Lietuviško anatomijos vardyno istorijos metmenys

The basis of the international nomenclature of anatomy are Latin and Latinized Greek words, historically inherited or newly created in the spirit of ancient languages. Arabic and other names of origin are rare exceptions. The vocabulary consists of nouns (ren) and their derivatives with suffixes and prefixes (renalis, retrorenalis), less often hybrids, for example from the Greek and Latin word (lymphonodus). The semantics of Latin terms fixes the properties of named objects at a certain stage of cognition, and the system must be open to accumulating scientific experience in the future. Because of its consistency and accuracy, Latin has been the international language of science for centuries. Although its significance decreased slightly in the 20th century, it remained the core of the medical vocabulary, constantly supplemented and improved. On the other hand, an object or phenomenon, its essence, is better understood only when it is named in the native language. The national names traditions are very different. The simplest thing is not to bother creating their own nomenclature, but to use Latin, as the Turks do, for example. Unfortunately, in this case, the semantic information hidden in the Latin word combinations is lost, which allows to understand the content of the descriptive object and which is necessary for the acquisition of the logical plan of terms. The second option is to adapt the Latin terms to the grammar, spelling and pronunciation of the native language. This is the case for nations whose languages contain many words of Latin origin (Italians, French, English). In this case, the pronunciation is very different from the Latin original, and for a person of another nation such a deformed term is more difficult to understand. The third option is to create an original system of names in the native language, usually by translating from Latin, but based on the folk tradition. Our closest neighbors — Latvians, Russians, Poles, Germans — do the same. National nomenclatures of anatomy guarantee a conscious understanding of Latin words. In addition, it is a great asset, a contribution to the native language and the general culture of the nation in general. 5> The origins of the Lithuanian anatomy dictionary should be considered the trilingual (Polish-Latin- -Lithuanian) dictionary by Konstantinas Sirvydas (1579-1631), the first edition of which was published around 1620 (only a defective copy without a title page is known), the photographic edition — in 1997, and the most widespread third edition of Dictionarium trium linguarum — in 1642, the photographic edition — in 1979. The Latin text of the dictionary makes it possible to build a bridge between the era of K. Sirvydas and our days, to weigh which names in medicine, and especially in anatomy, are the oldest, originating from the depths of centuries, and which are creatures of later times (Butrimaitė 2000). Three words used by K. Sirvydas can be distinguished. The first group consists of the names of the whole body (body), its individual parts (head, neck, chest, back, abdomen, side, arm, leg), areas of the head (face, chin, forehead, momuo, occiput), parts of the limbs (groin, thigh, calf, knee, shoulder, elbow, palm, finger, thumb), systems and organs (skin, nail, hair, ear, mouth, lip, teeth, palate, bone, joint, heart, kidney, breast, navel). The second group consists of words whose meanings have narrowed, widened or changed over time (the palm is no longer the palm, but the manus; the brain is only the medulla, but not the gingivae). The third group consists of such good, but in the anatomy vocabulary unfamiliar words as spine (familiar term — vertebra), bruvis (—ankle), uošas (—skull), rietas (—thigh), stomuo (height), jeknos (—liver), gysla (—nerve). In the first attempts of professional medical publicistics Vincas Kudirka (1858-1899) used already established anatomy names (lungs, chest, mouth, teeth, intestines, heart, vein, kidneys, brain, joints), as well as dialect names (ventricles), perhaps even his own invented ones, which later did not survive (irksniai, driksniai, sunkė (-arteria), sunkusis kraujas, gyslinis kraujas, etc.). Vincas Kudirka (Kudirka 1889, 1895) was the first to try to name the tissues by the word auda, he persisted in searching for Lithuanian terms for mucous membrane, film, covering, but not quite successfully combined them all by the word plonė —smegenų plonės, pilvo slidploné, pilvaplonė, plonės aplink širdį, jungplonė (—junginė), palamurio plonė. He struggled with the names of the throat, the throat, and the liver, the pancreas, still confusing them. Interesting search for the equivalent of the gland, which has not yet been found: a lump of saliva, sweat or a lump. The undoubted pioneer of the professional anatomy nomenclature as a system of names was Jonas Basanavičius (1851-1927). The manuscript of the Lithuanian Literature and Folklore Institute contains his handwritten "Material of the Anatomy and Medicine Dictionary", which contains about 270 anatomy names in Russian, Latin and Lithuanian and some equivalents in German and Polish. Some Russian dictionary of medical terms was used, based on words heard from the people of the native region (Pilviškiy, Skriaudžiai, Marijampolė) and the dictionary of E. Kuršaitis (1806-1884) (1870, 1883, 1894). The material was probably collected after Jon Basanavičius had returned to Lithuania (about 1908-1912). The dictionary contains the names of almost the entire body, its parts and organs, which have been common since the time of K. Sirvydas. Among the new Lithuanian words of this kind we will mention the words 56 used by J. Basanavičius: sudėjimas, pašonė, sprandas, viduris, pakinkis. The so-called commons of the locomotor apparatus (fragments, ankle bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon), things related to the bone relief and joints (backbone, scapula, a?tis, suture, maum, arch), some bones (rib, shoulder blade, ankle, ankle), objects of splanchnology (internal organs) (fold, gate, nostrils, lungs, tongue, tongue, esophagus, gallbladder, rectum, fatty lining, umbilical cord, vagina, penis), some body fluids (fluid, saliva, bile, semen). J. Basanavičius probably started the use of the atrium, temporal artery, auricle and tympanum. Interestingly, along with the names of the genital organs, synonyms are given, which now sound vulgar. It is also used in the development of neuroimaging techniques. The terms node, nucleus, convolution, brain, cerebellum, cerebellum have survived to this day, on the other hand, of the names of nerves (supplementary, facial, tongue and mouth, tongue-moving, eye-moving, olfactory, visual, trigeminal, wandering) only some have been adopted and in a modified form. The names given by J. Basanavičius, such as eye cavity, mediastinal cavity, testicle vesicles, virginity membrane, small intestine, semicircular canal, abdominal membrane, heart membranes, cross, are very close to the current usage. Interesting, but unfamiliar terms include: the tendon (arte57 Bopetux ead nds Įrperostim alanai a Lia B endert t: Vapsrikeag Auptnonni frien geniai Jp ts = ot rs mplai babkes, Jonas L f ny Wiss Befctens op mh ge yor į r Saponinase Net Sony way Champeni- | ja delim Abul Deans yr Pins Jc to 4. Tis rea Ak, i ata i y £ A. an) a, “ ja € g Ą Area: Lele bison, Bs help” 5, Smad om a Ti ira tar, ti p J Mikey, pir He y Lon 5 aina smh 2, oF ed if T pagerino | ef en [ad] to background dig off oy Pneumothorax J a C0 ie Fay hired; tr Ma Jiudews) = high Be i 10 af fa QoCerdin) = ie wt pro grade “ Angžiu Armet. CATA ies NO fay ~ AE 1 Figure 1. J. Basanavičiaus manuscript facsimile Brain (ria), nerve (nervus), ligament (ligamentum), spinal column (columna vertebrarum), trunk, humerus (os coccygis), turnip (patella), bow (clavicula), clitoris, scrotum, covers (diaphragm), apynasris (frenulum linguae). Separately noteworthy grows (processus) ir nerve plexus (plexus), ko good, more accurate than now used regrowth and reticulum. J. Basanavičius failed to choose the names of ir the palm of the foot, parts of the pelvis, brain linings, the term throat was still unclear, the spleen pancreas was confused, a lot of thought ir about Lithuanian equivalents of the structure of the eye (not yet known of the epidermis, cornea, retina, cilia, lens, iris, conjunctiva). J. Basanavičius failed to translate cellula, cochlea, concha, ovarium, ductus ejaculatorius, epiglottis of other pala ir beep vag vals, 58 TT Sis —itione. Yeats, on Aids Mang. pry; = feel the flute bt - pra Ka aide | [Hodge Kibngva and Pit. Body pba - WDB es - [ly tao [2 we Vera We, 2 pav. 4 The name of the city is derived from the Latin word for castle. He tried hard to translate glandula, suggesting at least several translations (gelaža, grumulas, pernukas, virukas), and thought that the gland was only in pigs. The latter name was later adopted. The dictionary outlines the principles of J. Basanavičius’s terminology. First of all, he did not abuse the suffix -inis adjectives, he often used the noun pronoun: facial nerve, genital incisions (—organs), submandibular gland (—lymph), polyegus gland, temporal artery. Secondly, he promoted derivatives of nouns with prepositions: kaklas —pakaklė, kinka —pakinkis, širdis —atrihardis, dantis —interpdentė, etc. Finally, J. Basanavičius left some Latin terms, which are apparently very established and difficult to translate, as they are in the current dictionary of anatomy: aorta, artery, nerve, organ, prostate, myology, osteology, syndesmology, splanchnology. By the way, the last four titles of the anatomy sections he translated quite successfully (the science of muscles, bones, joints, intestines). Instead of the now-established fascia, J. Basanavičius proposed a muscle film. 59 Thus, J. Basanavičius crowned the epoch of the development of our anatomy nomenclature, when there was no medical college in Lithuania and terminology was taken care of by individual enthusiasts. The very lively development of Lithuanian nomenclature of anatomy, as well as medicine in general, began with the establishment of the Lithuanian University in Kaunas. Initially, medical students studied from German and Russian textbooks, so it was necessary to prepare textbooks in their mother tongue, and thus to look for Lithuanian medical terms, especially anatomy. They were created not only by anatomists, but also by physiologists, pathologists, clinicians, naturalists. During this period, the merits of our most famous ophthalmologist Peter Avižonis (1875-1939) emerged extremely clearly. Having loved his mother tongue from childhood, communicating with Jon Jablonskis (1860-1930) and other linguists, writing two grammar books, editing and translating, P. Avižonis created an impeccable eye dictionary, about which Pranas Skardžius (1899-1975) commented: “It can be boldly affirmed that he has arranged the medical terminology of his field better than any other field of medicine. He was the only doctor who, in terms of speaking things, could be said to have been sickly sick” (Skardžius 1939: 114). The prominent ophthalmologist joined the Terminology Commission in 1920, and he frequently consulted with its chairman, Jon Jablonski, and its spokesman, Juozapas Balčikonis (1885-1969), and this led to the impeccable language of his writings (Puzinas 1979). Two stages can be distinguished in the creation of the anatomical nomenclature of the eye: in the article "Sendviskiei akių pakitimai" (1929) P. Avižonis established the epitelium, cornea, iris, pupil, vitreous body, conjunctiva, and in the famous "Akių ligų vadovėlis" (1940), published after the author's death, he used the cornea, retina, lens, eyelids, tear lake, tear sac, eye cavity. All of these words were adapted surprisingly quickly, their perfect composition remains a benchmark for all those who care and will care about Lithuanian terminology. As indicated by Salezijus Pavilonis (1919-1998), the most significant role was played by Jurgis Žilinskas (1885-1957), with the help of the Anatomy Institute collaborators (Pavilonis 1993). He published drafts of a textbook of anatomy in parts (Neurology lectures, 1923; Osteology and syndesmology, 1932; Splanchnology, 1934). In the first part we find only Latin terms, and in the other — Lithuanian ones, most of which are still used today. The strict word-making system of J. Žilinskas and his collaborators is noteworthy. For example, bones were most often called by enriched nouns (cnemium, calcaneus, etc.), the same, on the same principle based, was the formation of the terms of serous membranes (peritoneum, pleura, heart membrane), teeth (bite, fangs, jaws, pubis), tissues (connective, epithelial, etc.), the use of suffixes -ic adjectives for many complex names, the analogous naming of digestive and respiratory apparatus. The names of internal organs and their parts, larynx cartilage, glands, wall coverings of tubular organs firmly grew into the usage. Notable occurred nouns mucous, muscular, deliberate division of the intestine. However, the first anatomy teaching materials did not cover the entire nomenclature. Syndesmology, myology and neurology remained almost untouched, and even in the already well-advanced splancnology there were gaps: inconsistencies were not avoided (sometimes only Latin terms were given — isthmus faucium, tunica fibrosa pharyngis, etc.), too often adjectives were used instead of the noun pronoun (gomorriniai arches), there were such unsuccessful 60 values as entry into the stomach, exit from the stomach (i.e. stomach, force), falling (i.e. descending) part of the duodenum. According to S. Pavilonis, unnecessarily given preference to the liver over the yeck, in the genital areas legitimized shame. J. Žilinskas translated cellula as a cage, and the term cell was introduced later by the biologist Jurgis Elisonas (1889-1964), who wrote several textbooks on zoology in the interwar period. The terms proposed by J. Žilinskas were not accepted equally by the authorities of Vytautas Magnus University in nature and medicine. Physiologist Vladas Lašas (1892-1966) and pathologist Janina Mackevičaitė-- Lašienė (1897-1993) continued to call the bones by two words (frontal, temporal, temporal bone), and the stomach — lobe, made their own names for muscles, disputed some names of organs (e.g., liver). The biologist Pranciškus Šivickis (1882-1968), after completing his studies in the United States of America, followed the example of the Anglo-Saxons and used spelled Latin names, although they already had equivalents in his native language (pharyngeus, laryngeal, duodenum, uterus, even excretory daughters, deferential daughters, etc.). It is not surprising that this foreignness did not survive, because, as we can see, it clearly contradicted the tradition of the Lithuanian namebook and its creation (Pavilonis 1993). 61 After the Second World War there was a lack of Lithuanian teaching materials, and there was not enough energy to prepare them quickly, so they took to translating a good textbook by Vladimir Tonkov (1872-1954) from Russian (Tonkovas 1957, 1958). Its most important translators —Salezijus Pavilonis and Artūras Jurgutis (1909-1967)—- started a new stage in the basic ordering of the anatomy nomenclature according to the Basel nomenclature (B.N.A.). The translators changed or corrected some of J. Žilinskas’s terms (spine replaced with vertebra, nameless bone — with pelvis, pubis — with pubic bone, wedgebone and heelbone — with wedgebone and heelbone, new Lithuanian names for joints and ligaments were created, terms for muscles were created according to the same principle. Most of the latter were fairly accurate translations of Latin names, only in rare cases they acquired a different meaning (e.g., head rotary muscle — m. sternocleidomastoideus, bifurcated calf muscle — m. gastrocnemius, soleus muscle — m. soleus, etc.). Using the experience of Kaunas anatomist Jadvyga Dobrovolskaite-Tiknienė, new terms of myology were prepared, blood vessels were replaced with blood vessels proposed by physiologist Jon Šopauskas (1900-1968), names of parts of the brain, nuclei and nerves were created or clarified. (Pavilion 1993). At the end of the 1950s, the collection of material for a dictionary of Lithuanian medical terms was started, and the anatomy dictionary was again taken up. S. Pavilonis and A. Vaitilavičius published an article (Pavilonis, Vaitilavičius 1959) inviting not only anatomists but also linguists and the entire medical community to critically evaluate some of the names proposed up to that point. Apparently, these efforts later established in the textbooks and in the present nomenclature such terms as brain bulb, epiglottis, pituitary gland, eardrum and lobe, spinal cord (not spinal cord), testicle, intercostal space, perineum, duodenum and brain stem (bulbus), foot (not paw), ankle (not collar), ring-shaped shield muscle, etc. The authors also raised a number of controversial questions that have not yet been answered. First of all, it is the use of prefix pairs. Based on the analogies of the armpit, pubis, submandibular gland, papilla, the authors insisted on subverting Latin pa-, not po-, as linguists have suggested and still suggest. Perhaps this is why later in the original Lithuanian textbook the prepositional adjectives dominated: pakainis, pasąnarinis, pasmegeninis, pamentinis, paodinis and many 62 others. Later, a compromise was sought and in many cases the specialized prefix powas left for the meaning of the bottom of new forms. Secondly, the variations of the active and passive kinds of the participant of the attributive function, the latter and the noun's ancestor: connective or connective artery, ascending or ascending aorta, pervasive or pervasive, tibia feeding or tibia feeding arteries, olfactory or olfactory nerve, chewing or chewing muscle, digestive or digestive apparatus, etc. Thirdly, the authors did not dare to insist on s/ésna and slėsnokauliai instead of the imprecise and ambiguous pado and padikauliy, perhaps that is why the latter terms were later established. Some of the names supported by S. Pavilonis and A. Vaitilavičius did not survive. For example, the authors proposed to translate plica as pleo, and to call wrinkles only senile facial changes and irregular mucosal formations, but the wrinkle has become permanent, and somehow pleo are called only the joint capsule's greasy covering formations. Valvula semilunaris was suggested to translate as the deltoid valve, but now the semi-lunar valve is used. The authors provided an anus, but it remained only as a synonym for the exit hole. Integumentum commune, apparently by the authors’ efforts, was translated as general body cover in the Lithuanian textbook, and now it is translated as body cover. The attempted use of the overlay is now abandoned (or perhaps unnecessary?), the international name of the diaphragm is left. The Benusistovinis anatomy nomenclature was adapted to the Paris nomenclature (P.N.A.) in A. Jurgutis Osteology (1965), A. Jurgutis and others textbook for secondary medical schools Human Anatomy (1967). A further step in improving the nomenclature was taken by preparing a Lithuanian textbook (Pavilonis et al., 1972, 1984), the authors of which were the most famous Lithuanian anatomists of the time: Salezijus Pavilonis, Rimvydas Stropus (b. 1936), Kazimieras Tamašauskas (1936-1998) and Adolfas Urbonas (1922-1995- ). During the preparation of the second broadcast (1984) Vytautas Gavelis (b. 1927) and Regina Mikėnienė (b. 1931) joined. The Paris (1955) nomenclature with the New York (1960) and Wiesbaden (1965) amendments was used for terminology, and the Tokyo (1975) amendments were taken into account in the second edition. The most important anatomy terms were included in the Medical Terms Dictionary (Astrauskas et al., 1980), which was prepared with the participation of many linguists. 63