Botanikos vardų žodynas. Sudarė Ramunėlė Jankevičienė

The dictionary of botanical terms was compiled by Ramunėlė Jankevičienė. Vilnius: Botanikos instituto leidykla, 1998, 524 p. Lithuanian botanical nomenclature and terminology began to be scientifically organized in the early 19th century. Jurgis (Ambraziejus) Pabrėža, the creator of Lithuanian botanical terminology, wrote a comprehensive systematic manual of Lithuanian flora Taislius augminis and a dictionary of Latin-Lithuanian language names. Laurynas Ivinskis, who continued his work, wrote a two-volume natural science work Prigimtiimené, in which he created many plant names. Povilas Matulionis, who began a new stage with the printed Lithuanian plant dictionary Žolynas (1906-1907, 112 pp.), was concerned “to give the number of plants known in our homeland, to gather the knowledge scattered everywhere, to arrange and harmonize them, as well as the naming of plants as they are in the language of people, as well as in writings” (Matulionis 1906-1907: 3). His dictionary contains 3000 terms. Dictionaries were used, but there are unregulated synonyms and variants. The next step in botany terminology was the Lithuanian botany dictionary (1938, 598 + XL pp.), compiled by the Botanical Dictionary Commission headed by L. Vailionis and edited by J. Dagys (hereinafter —LBZ). The idea of publishing such a dictionary came from the former President of Lithuania, Dr. K. Grinis. As a basis was taken P. Matulionis's Herbarium, where are presented and nor-. Įvairovė, and since “the aim was to prepare a wider and more complete dictionary” (LBŽ 1938: VIII), not only J. Pabrėža and L. Ivinskis, but also all available printed works and manuscripts (the list consists of 13 pages), material from the Lithuanian language dictionary’s kartoteka, writings by J. Jablonskis, K. Būga, S. Daukanto and others were used. In order to adapt the dictionary to the spirit of the Lithuanian language, the linguists doc. dr. P. Skardžiaus and doc. J. Balčikonis comments or instructions. The dictionary contains more than 3300 scientific terms, with dialect words would be much more. The standard scientific name is clearly distinguished from dialectal and other synonyms, which are localized by local names and other abbreviations. The LBŽ expanded Matulionis’s vocabulary in terms of terms and languages. “In addition, the dictionary included a whole series of plants from foreign countries, which are either grown in Lithuani148 an parks, nurseries, rooms and greenhouses, or have great practical significance, or are widely mentioned in literature because they are important in theoretical terms” (LBŽ 1938: XIII). The main text of the LBŽ consists of the nomenclature of plants (Latin-Lithuanian, 1-380 pp.; Lithuanian-Latin, 381-532 pp.), botanical pharmacognostical nomenclature (533-554 pp.), plant systematic table (555-566 pp.) and a dictionary of adjectives of species of Latin-Lithuanian languages (567-595 pp.). The first part contains the Latin name with the abbreviation of the author’s surname, the explanation of the origin and meaning of the name, the Latin family name, the main Lithuanian name (unpronounced) and its synonyms from various sources (places or authors), abbreviated in brackets, the equivalents in neighbouring languages (German, Russian, Polish and Latvian) (sometimes, especially with the names of rust (Puccinia), bacteria (Bacterium), written in their terrain in each other’s language), the place of growth or cultivation, characteristics, use, flowering and ripening time marked with Roman numerals, e.g. : O[uercus] Robur L. (Latin robur — strength, strength; has hard wood and strong trunk, resistant to storms) — common oak. V: StielE[iche], Sommer-- E. R: JĮ[y6] netnwmit. Ln: D[ab] flute. En: Common o[zols]. In the woods, often. Oak bark is used as a coffee substitute. The wood gives a strong, durable material for various carpentry: The bark is used for medical purposes, in pharmacies called. Cortex Ouercus. V. A[cer] platanoides L. — common acorn; medzliepis (Mln, Pet, AI, Pn, Rk, Tr, Uk); (Kėd, Pn), medlepė (M), medliepis (Kėd, Pn, SI, Trg), medžialapis (Rk, Z), medžialiepis (Ut, Z), medžlepis (Kos, B). V: Spitz-A[horn]. R: K[neH] oObikHOBeHHBII. Ln: Clone. Lt: The best k[lava]. Lap. in forests; in addition, often grown in parks, farms, pavilions. Maple wood gives a good material for carpentry. The leaves are used in the villages to make bread. Spring juice is very sugary and liked to be drunk. IV-V. Each taxon name origin was tried to be analyzed by word parts, indicating their meanings. For example: : Abutilon Avicennae (gr. a — no, bous — ox, tilos — diarrhea); Ocimum basilicum (Greek: okimon — the Greek name of this plant, derived from ozo — I smell; Greek: basilikon — the herb of the king, because it smells pleasantly). 149 The LBZ also explains the origin of rare species certificates, e.g. : Negúndo L. (negundo — Indian, Malabar name of the tree); Lantana Camara L. (Latin lentare — to bend, because it has flexible branches; camara — the name of this shrub in the P. American Aboriginal language- ); T. foenum graecum L. (Latin foenum graecum — Greek hay, as this plant is called in the writings of Pliny and Columella). True, the veracity of all interpretations of origin is not verified, sometimes really doubtful. The LBZ also includes fungi and bacterial species (Helminthosporium avenae — oat streak fungus, Puccinia — rust, Tuburcinia occulta — rye dust mite, Bacillus — Bacilla, Bacterium aceti — acetic bacteria, etc.). In 1998, a new Botanical Names Dictionary (BND) was published. It was compiled by R. Jankevičienė, the Lithuanian names of plants were selected and approved by the Commission of the Botanical Dictionary, whose chairman was J. Dagys from 1950-1992, and since 1993 —V. RaSomavicius, members at various times were linguists J. Kruopas, K. Gaivenis, A. Auksoriūtė and others, the dictionary was approved by the State Lithuanian Language Commission. Its basis is the LBŽ, although the nomenclature has been expanded and corrected, considering and creating Lithuanian plant names according to the lists of plants submitted by botanists, herbalists, other theorists and practitioners. The dictionary contains nearly 8000 terms. The dictionary consists of a botanical nomenclature in Latin, Lithuanian, German, English and Russian (15-318 pp.), indexes of plant names in all languages (319-478 pp.), a dictionary of species epithets in Latin-Lithuanian languages (479-486 pp.), the list of authors of Latin plant names (487-510 pp.) and the system of plants described in the dictionary (511-522 pp.). The introduction discusses the preparation of the dictionary, what principles are followed in presenting plant names. Here we come across the first error of the dictionary language: the adjective botanický, -é, which is regular, normative in terms of construction, but in its relative meaning is not suitable in all word combinations, has been used incorrectly several times — terminologists correct it with the words botanika or rastlín, e.g.: botanické (=botanické, rastlín) nomenklatúry pravidlá (BVZ 1998: 6); Lithuanian botanical (=botanical) terminology (7), cf. Dictionary of Botanical Names. In the main part of the BVZ, the Latin gentics or rusics varaas of the plant, the name of the author who first described J1 (in abbreviated form), abbreviations and symbols are presented in alphabetical order — the form and duration of life of the plant, its distribution, application and cultivation conditions, e.g.: Q[uercus] Robur L. —Stiel-Eiche, SommerEiche/pedunculate oak, common oak, English oak/ny6 uepenrdaTHI, Ty6 OOBIKHOBEHHBI, JIYO neTHwmit. —hy Forests. Eur., M. Az. S. Afr. Liet. papl. ©, O, D Kult. plant., Seld. A[cer] platanoides L. —Spitzahorn, Faulbaum, Spindelbaum/Norway maple/KJieH OCTpOJIMCTHEIH, KJIEH OOBIKHOBEHHbIH, KJeH TUIaTaHOBUAHBINA. —fi, Forests. Eur. Liet. papl. 8, 0. Cool. seldom. The Catalogue of Life does not include the names of plants from other kingdoms, such as fungi and bacteria, because they are separate domains. It has been noted that a larger part of the list consists of non-Lithuanian names of plants not growing in Lithuania, for example, from more than Of the 650 names of the letter A, only 150 grow in our country. However, this is by no means a shortcoming of the dictionary — it is not called Lithuanian. This is mentioned in the Introduction: „[...] to list the names of many ornamental, medicinal and other useful plants that do not grow at all or are only occasionally grown in Lithuania, more often mentioned in travel descriptions, important for plant geography and other disciplines, plant genera and species“ (Brown 1998: 8). Such a dictionary, introducing the world's vegetation, broadens the horizon. The names are given in five languages — there are no Latvians. The names of newer plants are often not given in all languages, sometimes there is only one Lithuanian, e.g. : Melissa —melisa/Melisse/- balm/menucca; Blepharostoma – Haarblattmoos/-- /6nedhapocmoma; Ankistrodesmus —ankistrodesmus/—/—/—; Scenedesmas —scenedesmas/—/- -/and others. The reviewed dictionary usually presents one Lithuanian scientific name of botany, but German, English and Russian names are listed in many places: Blysmus —viksvenis/Ouellried /blysmus, club-rush/6aucmyc, nomounux; Zantedeschia —kalija/Zimmer-Kalla, Zantedeschie/callalily, trumpet lily /6eaokpoiavruk, kana and many others. It is unclear whether the first is normative, whether they are equivalent, or whether they are provided for translation purposes only. The introduction of the dictionary does not say why the BVZ explains the origin of some botanical names, e.g. : Acidanthera (Gr. eye, -idos — spike, anthera — dust); Fissidens (from Latin fissus – split, dens – tooth); Lactuca (lac, lactis 151 —milk) and others, but not others. Perhaps it was done more carefully — avoiding unreliable interpretations. But the BVZ sometimes indicates at least the language, e.g. : Lilium L. (Latin name of the plant); Luffa Mill. (arab. loofah — the name of the plant). Some information on origin should be clarified. Asklepios (= Asklepios) —non-mythological character, the first physician; Asclepius is in fact the Greek god of healing, the god of doctors (NTZ 1998). Ginkgo is not a Chinese but a Japanese name for a tree (ANSZ 1998). It can be added: Euryale —not just a Greek mythological character, but more precisely —one of the gorgoniy (IMZ 1999). In order to explain the origin of the taxons, the BVZ mentions the people whose names have given rise to the names of the plants. They are called naturalists (K 20, L 187, N 70, S 383), they must be naturalists (as is E 173), because naturalists are called artists who seek photographic copying of reality. It is unclear why the pronunciation of Latin epithets is given in the appendix — the glossary — rather than in the dictionary itself. In dictionaries, it is common to pronounce all words, so it is more convenient. The Latin names of the plant families should also be translated: DIPSACACEAE (=DIPSACACEAE), PINACEAE (=PINACEAE), ULVACEAE (=ULVACEAE) and others. Species could have their own additional numbering. Not everything is arranged in alphabetical order, e.g. 183 Bryum, 192 Bryonia — it must be the other way around. Somewhere in the arrow, the numbering is confused: it says S 304, when it is actually S 305. Not everything is written in the abbreviations and symbols section: Eur. (A 2); Antarctica. (P 445); bot. (W5); spread. (V 71); collection. (G 17); sukul. (A 250, A 253 and others); Dad. (C 616); pass. (G 167); Puffs. (A 574); not clear what is meant by the symbol O(F 31). The index of Lithuanian names. The biggest flaw is that when the dictionary presents several terms in the index, there is no reference to ž., i.e. all these words in the index are written separately, without indicating to look at one or another synonym. Nomenclature and problems of its modification. All the names of the tribes in the BVŽ are mononymous, except for the phraseological term water lily. Species names are mostly two-word, although there are several single-word names known to all: black ash, daylily, rape, cabbage, turnip, cucumber, etc. This is a departure from formal naming requirements, but not from living language. LBŽ did not dare yet —wrote alks152 nis black maple, pluke spruce, cauliflower cauliflower, noble rosemary, raspberry blackberry, crimson cherry, chamomile chamomile, blueberry blue, strawberry and so on. The BVŽ was willing to violate the formal requirements with the addition of additional terms, such as: begonia svyruoklė, palm dwarf, birch crows, correction arthropod, oat notts, poppy beetle and about ten more. The same name is used for Chamaerops and C. humilis, although the latter should have a mark, for example, low, cf. Dwarf palm is low Z., Schirmpalme, angl. dwarf palm ir African hair palm, helm palm, rus. xameponc ir x. npu3zemucmbiū, KapAuK08as nanema. According to the scale of species names, the BVZ has the most species of witches — 76 (LBZ — 51). There are dozens of plants with one species in each of the two plant nomenclatures. There have been several changes to the Latin names. The introduction of the BVZ states: "The objectivity of assessing the extent of taxa and their position in the general system of the plant world depends on the amount of available information. Further investigation will sooner or later lead to a positive result — the reconciliation of opinions” (BVZ 1998: 8). When a species is made a genus, the Lithuanian name is also changed, e.g. :: D[ryopteris] Linnaeana —Triangular leaf fern (LBZ) —D. Gymnocarpium dryopteris linnaeana (BVZ); G/alium] cruciatum — cross-lipid (LBZ) — G. cruciata Žž. "Cruciata laevipes (BVZ)". The genus Agropyrum (bell) has been divided into two subspecies: (Agropyron) valkūnas and (Elytrigia) bell. As a dialect synonym, Valkūnas is not even included in LBŽ or LF II. The LKŽ XVIII indicates the fourth meaning of valkūnas "bell", used by the western Dzūki (in Alytus, Jieznas, Onušky and elsewhere). Any change, even if it is a scientific achievement, is a delicate matter. The Lithuanian language has managed to cope quite well with the couch grass, while other languages have not yet found different names — both Agropyron and Elytrigia — Ouecke/couch-grass|xcumnax, nompeiti. LBZ Cydonia now made two genera Cydonia — quince, Chaenomeles — quince (BVZ). It is unfortunate that the everywhere corrected foreignness cidonija has been returned to the Lithuanian nomenclature. 153 In the system of plants described in the new dictionary, there were unexpected innovations—half-- changes in the names of families. For example: : Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) — cruciferous; Fabaceae (Leguminosea) — legumes; Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) — celery; Lamiaceae (Labiatae) — notrelians; Asteraceae (Compositea) — asters; Poaceae (Gramineae) — mistletoe; "Arecaceae (Palmae)- ". Does not the pursuit of a certain systematism—to name all the families by tribes—lose precision and clarity? At least not in the field of botany — in agriculture, bell peppers and legumes must remain. The BVZ says: "The dictionary was not expected to solve the questions of taxonomy and systematics" (BVZ 1998: 8). „Lithuanian botanical names. Lithuanian special vocabulary — at least in botany — is considered the main source of terminology. Comarum In BVŽ there was unnecessarily made sūdras (LKŽ XIV sūdras, -a „hard, shaky“), and in LBŽ there was trindažolė (also in P. Matulionis Žolyne). Traditionally established names are included in various plant catalogues, encyclopedias, as well as in the DZ, so they may not be changed unnecessarily. K. Gaivenis, a long-time terminology worker, has written a lot about the botanical nomenclature. Strangely, in his remarks (Gaivenis 1985: 176) The BVZ was completely ignored. For example: 1. Species of the same genus should not be named with closely related terms, e.g. : Carex rostrata — snouted willow (cf. LBŽ latv. pudelu grislis [pudelinė viksva]) and today changed name — uzpūstais grislis [išpūstoji viksva] (This and other Latvian examples collected on the internet page www.google.lt//latvijas.daba.lv/augi.senes/, also checked against the normative encyclopedic dictionary “Latvijas daba”, 1994— 1998) and C. rhynchophysa, the long-billed wigwam; Egisetum hyemale — rough-toothed chard (see winter-green chard) and E. trachyodon — rough-toothed chard, etc. 2. Figurative and difficult- -to-identify species names should be avoided, such as: "Carex globularis - Globular willow, plg. latv.". round-tailed grayling [rudavarpė viksva]; "Astragalus danicus - black-toothed ankle". Denmark tragantzirnis [Danish ankle)]. 1990. The Lithuanians and their Language. Of the more than one and a half thousand names of the tribes of the BVŽ, about half a thousand are entirely borrowed from Latin. BVZ's debt is much higher than LBZ's. For example: : 154 BVŽ kana (Canna) — LBZ indijiné pypytė (Canna indica); Caragana: maple; carlina (Carlina) —dryflower; elimus (Elymus) — sandy ryegrass (Elymus arenarius); eugenia (Eugenia) — larch; ferula (Ferula) — nine-fold; Grimmia — mitre (and Ivinsky's dailenis); Ligularia — Siberian tongue (Ligularia sibiraca), Meesia — Meesea; Passiflora (Passiflora) — blue cross (Passiflora caerulea- ); Robin (Robinia) —white-flowered willow (Robinia Pseudacacea); Sherardia arvensis; Weissia — greenish- -white (Weissia viridula) etc. Sometimes there is and vice versa: BVZ blue — LBZ ageratum (Ageratum mexicanum); Smuggler (Celastrus) — celestra lipica (Celastrus scandens- ); laumen — doronicum; linden (Phyllocactus); Weingaertneria canescens (also known as Corynephorus canescens) — Weingaertneria (only synonyms: Weingaertneria canescens, Weingaertneria canescens). K. Gaivenis suggested changing foreign names of flowers (Gaivenis 1997: 47-48): Dieffenbachia —difenbachia —a plant of the ajeraceae family, thus ajerūnė; Sansevieria —sansevieria —its leaves are similar to swords, therefore sword; Caladium -—caladium —with very beautiful leaves, therefore replaced by the Lithuanian word lapainis; Haworthia —avortija — due to the bitterness of the leaves suitable to be called daisy; flower Eranthis —erantis —early flowering, thus spring; Heliosperma —heliosperma —gr. helium "sun", thus sunflower; Beloperone —beloperone —its inflorescences resemble cones, therefore cone; Chlorophytum — chlorophyll — with bundles of aerial roots like wicks, therefore wicks. Let’s look at the nomenclature of neighbouring countries — Latvian, German — there are fewer international names than in Lithuanian. Latvian and German botanical terms are being created using their own language, cf. : Aneura —aneura —aneurysm [‘aneurysm’ |/Bryum —aneurysm —samtites [‘velvets’: from Latvian samts, ‘aksomas®’]/Birnmoos [‘pear’ + ‘samanas’], Cephalozia —cephalosia —pumpurzarenes | ‘bomb’ + ‘branch’ |/Kopfsprofmoos [‘head’ + ‘height’; offspring’ + ‘samans- ’]; Drepanocladus —drepan —sirpjlapes |[‘sickle-- shaped leaves’ /Sichelmoos [‘sickle’ +,,samanas’|; Lepidozia —lepidozia —zvinlapes [,,zvynlapés®|/Schuppenzweigmoos [‘scales’ 155 Scopolia —skopolija —lapstites | „„shovels“]/Tollkraut [„raging; wonderful" + "grass; plant’). The BVŽ provides aloe (Aloe), but the popular name alijošius is more popular (LKŽ I, 1968), so it would be better to mention both or, even better, to return to the former alijošius. Synonymously given chamomile and chamomile (why not chamomile?) (Matricaria recutita- ), radish and radish (Raphanus sativus). Artemisia absinthium — LBŽ hardened metélé; LF VI bitter solid (wormwood); DZ, pelynas zr. +,,Saka’]; and BVZ — bitter hard (a wormwood is a glory). Hyssopus LBZ was joseph, BVZ — hyssop, joseph. The more suggestive is the bluegrass (Gaivenis 1990: 79). Riccia is also unusual: instead of her LBZ was thin. Sometimes it seems that the language of botany has a lack of means of naming: too many similar names are created, confusing and impoverishing the language. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis — Chinese rose and Rosa chinensis — Chinese rose. It may seem that this is the same plant, but it is not. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify one thing —LBZ Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is called beautiful-flowered Chinese rose. One could look away from other languages, which we cannot blame: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis —Rosen-Eibisch/China rose, Chinese hibiscus, shoe flower/eubuckyc, kumaiickas po3a; Rosa chinensis —Edel-Rose, Bengal-Rose, chinesische Rose/Chinese rose, India rose/po3a kumaiickas, yaiinas po3a. Wouldn’t it be better to rename it — not Chinese rose, but tea rose? Rare borrowing epithets that do not reflect distinctive characteristics are not always acceptable, e.g.: brassica juncea, glenodium gymnodinium, etc. LBZ put names that today would not be included in the lists of botanical names. For example: : LBŽ Viola canina — canine orphan — we have a canine orphan in BVŽ; LBZ Bryum — silnyčius — BVZ brija; LBZ Carthamus —Crucus —BVZ Dygmin. Unacceptable BVZ gojasamané (Pseudoscleropodium), because goji is a stranger. The dictionary found corrective terms: arachis (=Earthnut); coconut palm (= cocosiné palm); alyvpalmé (=alyviné palmė) (TT 1992). Monosyllabic Latin terms are useful for botany, but some should not be translated as compounds (Gaivenis 1989: 44) —rapipalmė 156