Kai kurie sinoniminių religijos terminų vartosenos atvejai katekizmuose (XVI a. ir XIX a. galas – XX a. pradžia)

Terminology | 2007 | 14 135 Some cases of synonymous use of religious terms in catechisms (16th and late 19th century – early 20th century) AUŠRA RimKUtĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language Synonymy is particularly characteristic of the initial stage of terminology the most suitable term for the concept has not yet been chosen and one formation, when several terms (synonyms1) and (or) variants are used, of them is usually foreignness. The aim of this article is to discuss the use of synonymous religious terms in catechisms from the initial stage of the development of written religious terminology (16th century)2 and the period of the formation of the current common Lithuanian language (late 19th century – early 20th century). Synonymous terms of religion used in various places of catechisms are not examined. Since religious writings from about the middle of the 17th century onwards were more frequently contaminated with foreign words, especially with visiting words (see Palionis 1979: 106), the terms of religion in the catechisms of the early and middle 17th to 19th centuries are not discussed. The sources of this article are three 16th-century catechisms: Martynas Mažvydas’s Katechismusa Praʃty Szadei, Makʃlas ʃkaitima raʃta yr gieʃmes del krikʃcʒianiʃtes the chismas or mokslas kiekwienam krikszczionii priwalvs. Paraszitas per D. Iakvba Ledesma... Jėgulditas iij Lięuuvio Ląnkiʃʒko ing Lietuwiʃʒka per Kuniga beidelberneliuiaununaujeyʃuguldytas(1547), Mikalojaus Daukšos KaMikałoiu Daugʃʒa Kánonika ʃʒemaicʒiu (1595), Merkelis Petkevičius’s Catechism (1598)3 and three 19thand early 20th-century Catholic 1 Catechisms published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Keinys 1980: 97–104; Gaivenis 2002: 33–36; for the synonymy of terminology in individual fields see. Kaulakienė 2000: 23–28; Kazlauskaitė 2000: 25–31; Zemlevičiūtė 2001: 34–49; Umbrasas 2004: 100–118; Stunžinas 2005: 7–26 and others.2 There is no doubt that the terms religion were used much earlier. In addition, the oldest surviving Potari texts from the beginning of the 16th century only confirm the fact that religious texts existed much earlier – in the late 14th or early 15th century, but they have not survived. According to J. Lebedis and J. Palionis, “at the end of the 14th century or at least at the beginning of the 15th century, there were already the most elementary Lithuanian religious texts. Of course, there were not many of them, because the spread of Christianity at that time was really given very little attention” (Lebedys, Palionis 1964: 110). 3 Cases of use of synonymous terms of religion discussed in the article were not found in M. Petkevičiaus Catechism. 136 Aušra Rimkutė | Some synonymous uses of religious terms... catechisms: Cataclysms of the Catholic Church: Most Required for Children and People with Lementor and Ministeranture (1903). The material was collected only from catechisms, separated from hymns, rites, supplications and other texts. The first catechisms of the three Western branches of Christianity (Evangelical Lutheran, Evangelical Reformed and Catholic) published in the 16th century, although translated, can be considered very important sources of written religion terminology. The late 19th and early 20th century Catholic catechisms were published during the period of the printing ban. At that time, foreign words were consistently removed from the language. Since the aforementioned catechisms are separated by nearly three centuries, the article wanted to examine and compare the synonymous art of two distant and religijos terminų pateikimą, išsiaiškinti, kuriems sinonimams teikiama pirdifferent periods and why. When discussing synonymous terms of religion used side by side, the origin (Lithuanian or non-Lithuanian term) and other more important language issues are touched. In addition, the context of their use is taken into account when assessing the synonyms of religious terms under consideration. 2. Synonymous Monosyllabic Religious Terms In the 16th and late 19th – early 20th century catechisms, mono-synonymous terms of religion are presented quite differently: they are written in parentheses or in a footnote, joined by a hyphen or separated by a comma. 2.1 In all the examined catechisms from the 16th and late 19th and early 20th centuries, the synonymous single-word terms of religion that are adjacent are connected by the conjunction or. 2.1.1. One term Lithuanian4, another borrowed5 (or hybrid): It differs from the other 16th-century catechisms examined in that it uses much more foreign words, which have been literally translated from Polish. 4 Since the catechisms are translational, they also contain quite difficult to recognize borrowings, according to K. Gaivenis, “secret borrowings”, or values (Gaivenis 2002: 58). The most commonly borrowed word is the meaning (borrowing of meaning) or the word structure, i.e. translated into a pamorphem (borrowing of value) (cf. KTŽ 1990: 228–229, also see LKE 1999: 700). The derivatives made by looking at the equivalents of another language, St. Keinis calls sequences (Keinys 1999: 113). There are vernaculars in all the catechisms discussed, especially in the 16th century, but today it is difficult to say (it could only be done by language historians) whether the author of the catechism made the vernacular himself and was the first to use it. When it comes to 16th century catechisms, it is possible that the value is taken from writings that have never been printed (e.g., St. Rapolionis, A. Kulvietis, etc.). Or perhaps it is a word borrowed from the language of spoken religion. Therefore, in this article, the values, as well as the new developments, are evaluated very carefully. 5 The article considers as borrowed religious terms old borrowed and necessary words of foreign origin – so-called international words, and superfluous, imposed – foreign words. Old borrowed words are adapted to the Lithuanian language system and are normative. Most of them form the oldest layer of religious terminology. Moksłas Rimo Kataliku (1879), Short Catechism of Fr. Filochowski (1901), Terminology | 2007 | 14 137 faith or viera6 MK 28, lord or mister MK 36; teacher or mistra DK 235; crook7 or heretic MRK 181, lokamstva or greed MRK 430, enchantment or čeras MRK 174; indulgences or remissions KK 38, virtue or cnata KK 40, humiliation or pakara KK 49, faith or viera KK 48; communion (or participation) TFK 36, communion or association TFK 62. This can be called a synonymous plurality. Most often (except for lokamstva or greed and communia (or participation), communia or association) the term of its own origin is used first, and after the conjunction or the alienation, less often the old loanword. Perhaps this was an attempt to purify the language of the Church, especially in the catechisms of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 2.1.2. Both terms are Lithuanian: savininkas or savininkas DK 97, paduksis or hope DK 159, valia or noras DK 125. The term "deposit" is a loan from the Latin depositum, depositum. zbawiciel "the savior". 2004. pp. 291. Palionis 2004, pp. 291 Palionis 2004, pp. 291 Palionis 2004, pp. 291 Palionis 2004, pp. 291 Palionis 2004, pp. 291 Palionis 2004, pp. 291 Palionis 2004, pp. 291 Palionis 2004, pp. 291 Palionis 2004, pp. 291 Palionis 2004, pp. 291 "to hope, to have hope, to hope" (A. Baran only appears in LKŽ). Conjunction or connecting synonyms of single-word religious terms were found in all examined catechisms. It can also be used to combine non-synonyms, e.g.: threatening or retaliation MK 36, anointing or beating MK 33, etc. 2.2 Synonymous terms of religion in the Daukšos Catechism are given in footnotes8. The following cases can be discussed: 2.2.1. One term is Lithuanian (may be Daukša’s remake), the other is borrowed (or hybrid): gamta9 – cnata DK 263, garbė – čėstis DK 397, įsčios – žyvatas DK 105, išpažinimas – spaviedis DK 309, pasaulis – svietas DK 177, paveikslas – abrozas DK 191, pragaras – pekla DK 399, priešininkas – neprietelius DK 177, tikėjimas – viera DK 103, žaizda – rona DK 351. 6 The origin of the terms is not further explained in the article. The origin of almost all monosyllabic terms of religion, which often take the form of compound terms, is discussed in the article Non-Lithuanian Terms of Catholic Catechisms of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries (see Rimkutė 2005: 42–66). 7 is a possible value from polk. The unbeliever. 8 In the article is presented with a hyphen. 9 LKŽe nature - 3. S. Dauk "virtue". 138 Aušra Rimkutė | Some synonymous uses of religious terms... According to Lithuanian names of the same reality (Kroopas 1998: 245–252). It can be assumed that Daukša deliberately interpreted the Lithuanian words of the living language as borrowed ones, so that they could be understood by priests who did not know Lithuanian well. Many borrowings of meaning in the Catechism, e.g.: confession („wyznanie”, cf. Polish: wyznanie, spowiedź), nature („virtue”, cf. Polish: cnota Palionis 2004: 115), are used synonymously with alienations. (Crataegus spp.) 2.2.2. Both terms are Lithuanian: pride – fatness10 DK 253, death – guilt DK 355, sin – sin DK 183, regret – doubting DK 28511, burdening – strengthening DK 259, doubt – hope DK 377, temptation – temptation DK 409, habit – connection DK 317, drowning – falling DK 141, relief – help DK 199, feeling – soul DK 271, soul – conscience DK 321, sorrow – remorse DK 315, creator12 – doer DK 335. Many of the terms of Lithuanian origin discussed in this article are considered contextual synonyms, because common language words are often given a new meaning. In addition, the examples show the difficult efforts of Daukša (in this case – in the footnote) to translate the text of the Catechism as accurately and simply as possible – instead of borrowings of meaning, e.g.: „conscience“, cf. 2004, pp. 365. "Science". 2004, pp. 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423. Stworzyciel, it is suggested to use plain language words. 2.2.3. Both terms are borrowed: abyda – krivda DK 181 (Brus. абiда and brus. кpивдa, Polish krzywda). It can be concluded from this that both words are used quite widely, although the Lithuanian word skriauda is also used. 2.3. In late 19th and early 20th century catechisms synonymous terms of religion are written in brackets. The following cases are to be considered: 2.3.1. One term is Lithuanian, the other is borrowed (or hybrid): duona (ostija) MRK 322, godulystė (lokamstva) MRK 234, kančia (mūka) MRK 88, nusižengimas (pakara) MRK 432, paslaptis (tajemnyčia) MRK 10 According to K. Būga, this is Daukša’s new work, cf. putlus (Būga III 1961: 77). 11 Context synonym. 12 is a debt of significance, cf. Creator. According to K. Buga, “our worthy ‘tworzyć, schaffen’ rise is a word of its own. <...>, when tverti is used in the meaning of the Polish word „tworzyć”, then the creator is used, not the creator” (Būga II 1959: 132). According to Z. Zinkevičius, the creator "was not a Mažvydas remake. Apparently, this is a word that has been used by Lithuanians since ancient times” (Zinkevičius 2000: 76, 123), but the LKŽ XVII does not confirm this – it does not provide either the creator or the creator from the living language (dialects). J. Kruopa, Daukša more often than Mažvydas used both borrowed and Terminology | 2007 | 14 139 35, consecration MRC 322, blasphemy MRC 185, hell MRC 144, reason MRC 240, throne MRC 101, pagan MRC 173, miracle MRC 81, perfection MRC 281, hope MRC 170, sign (grudge) MRK 2313; lokamstva (greed) KK 47, smertis (death) KK 16; indulgences (remissions) TFK 6, virtue (cnata) TFK 70, greed (lokamstva) TFK 26, almsgiving (almužna) TFK 27, grace (loska) TFK 47, humiliation (pakara) TFK 26, pavynastė (pavynas) TFK 69, hell (pekla) TFK 28, conscience (sumenė) TFK 54, idolatry (pagan) TFK 39. It is to be assumed that in the aforementioned catechisms the term of its origin is given preference, even if international words (hostia, consecration) and old borrowings (pagan) are written in parentheses. As can be seen from the examples, the foreign words (and hybrid terms) written in parentheses in Moksłe Rymo Katoliku and in the Short Catechism of Fr. Filochowski are to be regarded from the point of view of the current common language as non-valid, coming from Polish, Belarusian and other languages. The terms of non-Lithuanian origin were widely used and common, therefore, apparently, it was wanted that the proposed Lithuanian equivalents would be understandable to everyone. In cataclysms, the Lithuanian term is written in catholicism brackets, but there are only a couple of such cases. There are some inconsistencies in the presentation of the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church and the Catholic Cataclysms, for example: cnata in CIC 17 and cnata in CIC 168; despair in CIC 169 and despair in CIC 431; milista in CIC 10 and milista in CIC 12. This would indicate that the change was not always well thought out and clear. 2.3.2. Both terms of alienation: pakūta (shadow) MRK 303, TFK 25. These are contextual synonyms (in Polish: pokuta and spowiedź), so there can be no talk of standardization and change. 2.4 In the Catechism of the Roman Catholic Church, there is one case where a synonym is separated by a comma, e.g., sacrament, mystery CIC 86. It is also known as the Tajemnica (Polish: Tajemnica). Concluding remarks. Cases of synonymy of purely Lithuanian terms are only found in the catechisms of Mažvydas and Daukša. This may be related to the authors' efforts to find a more accurate equivalent in translating catechisms. Synonyms of religion terms used together 13 Context synonym. 140 Aušra Rimkutė | Some uses of synonymous religious terms... are connected Katakizmai katalikiszki), are given in a footnote (Daukšos Catechism), in brackets (Moksłas Rimo Kataliku, Short Catechism of Fr. Filochowski, Katakizmai katalikiszki) or separated by a comma (Moksłas Rimo Kataliku). In late 19th and early 20th century catechisms, synonymy of various origins (one term Lithuanian, another borrowed or hybrid) prevails. There are also instances of such synonymy in the 16th century catechisms, but even less (of course, we must not forget that the volume of the sources differs). In the catechisms discussed, the prevalence of the Lithuanian single-word term religion can be seen. This is the pursuit of language purification. 3. Synonymous Component Religions TERMS AND CONDITIONS In the catechisms there are also concepts that are named by two composite terms. A synonym may be one (or more) of the elements of a composite term. The synonymous elements of composite religious terms are also presented in various ways. 3.1. Synonymous elements of compound terms of religion are connected by the conjunction or. 3.1.1. Various language elements: cloth or picture of the Holy MRC 181, rite or a) sinoniminis pagrindinis dėmuo: ceremony of the church holy MRC 419, picture or cloth of the Lord Jesus MRC virtue or cnata divine KK 48. (b) synonymous side mark: for partial or 181; unprofitable repayment of CC 38. In Mažvydo Katekizmas and Mokslė Rimo Kataliku and in Katakizmuose katalikiszkuos, borrowed elements and elements of Lithuanian origin are used synonymously. Preference is given to the Lithuanian term. 3.1.2. Unique elements: doer or creator of heaven DK 131, cf. creator or maker of earth DK 133, statement or confession of sins DK 289. As can be seen from the examples, this group also includes such words as sutvertojas, sutvėrėjas and išpažinimas, whose meaning is borrowed, but the form is Lithuanian. Examples of this type, where all elements of the compound terms are Lithuanian, were found only The Catechism. by a conjunction or (Mažvydo and Daukšos Catechisms, Moksłas Rimo Kataliku, Terminology | 2007 | 14 141 3.2. The synonymous accent of a compound term is written in a footnote. 3.2.1. The most important of these is the DK 379 table (Russian: скамья, skam'ya). 3.2.2. Unique features: the greatest sin – marinating DK 331. 3.3. In late 19th and early 20th century catechisms, synonymous elements of compound terms of religion are written in brackets. 3.3.1. Uniform marks: indelible mark MRC 314. 3.3.2. Various language elements: rite (ceremony) of baptism saint MRK 316, rite a) sinoniminis pagrindinis dėmuo: (ceremony) of the holy MRK 24, rite (ceremony) of the church saint. MRK 185, about the purest (purest) MRK 325, contemplation [of suffering (martyrdom) chystys] MRK 353, decent (cnata) chystys MRK 276, decent (cnata) Christian MRK 278, decent (cnata) pakūtas MRK 342, the most famous miracle (šudas) MRK 81, pronunciation (decree) [of the head church] MRK 129, pronunciation (decree) of the holy Father MRK 129, Christian decent (cnata) MRK 280, Christian perfection (doskonalastis, sanctity) MRK 283, bloody suffering (mūka) MRK 319, innumerable (šudas) miracle MRK 85, appointment (nomination) of the church MRK 126, throne (throne) of the Most High MRK 281, sanctity (doskonalastis) Christian MRK 278, perfection (doskonalastis, sanctity) Christian MRK 278; eternal torment (suffering) MRK 16, grace (beloved) of God MRK 12, compare beloved (grace) of God MRK 10, reward (reward) after death MRK 9; Church rites (ceremonies) TFK 40, divine virtue (cnata) TFK 27, greatest virtue (cnata) TFK 27, S. Church rites (ceremonies) TFK 70. b) synonymous side note: act of hope (nodiejos) MRK 337, decent (cnatlyvas) life MRK 275, giving of the temporary (dočesnos) crown MRK 363, spirit [perfect (doskonali)] MRK 37, elimination of the temporary (dočesnos) crown MRK 306, liuosa (valna) will of man MRK 292, not fearing of deceitfulness (pavynasčių) of this faith MRK 34, cessation of hope (nodiejos) MRK 431, persistence in the decent (cnato) MRK 406, universal (zupelni) indulgences MRK 371; universal (zupelni) [atpuskai] KK 38, universal (zupelni) indulgences KK 38; Pana Justa (Viernoji) TFK 18, house of slavery (bondage) TFK 6, universal (zupelni) indulgences TFK 61. 142 Aušra Rimkutė | Some synonymous uses of religious terms... Most examples century catechisms, elements of foreign origin are usually presented in parentheses. It is possible to conclude that this is aimed at Lithuanianization. Concluding remarks. Synonymous elements of composite terms, as well as synonymous single-word religious terms, are joined by a conjunction or (Mazvydo and Daukša Catechisms and Moksłas Rimo Kataliku, Katakizmai katalikiszki), written in brackets (Moksłas Rimo Kataliku, Short Catechism of Fr. Filochowski, Katakizmai katalikiszki). There are only a few cases where they are given in a footnote (Dukas Catechism). Since the synonymous elements of the composite terms of religion are mostly of foreign origin, it can be assumed that the authors of the catechisms lithuanized the language of religion in this way of presentation. 4. OTHER SYNONIMIC TERMS OF RELIGION Cases of use In the catechisms, the concepts of religion are also used, which are named in singular and composite terms. Such synonymous terms are also connected by hyphens or, or, in addition, one of the synonyms can be written in parentheses or in a footnote. 4.1. Both terms are Lithuanian: giltinė or death eternal DK 97, evil spirits or devils KK 10. 4.2. one Lithuanian term, another borrowed term: saint14 or sacrament of the church MK 18, saint or sacrament of the altar MK 25; repentance for sins – pakūta DK 259, confession of sins – colored DK 349, doctrine of confession – colored DK 309; dirmavonė or confirmation in the holy faith MRK 434; The Holy Father or the Pope CC 23; confirmation in faith (Dirmavone) CFC 25. 4.3 A single word term is borrowed, a composite term is composed of elements of different origin (all elements are borrowed, elements can be hybrid): kreda or the group of the Apostles DK 115–117, kreda or the composition of the Apostles DK 115–117. DK 119; despair or losing hope of salvation KK 48, labor or confirmation in Faith KK 47, confession or confession of all Greeks KK 32; 14 Holy, cf. Holyness (see LKŽe). The term is used in the sense of sacred. According to J. Kruopa, this is Mažvydas's assessment (Kroopas 1998: 252). In the LKŽe it is marked with the sign "x", i.e. it is considered a word not used in the current language. are found in the catechism Moksłas Rimo Kataliku. In late 19th and early 20th Terminology | 2007 | 14 143 The Church's Dispensation (Dispensation) 46. Concluding remarks. In the catechisms, there are cases where synonyms are single words and compound terms of religion. Mostly one term is Lithuanian and the other is borrowed. CONCLUSIONS 1.The synonymy of the terminology of religion both in the 16th century and in the late 19th and early 20th centuries is a natural phenomenon of its formation and development. 2. In the catechisms of the 16th and late 19th and early 20th centuries, the use of synonymous religious terms (singular and compound) presented next to each other varies: synonyms are joined by a hyphen or written in brackets, footnotes or separated by a comma. 3. Both in the 16th century and in the late 19th and early 20th century catechisms, there is a predominance of multi-origin, i.e., synonymy of terms of Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian origin and religion. In most cases, it can be considered justified because it aims to liquidate or eliminate the borrowed term. Synonymous terms of religion are presented in the catechisms in this way, apparently for various reasons: 1) the authors of the catechisms had difficulty deciding which term to give preference: Lithuanian or borrowed (international, foreign or hybrid); 2) they were also concerned about the purification of the language – to name in Lithuanian (sometimes even revive) previously used Christian concepts (especially Daukša tried to do this); 3) an important reason for the use of some foreign-origin religious terms could be the old habit of using them. From the synonymy of the terms used together, it can be concluded that not only in the 16th century, but also in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the terminology of religion was still being created, organized and standardized. ŠALTINIAI DK – Kathechismasarbamokslaskiekwienamkrikszczioniipriwalvs.ParaszitasperD.IakvbaLedesma...  J‡gulditasi‡Lię‡uvioLąnkiákoingLietuwiákaperKunigaMikałoiuDaugáaKánonikaáemaic¸iu, Vilnius, 1595. – Mikalojaus Daukšos 1595 metų katekizmas. Katechismus von Mikalojus Daukša vom Jahre 1595. Vilnius, 1995. KK – Katakizmaikatalikiszki. VisureikalingiausidėlvaikųiržmoniųpraszcziokųsuLementoriuir   Ministranturu, Bitėnai, 1903. MK – Mažvydas M. KatechismusaPraſtySzadei,Makſlasſkaitimaraſtayrgieſmesdelkrikſc¸ianiſtesbeidel   berneliuiaununaujeyſuguldytas, 1547. – Guido Michelini. Martyno Mažvydo raštai ir jų šaltiniai. Vilnius, 2000, 61–99. MRK – Roman Catholic University. Newly reprinted, revised and reprinted, Vilnius, 1879 (with pencil – 1888).