Antano Vileišio (1856–1919) medicinos mokslo darbai ir jų terminija

The article reviews one of the many directions of the activity of Dr. A. Vileišis — the popularization of medical science knowledge in the press, i.e., some more pronounced features of the medical terminology of the booklets and articles written and translated by him. Antanas Vileišis was one of the most prominent Vilnius Lithuanian social figures of the end of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century, “one of the most tenacious and consistent revivalists of Lithuanianness in the bowed Vilnius and in the whole of its region” (Aničas 1992: 59). After graduating from the Medical Faculty of the Moscow University, he moved to Vilnius in 1898 and began to work tirelessly for the benefit of Lithuanian culture, education and science. A. Vileišis immediately joined the Lithuanian national revival movement and became one of the most active members and/or founders of many Vilnius Lithuanian cultural and scientific institutions — the Vilnius Lithuanian Self-Help Society (1904), then the first legal society in Lithuania, the Drylika Vilnius Apostles’ Club, which fought for the rights of the Lithuanian language in Vilnius churches, the Lithuanian Language Teaching Committee (1906), the Vilnius Lithuanian Enlightenment Society “Aušra” (1907), the Lithuanian Science Society (1907) and the Lithuanian Society for the Relief of War Victims (1914), as well as shelters, schools — the Lithuanian Day Care Centre for Poor Children (1905), the Vilnius Lithuanian Two-Class School (1907), the Vilnius Lithuanian Servant- ’s Church (1909), the Vilnius Lithuanian School for the Children of the Poor (1910), the Vilnius Lithuanian School for the Children of the Poor (1911), the Vilnius Lithuanian School for the Children of the Poor (1912), the Vilnius Lithuanian School for the Children of the Poor (1913), the Vilnius Lithuanian School for the Children of the Poor (1913), the Vilnius Lithuanian School for the Children of the Poor (1913), the Vilnius Lithuanian School for the Children of the Poor (1913), the Vilnius Lithuanian School for the Children of the Poor (1914). Nicholas Society (1906) —founders and patrons (AniCas 1992: 60-63; 1999: 88-127, 130-154, 177-179, 233-235, 251-309, 312-326). “There was no such bar in Vilnius Lithuanian cultural activity,” writes the historian J. Aničas, “which A. Vileišis would have overtaken” (Aničas 1992: 63). Therefore, it was not for nothing that “Jonas Vileišis called his brother’s family a “true nest of Lithuanianness”, “which was visited by all Vilnius Lithuanians —secular and spiritual, clerical and free-thinking, rich and poorer, and by anyone who came to Vilnius temporarily. In his house everyone could find out what Lithuanians were doing, how the work of Lithuanianness was going. 84 Many people were helped to get a job or a place, many were sheltered, cared for, sheltered” (Anicas 1999; 80). A. Vileišis’s professional activities are also very broad and varied. He worked as a physician in the 7th district of Vilnius and was engaged in private practice (Aničas 1999: 52-53). The list of 220 medical books in Russian, Polish, German and French in the doctor’s personal library “attests to his constant efforts to delve into the latest achievements of medical science and to raise his professional qualification” (Aničas 1999: 52). A. Vileišis actively participated in the activities of the Vilnius Medical Society, was one of the organizers of the physicians’ section of this society, worked in the Commission of Medicine and Pharmacology (1911) and in the Section of Physicians and Pharmacists (1911), which had planned to “publish a medical and pharmaceutical journal, prepare Lithuanian terminology for medicine and pharmacy, research Lithuanian medicinal plants and folk medicine” (Aničas 1999: 302), but after the war, these ambitions remained unfulfilled; In later years he headed the Medical Section (1915), was one of the founders of the Lithuanian Sanitary Aid Society (1918), and his efforts led to the establishment of a Lithuanian hospital in Vilnius (Aničas 1999: 57, 61, 302, 321-323, 341-343). A. Vileišis transliterated the standard patient registration book introduced in Russia, i.e. adapted it to the Lithuanian doctor’s practice by creating Lithuanian names for the graphs: “No No in turn”, “Month and day”, “Name and surname- ”, “From where”, “Sickness”, “Treatment”. And “this was already a step in the Lithuanian terminology of medical practice” (Aničas 1999: 50). Being broad-minded, democratic, tolerant, he treated people of different nationalities, and was especially compassionate toward “people oppressed by poverty. He treated them free of charge and also gave money to buy medicines and improve food” (Aničas 1999: 50). It is particularly noteworthy that A. Vileišis did a great educational work in the press by popularizing medical and hygiene knowledge. The feathers were taken by brother Peter's urging. “His writings, which encouraged people to take an interest in medical and hygiene knowledge, raised their sanitary culture, were a significant contribution to the education of the Lithuanian nation in the years of national revival. For the first time, people received so much much-needed popular knowledge from nature, medicine and hygiene” (Anič 1999: 62). However, A. Vileišis did not start working on an empty soil, but continued to pursue the path of medical science that had already begun. “Thus, until the word of the press spread more widely among our crowds,” writes Dr. K. Grinius, 85 —the most important factors for the spread and maintenance of medical knowledge were — traditional folk medicine, su some superstitions, the church, government, school, local intelligentsia” (Grinius 1922: 3), although the latter two had little influence. The first books that K. Grinius considers as "talks about human health matters" are the following books: Hasselbergas. The teaching on raising children, translated from German into Lithuanian by Krizionas Lovynas (1782) (Bibliography 1969: 120) and K. Stravinskis. Regulas del skarbavu žmoniu, kayp savi reyk užleikiti nuog choleras, ir kayp greytey ratavoti prastoms naminioms lekarstoms... [From Russian translated by K. Ugianskis] (1848) (Bibliography 1969: 377, 422), the latter was the first Lithuanian book printed in Kaunas. The following are the calendars of L. Ivinskis (1846-1878), in which medical articles are printed in the section entitled Gidimas zmoniun nuog nekuriun ligun. Later, more calendars appeared (e.g., Lithuanian “Aušros” calendar, Lithuanian calendar, Lithuanian calendars, Lithuanian calendars with abrozais, Lithuanian ukinįku calendar) (Bibliografija 1985: 689—694, 697-710, 713-718) and newspapers (Kuršaičio Keleivis from 1849), “Kur spausdinosi šis tas iš populiarės medicinos” (Grinius 1922: 4). Dr. K. Grinius considers the times of the Aušra as the starting point from which “a greater movement in this field begins”, when the number of printed publications (books and articles) from medicine increases and when “Dr. J. Basanavičius, engineer P. Vileišis, the Warsaw and Moscow student societies, Dr. A. Vileišis, the American Society of Patriots Lovers, go to work” (Grinius 1922: 4). In 1883, a medical booklet was published, Pagonių Prieteliai. He was a guide to all those who wanted to offer their first help to the emerging diseases (Grinius 1922: 19), and in 1886 Peter Neris's The Most Important Diseases of Men was published in Tilžė. In the next edition of this booklet (1906) Dr. Mikols is listed as the author. “Antanas Vileišis’s biographers claim that Dr. Mikols is A. Vileišis’s pseudonym and that this booklet was compiled by him” (Bibliografija 1988: 304). However, J. Petronis writes that the work was written by Petras Vileišis, using the writings of Julijus Genčas and Kazimieras Prošinskis, and that A. Vileišis was the special editor of this publication (Petronis 1992: 79). Thus, A. Vileišis wrote and translated from other languages or based on the works of other authors 25 popularizing medical books: What to do so that we would be healthy and live long (1895, 2nd ed. — 1905), Proverbs for women who want to be healthy (1899, 11th ed. — 1906), Short talks about contagious diseases and how to protect themselves from them? (1901, 11th ed. —1906), How does the soul manifest itself in the human being? (1902), E Esmarch. First aid in accidents (1903), S. A. Knopf. 1903), About the Bad Disease or Syphilis (1904), About Cholera and How to 86 Protect Yourself from It (1905, 2nd ed. —1915), How to Stay Healthy in Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter (1906), Diphtheria (1907), Cholera and How to Fight It (1907), I. Tarkhanov. 1907), Naminis gydytojas (1908, 2nd revised ed. —1924) (Lietuvių enciklopedija emphasizes that "this book was considered the best in Lithuanian language at the time" (Lietuvių enciklopedija 1966: 81)), B. Oks. 1908), How to keep healthy and sick eyes (1910), About the cleanliness of drinking water in gardens (1912), About leaflets (1912), Weather and climate and their importance for human health (1913, 2nd ed. —1914), Lipid diseases and how to avoid them? (1915). A. Vileišis's works were particularly popular and read. A. Vileišis also actively wrote in the press. In Lithuanian periodicals Vilnius žinios, Šaltinis, Tėvynės sargas, Žemdirbys, Lietuvos aidas and others he published over 100 articles on various medical, hygiene and sanitary issues, many of which were continuing and published in separate (already mentioned) booklets. The vast majority of articles are written about hygiene (e.g., the value of fruit from the point of view of hygiene; Winter clothing from the hygiene side; How old people must keep their health in winter; What to eat in winter? ; Milk hygiene; Teeth and their hygiene; Importance as a medicine to warn diseases; About the cleanliness of drinking water in orchards; About swimming in the open air; What is hygiene? ; The value of air for health; The value of sunlight for health, etc.) and infectious diseases (e.g., about cholera and how to protect against it; Scarlet fever; Diphtheria; Dry skin, its causes and development; As a self-protective infection with evil green; Smallpox (smallpox); Juma (plague), its signs and warnings; About the disease of the goose; About the scabies; Haemorrhagic: (Dysentery); Siberian wound: (Carbuncle); About rabies; Rose; scabies; What is influenza and what does it come from? ; DangerThe most common childhood disease, prevailing in summer; How to deal with a sick person, a person with a diarrhea? and others. ). 87 A. Vileišis often signed his books and articles with pseudonyms and pseudoalphabets, e.g., A. V., D-as A. V., Dr. A. V., D-as F. Antaniukas, Dr-ras A. V., etc., perhaps also for the same reason as his brother engineer P. Vileišis, who also used many pseudonyms and did so, “...to show the Russian authorities that those books are not the work of one, but of many individuals” (Aničas 1993: 10). 104-105). There have been various reviews and evaluations of A. Vileišis’s books in both Lithuanian and American press, most of them favourable. American Lithuanian newspaper Vienybė Lithuanians about the booklet How does the living thing manifest itself in the human body? wrote: "The way of giving birth is good <...>. The author tries to adapt the terminology to the Lithuanian language, even allowing the exaggeration, that is: the human skeleton, or the bone of the body (as it should be thought), the author calls “giltinė”, whereas this word reminds us only of a distracted, say — dreamed and fairy-tale thing. The pictures are reflected very clearly (there are 33 in total) and the whole book is read easily, even with fun” (Aničas 1999: 66). The description of the booklet First Aid in Accidents is very useful and made comprehensible, so that every person, even the least trained, can take advantage of the guidelines provided in the booklet. The language is beautiful, clear <...>" (Aničas 1999: 66). Dr. K. Grinius rated the booklet How to stay spring, summer, autumn and winter as “a useful book to spread hygiene knowledge” (Grinius 1922: 11), while Dr. P. Avižonis wrote that it was “a book worth reading” (Avižonis 1909: 9). Dr. K. Grinius described the Proverbs for Women Who Want to Be Healthy as “the only book almost of obstetrics” (Grinius 1922: 18). There have also been critical comments. For example, the author signed with the pseudonym L. (J. Aničas writes in his book that it is Dr. K. Grinius; see. Aničas 1999: 65) strongly criticized the language of the booklet Trumpi šneka apie limpančias ligas ir kaip nuo jų apsiginti (1901): "<...> the language of that booklet is difficult, often not Lithuanian constructions are found. This makes it difficult to understand what the writer wants to say. In some places, even those who are familiar with our written language cannot easily decipher the writer’s words” (Varpas 1902: 45). In addition, the author reproaches that the booklet leaves a number of unexplained words that are not used in the colloquial language, and also adds that “not everywhere the writer’s science agrees with the medical science. 88 lu’ (Varpas 1902: 45). He concludes his review with the words: "in general, this book did not succeed for Dr. V. A." (Varpas 1902: 46). However, the second edition of the booklet in question (1906) received a positive response from the newspaper Vilnius Žinios: “In our time, all kinds of infectious diseases have spread so widely that if you did not pay attention to this important disaster of ours, we would die like flies in winter in the not too distant future. The author, as a physician, well thinking about everything, wanting to remove such a danger and not being able to show his special help everywhere, prepared this booklet so that every person, after reading it, could take care of himself and others” (Aničas 1999: 65). In addition to his work in popularizing medical science, A. Vileišis was determined to write popular natural history. "287-page typewritten Natural History: Zoology". Botany. Mineralogy. Revised by VI. M. Kazlauskas, Dr. A. V. 1904", but "the manuscript covers only zoology" (Aničas 1999: 69). A. Vileišis also prepared a booklet What is arable land? How did it appear, what are its chapters and how to know them? : Dél has the benefit of the farmers, which was published in Tilžė in 1901. After reviewing most of the books and articles of A. Vileišis, several important things fall into sight. Firstly, the author uses a few foreign terms (including their synonyms and variants) that have no Lithuanian equivalents, e.g.: artretizmas Vž 1905 (53)'; čepčius Ka 1902, Pp 1903) 1903 – J. C. S. Bach, German composer (b. „fat on the belly, taukinė“ LKŽ II 1969); Fluxion? Ng 1908, Ng 1924; gangrene Pp 1903; hemorrhoids Ng 1908, Ng 1924 /hemoroids Vz 1908 (192) /hemoroids Vz 1908 (176); hypochondria Vž 1905 (192) / hypochondria Ku 1906 / hypochondria Ku 1906 / hypochondria Vz 1908 (176); Hysteria Ku 1906, Ng 1924 /hysteria Ng 1908; influenza Ku 1906, "Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of periodicals, * This word is not recorded in the Lithuanian language dictionary. In the home physician, from whom the term was taken, only a few sentences describe the disease he named, i.e. it is noted that it is a disease of the head, whose "causes are tooth decay and air convulsions" (Ng 1924: 43), and briefly indicates how to treat it. 89 Ng 1908, Ng 1924 /influenza 11 1915, Ts 1918 (7, 34) /influenza Ts 1918 (34); jedra Tš 1901, Ng 1908, S 1909 (25), Z 1909 (1), LI 1915, Ng 1924 /tymai Č 1901, Dz 1903, Ab 1904, Ng 1908, Ng 1924 /jadra Dz 1903, S 1910 (3), LI 1915, Ts 1918 (34) /tymai (jadra) Vz 1907 (217), Ts 1918 (7) /jedra (odra) S 1909 (10) /adra Ng 1924 (plg. *adra (1. adra) ‘thyme, jedraTM LKZ I 1968); calthium Kd 1905, Vz 1905 (19); cholera Kd 1895, Tš 1901, S 1911 (5), Al 1912, Ag 1912, Ts 1917 (1, 2), Ts 1918 (4, 5) /cholera Ach 1905, Kd 1905, Vz 1905 (77, 173), Ku 1906, Vz 1907 (93, 125, 126), Ng 1908, Vz 1908 (96, 159), Z 1909 (2), S 1911 (1), Ok 1913, Š 1913 (28, 32), Ng 1924; migraine Ng 1908, Ng 1924; nervous disorders Ng 1908, Ng 1924; gout Ts 1918 (4), Ng 1924; sclerosis Ts 1918 (4); Skarlatina TS 1901, Pp 1903, Dz 1903, Ab 1904, Vz 1907 (218), L1 1915 /karai TS 1901, Dz 1903, Vž 1907 (218), Ng 1908 (see 2*karai (1. kor) 3. ‘scarlet fever’ LKZ V 1959) /skarletina Ng 1908, Ž 1909 (1, 2), S 1909 (25), S 1910 (3), 18, 46), S 1911 (5), LI 1915 /Skarliatina (karai) Ng 1924 /skarlatina Lt 1915; scurvy Ku 1906 /skorbutas S 1911 (30) /skurmuntas S 1911 (30); trachoma L1 1915, Ts 1918 (11), Ng 1924. In some places, the Latin name is given in parentheses next to the English term, e.g.: elbow bones or ulna, radius Pp 1903; leukaemia Ka 1902; chlorosis Ka 1902; stibinae fibulae Pp 1903; cholera infantum Ku 1906; natrum causticum Ll 1915; exanthematicus typhus 11 1915; cestodes Al 1912; soov aphthae Ng 1908; cocculus, great cough. Pertussis or Tussis convulsiva Ll 1915; pedis (foot) Pp 1903; mélinais calcanéum (cuprum sulfuricum) L 1915; shoulder bone (scapula) Pp 1903; skin rash (scrophuloderma) Dz 1903; common human ascaris (ascari lumbricoides) Al 1912; recurrent fever (Febris recurrens) L1 1915; clavicula (clavicula) Pp 1903; smallpox (Variola vera) Ll 1915; femur (os femoris) Pp 1903; meningitis cerebrospinalis epidemica (meningitis cerebrospinalis epidemica) LI 1915; abdominal typhus (typhus abdominalis) LI 1915; spondylosis (os humeri) Pp 1903. Sometimes A. Vileišis uses only the Latin name, perhaps not having found a Lithuanian equivalent to name the desired medical term, for example, about tuberculosis miliaris he writes that it is “dryness of the whole body so called in Latin” J 1903, and dryness of the skin “known by the Latin name lupus” J 90 1903. Other terms of foreign origin used in his works have Lithuanian equivalents (some even two), which are usually given in parentheses, e.g.: bronchos (throat branches) Vž 1908 (97): dantų pasta (ointment) Vž 1907 (218); inflammation of the gums Ng 1924; disinfection (destruction) S 1909 (10); dijeta (abstention from eating) Vž 1907 (126); epidemic (disease) Ng 1924; physiology (science of life) Ng 1924; hygiene (healthy retention) Ng 1908 /hygiene (science of health) Ng 1924; instruments (miracles) Vž 1905 (56); microbes (living) Vž 1905 (173); nerves (irritants) Pp 1903 /nerves (irritating) Dz 1903; neuralgia (colic) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; organism (living body) Ng 1908, Š 1911 (49), Ng 1924 /organism (bone) L1 1915; paralysis (atémias) L 1915; paroxysm (illness) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; pulse (tendon twitching) Ach 1905, LI 1915; tripper (tripper) Vž 1909 (28); sometimes connected with the conjunction or, e.g.: apoplexy, or blood loss in the brain Ng 1908 / apoplexy, or blood loss in the brain Ng 1924; dentin or soft bone Vž 1907 (217); epilepsy, or opinion Ng 1908 /epilepsia, or opinion Ng 1924; very rarely —with a comma, e.g. whooping cough L1 1915. The borrowed palagas Ng 1908, Ts 1918 (10), Ng 1924 (cf. 2* palagas (I. polėg) „gimdymas“ LKZ IX 1973) has the Lithuanian equivalent gimdymas Pm 1899, Vž 1905 (56), Pm 1906, Vz 1908 (97), Vz 1909 (28), L1 1915, but they are not synonymously related. However, often when naming various diseases, their symptoms (according to A. Vileišis, manifestations) or other medical terms, preference is given to Lithuanian terms, 0 their synonyms of foreign origin are usually given in parentheses (a) or (much less often) connected with a conjunction or (b); by the way, some synonymous terms are variants, e.g. : a) manner (temperament) Ku 1906; choleric Ach 1905, Vž 1905 (77), Vž 1907 (125), Ng 1908, Ng 1924 /diarrhea (choleric) LI 1915; dry (tuberculosis) 1.1 1915; uterus (umbilicus, macica) Pra 1899, Pm 1906; drunkenness Ng 1908, Š 1911 (32), Š 1913 (43), Ng 1924 /drunkenness (alcoholism) Š 1909 (1) /drunkenness Ts 1918 (4, 7); predators (skeleton) Dz 1903; guzas (drums) 1.1 1915, Š 1914 (29); vascular clamps (tourniquets) Pp 1903; blood deficiency (anemia) Vz 1905 (225) /blood deficiency (anemia) Ku 1906; waterfalls Kd 1895, Pp 1903. Kd 1905 /kruopai 91 (krupai) TS 1901 /kruopos TS 1901 /krioklės (kruopai) Vz 1905 (104), Ku 1906 /kriokslé (diphtheria) LL 1915; hemorrhagic (dysentery) 11 1915, Ts 1918 (4); plague Ts 1901, Vz 1908 (96), Š 1909 (1), S 1911 (5), LI 1915 /plague TS 1901 /jumma Š 1911 (5), Š 1914 (29), LI 1915, Ts 1918 (2, 5) /jumma Ok 1913 /jumma S 1914 (29) /maras (jumma) LL 1915 /dZiuma L1 1915 /maras or dima Ts 1917 (1); fake death (letargy) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; nasal pimples (polyps) Vz 1905 (29); poisons (toxins) Dz 1903; cataract Vz 1909 (40); 1901, Ab 1904, S 1909 (1) / prancai Ab 1904 /blogoji liga Ab 1904, Vz 1905 (29). 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948. Ts 1918 (5) /bad disease (syphilis) S 1909 (1) /syphilis (french) Vz 1909 (40): plasta (pulse) Pp 1903; sausgila (rheumatism) Vz 1905 (53) /sausgila (ramata) Ku 1906 /sausgila (ramotas) S 1910 (1); diarrhea (Zyvatas) Ach 1905, Vz 1905 (77). Rp 1907, Vz 1908 (159), LI middle eye movement (glaucoma) Vz 1909 (40); (b) stinging disease or tetanus Ts 1917 (1)/stinging disease or ratan (stretching disease) Ts 1918 (2); plasancioji krauja gysla (arteria) Pp 1903 (but cf. plasancioji krauja gysla (arteria) Pp 1903). 1915; It happens that in some sources a Lithuanian term is considered the main one, and in others, conversely, a synonymous term of foreign origin, although sometimes the synonymous terms spoken in the same source are linked to each other, e.g.: konvulsijos (tampymai) Pm 1899, Pm 1906 and tampymai (konvulsijos) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; organizmas (kūnas) Š 1909 (1) and kūnas (organizmas) Š 1913 (30); paralysis (tetanus) Pp 1903 and tetanus (paralysis) Ng 1908 (also cf. paralysis intestin92 al hairs or carpels Ka 1902; intestinal fluidity Kd 1895 /intestinal juices Kd 1895, Kd 1905 /intestinal juices Ka 1902 / intestinal thinning Kd 1905; 3) monowords with compound Lithuanian terms, e.g.: antkričiai (disease threads) Ts 1918 (4); blood vessels Š 1911 (31) / blood vessels Ng 1908, Š 1913 (30); inflammation of the glial membranes or a runny nose Ts 1918 (34); fever recurrent, or fevers Ng 1924; blood flow Ka 1902 /bloodstream Pp 1903 /bloodstream Dz 1903, Vž 1905 blood vessels Pm 1899, Pp 1903, Pm 1906, Ku 1906 /blood vessels Pp 1903 /blood vessels Ok 1913; mésliné intestine Pm 1899, Pm 1906 /manure intestine Pm 1899, Ng 1924 /meat intestine Pm 1899, Pm 1906 (232); /manure Pp 1903, Ng 1908; rabies TS 1901 /rabies L) 1915 /passion disease L) 1915; sub-abdominal gland (casas) Ka 1902; dry tendons Pp 1903 /tendinitis Pp 1903; large intestine (subingrobis) Dz 1903; smallpox Ng 1908 /smallpox Š 1910 (3) /smallpox 1] 1915; constipation Pm 1899, Pm 1906, Ng 1908, Vz 1908 (159), Ng 1924 /constipation Vz 1905 (104, 192) /diarrhea Rp 1907, Ng 1908, Ts 1918 (4), Ng 1924 /diarrhea LA 1915. In earlier works of A. Vileišis the term pilvas is used in the meaning of "stomach" (this meaning of the word is also recorded in the Lithuanian language dictionary), but in later writings the terms Skilvis, skrandis appear, although the stomach remains, e.g.: pilvas Kd 1895 /tikrasis pilvas Kd 1895 /pilvelis or skilvis Dž 1903 /pilvas (stomach) Kd 1905 /skrandis (stomach) Vž 1905 (289), Ku 1906 /skrandis Rp 1907, Š 1911 (23), LI 1915, Ng 1924 /skilvis (stomach) Vz 1907 (125) /skilvis Vž 1907 (217), Vz 1908 (97), Ng 1908, Ž 1909 (12), Al 1912, Ag 1912, LI 1915, Ts 1918 (34), Ng 1924 /skilvys Ng 1908 /skilvys Š 1909 (20), LI 1915 /skrandis (stomach) S 1911 (39) /skrandis (stomach) Š 1911 (39) | skilvélis (stomach) L1 1915 /skilvis (stomach) Ng 1924 /skilvys, or pilvas Ng 1924 /skilvis (stomach, stomach) Ng 1924. In A. Vileišis's works there is another word from the folk language that refers to the concept of medicine, which has no synonyms, e.g.: kregas Ku 99 1906 (cf. kregas 1. „pneumonija; stiprus kosulys“ LKŽ VI 1962): irmedė Ab 1904, Ng 1924 /irmedė Vz 1905 (118, 173) (cf. irmėdė „illness acquired by a cold, overwork or fear; tremors, flu, flu“ LKŽ IV 1957); drapes Pm 1899, Pm 1906 (see drapes „monthly, scarf“ LKŽ II 1969). In addition, it should be added that the variantSkuma and synonymy in general can be considered a feature of A. Vileišis' style, e.g. : Epidemics continue to arise, which like a fire roam the villages (gardens) and cities Č 1901; Paveizdan, no one can compel a neighbor to dry a stinky mud (clan) of his own accord Č 1901; The lungs are very bloody and resembling a sponge (pinch) Pp 1903; Therefore, protective measures require, when there is a giant, that the pots (pots), dishes and other objects are washed with open water <... > Z 1909 (2); In such cases, it is not enough to clean your griča (pure) <...>“ LL1915; For those suffering from this disease, it is good to take a pinch of alsee (aloe) powder for emptying the bowels at night Ng 1924. Although often one of the members of the synonymous pair is stranger, e.g. : Apveizdétai the patient must be dressed, ident they themselves do not go out in the same clothes, which they wore to the patient, streets (uličių) <...> TS 1901; Do not confuse with climate sooru (pagada) Ok 1913; For the purpose of the patient must have separate buckets (viedras) <...> L11915; In the wool of sick sheep, the germs of the disease remain for two weeks LI 1915; Work in the evenings at the sheepfold, do not cover it with either a dark or a clearly colored shade L 1915; Cracked lips should be smeared <...> with cream <...> Ng 1924; Lichens can be removed from the mouth easily and quickly by smearing them twice a day with rose honey, adding a few drops of vinegar (uksuso) <...> Ng 1924; Children are given once a day 2 grams of crushed cytvar grains mixed with honey or brew berries (jams) Ng 1924. Often, in A. Vileišis’s written writings, the concepts of species medicine are named by nominative adjectives or participants, which is already a feature of scientificity, e.g.: appendix grows Ku 1906; acute kidney inflammation Ts 1918 (30); white flowers Pp 1899, Pm 1906; white flowers Kr 1910, S 1910 (48); cold brew Ts 1917 (1); large bile ducts Ka 1902; smallpox Ng 1908, Ng 1924; black film disease Ku 1906; exudative diseases Š 1910 (3); spreadable thermal insulation Š 1910 (3); outgoing canal (hole) Ng 1908, Ng 1924; left half of 100 the cerebral medulla Ng 1908, Ng 1924; left atrium Ka 1902; auditory ganglia Ng 1924; light ganglia Ng 1908, Ng 1924; optic nerve Ng 1924; false smallpox RE 1908; longitudinal spinal cord Pp 1903; common ganglia S 1910 (46): simple inflammation Ng 1924; secret ganglia Š 1910 (46); dangerous drought Ng 1908, Ng 1924; artificial breathing Pp 1903; esophagus Ka 1902, Pp 1903 / esophagus Kd 1905; sedentary ring Pp 1903; narrow blood vessels Ka 1902; transverse colon Ng 1924; liquid drugs Pp 1903; severe apoplexy Ng 1924; blood clotting drugs Pp 1903; wet compresses Vz 1910 (18); rectum Ng 1924; real teeth Ng 1908 /real teeth Ng 1924; olfactory nerve Ng 1924; cooking canal Ku 1906, Vž 1908 (97); 1924 and others. Much less often they are named in the forms of ordinary adjectives or participles, e.g.: chronic inflammation of the middle eye pleviy Vz 1909 (41); chronic diarrhea Ku 1906; chronic nausea Vž 1905 (192); choking cough Ng hot compresses mild bowel inflammation 1924; Ts 1918 (30); Vz 1905 (56); lymphatic disease Dz 1903; small blood vessel circle Pp 1903; nervous tremor fake member Ng 1924; Pp 1903; debilitating diseases Ku 1906; simple cough Ng 1924; Ll 1915; simple pneumonia L1 1915; grey roach Ts 1918 (11); dry cough Dz 1903, L1 1915, Ts 1918 (34); severe shortness of breath Vi 1905 (77); severe diarrhea Vž 1907 (93); severe bowel inflammation Vz 1905 (56); cold compresses Š 1910 (18); umus fever Ll 1915 and others. A. Vileišiui, as a sanitary doctor ir Representative of the Vilnius City Duma, had to work hard to fight against the violators of sanitary requirements, with constantly recurring epidemics of infectious diseases (Aničas 1999: 53-57). One such epidemic (stained cold), which occurred in the difficult war conditions, “from which he as a doctor so sacrificed himself to protect people, was fatal to him” (Aničas 1999: 338). And he wrote mostly about infectious diseases, which were very common at the time (the titles of the articles in the ir booklets show this). This was also one of the ways to fight these diseases. 101 The name of the diseases discussed in both books and articles vary greatly. A. Vileišis uses a number of variants and synonyms to name these diseases, e.g.: limpančioji liga Kd 1895 /užsikrėčiamosios ligos Kd 1895, Kd 1905, Š 1909 (5, 25), Š 1911 (5) /limpančios ligos Tš 1901, Ab 1904 /kimbančios ligos Tš 1901, Ach 1905, Vz 1905 (77) / kimbama liga Dž 1903 /užsikrėčiamosios ligos Pp 1903, Ng 1908, Š 1909 (5), Ž 1909 (12), Š 1911 (5, 6), Ng 1924 /užsikrėčiamos ligos Ach 1905, LI 1915 /užsikrėčiamos ligos Vž 1905 (77) /užsikrėčiamos ligos Vž 1905 (173), Ku 1906, Vž 1909 (5, 10), Ž 1909 (1), Š 1911 (51), LI 1915, Ts 1918 (5) /užsikriaciamosios ligos Ž 1909 (1, 12), Š 1914 (29), LI 1915 /uzsikriaciamosios ligos S 1909 (1) /limpamosios ligos S 1910 (46), Ag 1912, Ok 1913, Š 1913 (28, 32), LI 1915 /užsikréciamosios ligos L1 1915. As can be seen from the examples given, all the terms used by A. Vileišis to name these diseases are Lithuanian. Only one article uses the foreign term infectious disease Ts 1918 (34). In the introduction of the booklet, Trumpi speaks about contagious diseases and how to defend ourselves from them. We read words of real concern: “In the present state of society, contagious diseases often bring us the greatest misfortune and misery, and they take away from us the people who are most dear to us. <...>. <...> in society and little still spread the light and many there are all kinds of poor, who do not repent to keep even the smallest commandments, which could protect them from infection with diseases. But there are many who do not keep the commandments simply because they do not know about them, because they do not think about them. This is what I want to do with my life" (1961). Doctor A. Vileišis knew his work well and was extremely dedicated to it. He wanted and was able to present to the ordinary, uneducated person in a comprehensible way a wealth of useful knowledge about various diseases, how to protect against them, and if they strike, how to treat. Thus, it can be said that his works really answered the sensitive questions of public health at the time. In conclusion, it should be said that this article only slightly touched on Dr. A. Vileišis’s written legacy — popularizing works of medical science, and more in-depth examination of them should be left for the future. In summary, several points could be emphasized: 1. A. Vileišis was not the first popularizer of medical 102 knowledge in Lithuania, but he continued the work begun by his predecessors and contributed to the creation of Lithuanian medical terminology with his numerous writings, giving it distinctive features. 2. The most striking feature of medical terminology in A. Vileišis’s works reviewed is synonymy and variantity. It would testify to the fact that the terminology of this field of science was then in its infancy. 3. Most often the first, main, medical term in A. Vileišis’ writings is Lithuanian, 0 its synonymous term of foreign origin is considered the second. 4.The abundance of synonyms and variants of Lithuanian medical terms in A. Vileišis’s works shows his desire to use more of his own, Lithuanian, terms. In later works, the terms are often better, although sometimes the opposite is observed. 5. A considerable number of A. Vileišis’s continuing articles printed in periodicals were published in separate booklets, so there are no marked differences in terms used in the booklets and articles. 6. A. Vileišis wrote mainly on medical issues that were particularly relevant at the time — about hygiene and infectious diseases, so his popularizing works on medical science were a reflection of the health problems of people at the time. I would like to conclude the article with a sermon about a. a. dr. A. Vileišis in the words: “he was calm, quiet, he did not move ahead; but his works kept him at the forefront of Lithuanian society. He didn’t burn like an empty boss, because he was “full.” It has deep roots, and in the history of Lithuanian culture it has a beautiful and honorable place” (Vaižgantas 1922: 218). Ab —Apie blogąją ligą arba syfilis (prancus- ), Tilžė, 1904. Ach —Apie cholera ir kaip nuo jos apsisaugoti, Vilnius, 1905. Ag —On the purity of drinking water in gardens, Seine, 1912. About flies: (How they live and how people are infected with them), Seinai, 1912. | 103 Ch D Dž Ka Kd Kd 1910, How 1968 žodynas 2, Vilnius. LKŽ IV LKŽ V 1959 Lietuvos Lietuvos kalbos žodynas žodynas 9, Vilnius. LKŽ XIX LI Lymphatic 1915. Ng Ng Ok Pm 1899. Pm Pp R¢ Rp S Ts Vi From Cholera and the fight against it, Vilnius, 1907. Diphtheria, Vilnius, 1907, S. A. Knopf. The Battle of the Bull Run, 1903. How does the soul manifest itself in the human body? 1902, 1902. What to do to be healthy and live long, Tilžė, 1895, What to do to be healthy and live long, Vilnius, 1905. The Home Doctor: A Brief Description of the to stay in the spring, summer, autumn and winter, Vilnius, 1906. LKZ I Lithuanian Language Dictionary 1, Vilnius. LKŽ II 1969 Lietuvos kalbos 1957 Lietuvos kalbos žodynas 4, Vilnius. kalbos žodynas 5, Vilnius. LKŽ VI 1962 6, Vilnius. LKŽ IX 1973 Lietuvos kalbos 1999 Lietuvos kalbos žodynas 19, Vilnius. diseases and how to avoid them? Kaunas, Worst Diseases and the Worst Medicines to Fight Them; | D. 1. On Human Diseases and Their Treatment, Seine, 1908. A short description of the most simple diseases and their treatment, Kaunas, 1924. Weather and climate and their importance for human health. Seine, 1913. E. Preface to Women Who Want to Be Healthy, Tilžė, Advice for women who want to be healthy, Vilnius, 1906. Esmarch. First aid in accidents, Tilžė. 1903. B. Oks. Snakes: (Snake with young mother), Vilnius, I. Tarchanov. 1908. August milk prof Miečnikova: Tool for the retention of the public health, Vilnius, 1907. 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914. The Patriot, 1917, 1918. Trumpi talks about infectious diseases and how to protect yourself from them? 1901, 1901. 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909. LITERATURE Žemdirby, 1909. Aničius J. 1992: Antanas Vileišis — humanist physician. —Lietuvos medicina 1(3), Aničas J. 1993: Petras Vileišis, 1851-1926: 59-64. Life and work, Vilnius. Aničas J. 1999: Antanas and Emilija Vileišiai: Characteristics of Life and Activities, Vilnius. Antanas Vileišis. Bibliography 1895-1992. Prepared by J. Aničius. Vilnius-Pasvalys, 1992. 104 1909: The Journal of the Society of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vol. Bibliography 1969: Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR: Books in Lithuanian [1547-1861] 1, Vilnius. Bibliography 1985: Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR: Books in Lithuanian [1862-1904] 2 (1), Vilnius. Bibliography 1988: Bibliography of the Lithuanian SSR: Books in Lithuanian [1862-1904] 2 (2). Vilnius. Grinius K. 1922: Popularization of medical knowledge and a list of Lithuanian medical books, Kaunas. 1966: Lithuanian encyclopedia 10, South Boston. 1992: Peter Vileišis: Apybraiža, Vilnius. 1922: 4th edition. 216–218. arpa 1902: Varpas 2. ANTANAS VILEISIS’ (1856-1919) WORKS OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND THEIR TERMINOLOGY Summary The article deals with one of the many fields of activities of a famous public figure in Vilnius and doctor A. Vileišis the popularising of the knowledge of medical science In the press and the most significant features of medical terminology in books and articles, translated or written by Vileišis. Borrowing terms, Lithuanian terms and terms of mixed origin used by Vileišis to name one medical concept and their synonyms and variants are discussed more widely. Naming various diseases, their symptoms and other medical concepts he gave the priority to the Lithuanian term and presented synonymous foreign term in brackets, for example, būdas (temperamentas) (temperament); tuberculosis (tuberculosis); middle eye movement (glaucoma) (glaucoma- ). Less frequently the foreign term is given first and followed by the Lithuanian synonym in brackets, for instance, nervai (dirksniai) (nerves); pulse. There are only a few foreign terms (including their synonyms and variants) for which Lithuanian equivalent was not given, for instance, histerija / hysterija (hysteria), migrena (migraine). In his works, Vileišis used many variants and synonyms of the Lithuanian term. The most frequent are orthographic and phonetic variants: akjs /akys (eyes). wandering (delirium). Synonyms of terms are particularly plentiful —1) one-word, for instance, geltligé /gelta (jaundice); anemia (anacmia); rhinitis /slunktas (snoring) /slanktas Lslunktas I slunkstas (head) cold); 2) complex terms, mostly two-word terms (usually one component, most frequently specific component, has a synonym), for instance, balti | baltiejie kraujo skrituléliai (white blood cells); réknés, or throat inflammation 3) one-word terms and complex terms, for example, krawjagysies | kraujagysliai /kraujo gistos (blood-vessel); smallpox (chicken-pox). Often parts of a synonymic chain are variants. The abundance synonyms and variants 105 of in Vileišis) works shows his aim give preference to to Lithuanian terms. It also allows us to assume that was he looking for the most suitable, the best Lithuanian term to name a medical concept. At that time Lithuanian terminology of this field was being created and With his many popular works, Vileišis made a significant contribution of to medical science. Palmira an ZEMLEVICIUTE Received 2003-10-27 Lithuanian Language Institute P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-2055 Vilnius E. post office [email protected] 106