writings up to the mid-twentieth century, and is particularly frequently found in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century manuscript and printed dictionaries of Lithuania Minor, for example, Junger. Pafuntinnis, io. M. Mokintinnis II 503, Lehrling mokintinis Lex (58); F. Pretorius’s Lehrjung Mokintinnis, ęs. (=io.–V. D.) M. II (654); in a 1728 manuscript German–Lithuanian dictionary (in Halle) Mokintinis (5926), Mokintinis (written beside Jungfer, Jumprowa Prowa (13441), Lehrling Mokintinis (15020); J. Brodovskis’s Lehrjung Mokintinis (762), Jünger Chriſti (discipulus) Mokintinis, Pafuntinis, Jünger in Mokitinė (764); Lehrjung Mokintinis (860), Lehr Mägdelein Mokitinė (860); P. Ruigys’s Mokitinis, ino, m der Lernende, Schüler, Lehrburſch (89), Jünger, Klauſytojis, ojo m. Mokitinis, nio. II (217), Lehrjung, Mokintinis, nio, m. II (241); cf. also K. G. Milkus’s dictionary. This word was also included in Nesselmānn’s Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (1851), and is also found in F. Kuršaitis’s dictionaries, for example: Jünger, der Lehrling. mokintinis, die J. Christi, Kristaus mokitinei (1870, 672); Lehrling, der, mokintinis, io beim Handwerker, auch burſch (1874, 18); mokitinis, -io Sbst. Lehrling. Schüler, in der Bibel die Jünger Christi, Johannis (1883, 260). It is interesting to note that in the eighteenth-century manuscript so-called Krauzė dictionary of Lithuania Minor, alongside Diſcipel mokintinis (12310), Lehrling mokintinnis (3233), we also find the word mokimys: Jäger Jung. Jiegerjungs mokinnys (278). This is the second attestation of this word, after the one in K. Širvydas’s dictionary. Nevertheless, mokinys did not become widespread, because it could not withstand competition from mokin­tinio, mokitinio and non-Lithuanian synonyms. Therefore, given its limited spread, mokinnys can hardly be grouped with agent nouns bearing the adjectival suffix *-no-, such as kalinys, kurtinys, pasiuntinys, which, according to specialists in historical word formation, were widely used from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.3 3 A m b r a z a s S. The development of noun formation. Verbal derivatives in the Lithuanian language, Vilnius, 1993, 127–128. 114 As the later history of this Lithuanian term shows, mokinys, preserved in a fossilized form, lay dormant in dictionary pages, practically unknown and unused from the first half of the 17th century until the end of the 19th century. At the end of the 19th century, the Lithuanian word mokinys once again comes into view. Jonas Jablonskis contributed greatly to its revival, having found the word in Antanas Juška’s Lithuanian-language dictionary and in the “Lithuanian Songs” he had recorded. Here is what we read in the material for the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” compiled by Jablonskis: mokinys, mokinį 1) Veljūnós, Vilniaus mokinei (ученики) wrote J. d. 2) about an ox being taught to plow 3) He is still a mokinys, Šl. онъ ещё состоить въ ученики (he still does not know the work, learns together with others, is not accustomed to working well, etc.).4 In the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” index-card archive, perhaps the most abundant source is Antanas Juška’s songs: The pupils sing, the organ resounds J.d. 1216. Why do you need those cakes? To feed the pupil. A letter was written by a pupil from Kretinga. J. d. 1560 (Alsėdžiai). The pupils of Veliūna wrote little messages. J. d. 712. A pupil from Vilnius drew a little picture. J. d. 963. That pupil from Velūnós told me. J. d. 1012. Compare also With the priestesses, with the pupils, with the colorful organs [I will be buried]. J. d. 1216. Mokinio appearing alongside Veliuonos is understandable given that one of the oldest schools in Lithuania operated in Veliuona, founded by the Jesuits probably in 1579 next to a church built in 1421. More examples from A. Juška’s dictionary: Pupil, mokinia, m.; -nė, -nės, f. ученикъ, ученица; uczéń, uczenica Whoever learns a skill, that person is a pupil That ox is quite a pupil, i.e. it learns to plow. An apprentice is a pupil who does not yet sew on his own. Kup (= Kupiškis). 4 J a b l o n s k i s J. Lietuvių kalbos žodynui medžiaga. Raidės L-M. – Lietuvos mokslų akademija. Rankraščių skyrius. F 99–5. 115 From Mykolas Miežinis’s dictionary (1894): Pupil, see mokėtinis, m. and f. mačecklis, e, uczeń-, -ica, apprentice. ученик. Thus the word pupil was already quite widespread in the second half of the nineteenth century: a word that was rarely used would hardly have become a song lyric. The noun pupil was probably quite widely known, not only in the localities mentioned in the songs, although, as we have seen, it had not yet managed to displace žekas and other loanwords; on the other hand, its spread was somewhat impeded by the synonymous word mokytinis. But how and when did the word pupil become established? A. Juška usually recorded words he heard in people’s everyday speech. Therefore, pupil was most likely a word used by the people themselves. Jonas Jablonskis wrote about the word pupil at least twice. The first time, in 1904, in issue 1 of “Varpas,” he corrected the word mokytinis used there to pupil, emphasizing that pupil is “the most ordinary word in people’s speech”⁵. The second time, Jablonskis had to correct this word almost a quarter of a century later, while reviewing Viktor Kamantauskas’s glossary⁶. Thus everyone who read Jablonskis’s language corrections and heeded them reached the reasonable conclusion that pupil was not only approved by Jablonskis but perhaps even coined by him. During the years of independence, pupil became established as a school term and spread universally. Later linguists have also discussed the distinction between pupil and mokytinis, and the latter word’s use in the sense of an intellectual⁷. Nowadays, pupil may also have displaced mokytinis in church language⁸. 5 Jablonskis J. Kalbos dalykai (Rašomosios kalbos kritika). – Rinktiniai raštai 2, Vilnius, 1959, 62. 6 Jablonskis J. Mūsų kalbos žodynėlio dalykai. Atskirį pastebėjimai dėl V. Kamantausko „Trumpo kalbos netaisyklingumų ir barbarizmų žodynėlio“ (Kaunas, 1928). – Ibid., 485–486. Incidentally, it also discusses the meanings and usage of the words apaštalas and mokytinis. 7 “<...> mokytinis, -iai in the language of Holy Scripture primarily means a disciple of Christ. Nowadays, here and there, this word is also used to mean an intellectual.” – Kalbos patarėjas. Prepared by L. Dambrauskas, edited by A. Salys and Pr. Skardžius. Kaunas: publication of the Lithuanian Language Society, 1939, 78. 8 Skardžius P. The Lithuanian-language translations of the New Testament. – Lituanistikos darbai 4, 1979, 65–110; also in his Rinktiniai raštai 3: Culture of the Standard Language, Vilnius, 1998, 519–566. 116 In recent decades, this version of its origin has been established by Algirdas Sabaliauskas, a researcher of Jablonskis’s scholarly legacy and, more specifically, a popularizer of his lexical corrections. He reconstructed Jablonskis’s conversation with a ploughman from the Panevėžys region, from whom the linguist heard the word mokinys, used to mean an ox being trained to plough, and began using it to mean “a child or young person pursuing studies and attending school.” According to Sabaliauskas, mokinys, like mokykla, can be said to be a word of our great language cultivator, Jonas Jablonskis9. Thus, as Arnoldas Piročkinas argues10, Jablonskis did not in fact need to correct mokytinį into mokinį: mokinys had already been recorded in our dictionaries for almost three hundred years… Jablonskis cited “old Daukša,” Sirvydas, and other authors on many occasions, but he may not have known the early records of the word mokinys. Old dictionaries, especially manuscript ones, were difficult for him to access; moreover, as we know, Jablonskis himself regarded the living, spoken language of the people as the most important source for language corrections. Therefore, we should not reproach Jablonskis for not knowing the history of this one word, let alone condemn him or seek to deprive him of priority in the authorship of the word mokinio. After all, Jablonskis distinguished the meanings of the words mokytinis and mokinys, sanctioned the use of the word mokinys, warned against the inappropriate tendency to use mokytinį in the sense of “intellectual,” and thereby contributed to the establishment of the word inteligentas. Do we today know the earliest written records of all the words used in the present-day language, the twists and turns in the evolution of their meanings, and so on? We should certainly regret that the history of the word mokinys in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (8, 1970, 322) is given only from A. Juška’s dictionary, that is, from the second half of the 19th century. By omitting the initial period in this word’s life, we make a much older word in our language seem younger and, as in other similar cases, somewhat distort the picture of its actual life. The history of the term mokinys is another reminder of how useful, in cases like this, would be diverse studies of old authors’ lexicons, manuscript dictio- 9 S a b a l i a u s k a s A. Iš kur jie? Pasakojimas apie žodžių kilmę, Vilnius, 1994, 226–227; S a b a l i a u s k a s A. Žodžiai keliauja, Kaunas, 1993, 100–102. 10 P i r o č k i n a s A. Jono Jablonskio kalbos taisymai, Kaunas, 1986, 62. 117 …dictionaries of dialect vocabulary, and, finally, a historical dictionary (of old writings), which is much needed, as well as other studies in historical lexicology. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE WORD MOKINYS (PUPIL) Summary It is usually supposed that the term mokinys was first recorded by Antanas Juška in the second half of the 19th century and that it was approved by Jonas Jablonskis. This article provides some data that the word mokinys was already given in the dictionary of Konstantinas Sirvydas in the 17th century and in the manuscript of the dictionary from Lithuania Minor, the so called German-Lithuanian dictionary of Krause in the 18th century. Vincentas DROTVINAS Received 2001 10 11 Vilnius Pedagogical University, 31 Ševčenkos St., 2009 Vilnius. Email: [email protected] 118