Terminas prie termino. V

Term after term. V JONAS KLIMAVIČIUS Institute of the Lithuanian Language TWO heel terms In determining the form of the somewhat variable footwear term – pakūlnis (also a term in mechanics) or pakūlnė – one should first consult data from living speech, rather than word-formation “laws,” since it is precisely word-formation specialists who scrutinize these data: they do not posit such ironclad laws as are sometimes confidently invoked by a footwear specialist or even a linguist who has not studied works on word formation carefully. Next, one should consider the tradition (or twists and turns) of standardization and the system. 1. Data from living speech. When considering the variable formations in question, it should first be noted that their base word, which is itself not unambiguous, has—alongside the standard-language norm kulnas—several variants: kūlnas, kulnis, kulnė: 1kūlnas 1. “the rear part of the foot” Léipalingis, Krókialaukis, Daugai, Pagiriai (Kėdainiai district), Pociūnėliai, Šakýna, Panevėžys, Vabalninkas, Šimónys, Anykščiai, Dūsetos, Raseiniai, M. Valančius [and 1kulnis 1. Vilkaviškis, Griškabūdis, Švėkšna, Šilalė, Šatės, J. Bretkūnas’s Bible, the dictionaries of P. Ruigys and F. Kurschat (as Prussian Lithuanian kulnis), kulnė in J. Murka’s tales (from Šimonys), Tautosakos darbai 6, 1939, 87 – Pilviškiai, although I, being from Pilviškiai, do not know the form (compare Latvian, rare kulne, more commonly kulna]), 3. “the bending of an animal’s legs [i.e. leg. – J. K.] (usually the hind legs) [i.e. hind leg. – J. K.]” Pelesà, Kápčiamiestis, Álovė, Vidiškiai, Ramýgala (and 1kulnis 2. Serėdžius, A. Juška’s wedding songs), 5. “the raised part of a shoe at the rear of the sole” Léipalingis, Kruopiai (and 1kulnis 3. Salantai, M. Valančius, kulnė 2. Tvyrai) LKŽ VI 1962. Other bodily senses of 1kulno are also found – 1. “knee” Liškiava, Veisiejai, 4. “ankle, ankle joint” Dūsetos (and kulnėlis 1. Sasnavà, Daukšiai, Varėna, Nočia, Dievėniškės, Lazūnai, Sudeikiai), as well as 6. “the rear part of the foot” 226 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. V “the rear part of the foot” (although recorded only in written sources, it undoubtedly comes from living speech) LKŽ VI 1962 also clearly shows the same root in the words kul̃nas / kul̃nis / kul̃nė and kul̃šnis / kul̃štymas / kul̃štinas || kulkšnis, -iẽs / kùlkšnis / kulkšnỹs / kùlkšnas / kulkš- na || kulkštìs / kulkštė / kùlkštymas / kùlkštimas / kùlkštinas / kul̃kština / kùlkštinė / kul̃kštenas / kul̃kštena / kulkšteninkas || klùkštymas / klukšti-mas, as well as kulšis / kulšìs / kulšė / kulša / kul̃šas LKŽ VI 1962, while the same root—with syllabic sonant *kl–—is also found in kelis, -io / kelỹs / kėlias || ¹kelėnas / kalėna / kelėnas / keliena / kelienis LKŽ V 1959, ²klubas 1. “the place where the thigh bone joins the sacrum”; 2. “the upper part of the pelvic bones” (cf. ¹kulnis 3. “protruding part of the pelvis” Daugėlìškis), ¹klùmbas “thigh bone” Seredžius, ¹klùpas “<...> an animal’s hip bone, hip” Plókščiai, klùpštis 1. “knee, kneecap” western Dzūkian dialects, Ródūnia, Armõniškės, Šãlos, Šiauliai / klùpstas Marcinkónys, Druskininkai / klupstùkas Armõniškės, klùpsnis “the end of the big toe up to the first joint” Upýna (LKŽ VI 1962). Pakuolnė 1. “place along the heels,” and both the explanation of the meaning—along the heels—and the illustrative sentences—As he was leaving, they threw a stone at his heels. Ériškiai. When I come around to the heel area sometime, don’t go wandering off here! Kairiãi (LKŽ IX 1973)—seem to indicate a plural noun pakul̃nės here. Elsewhere there is also a different, inflected form pãkulnė – 3. “small runners on which the narrow end is placed when hauling timber, sledges, little sleds, carts” Šãtės (: ¹kulnis 1. Šãtės). There is, of course, also ³pakul̃nis 3. “the place beneath an animal’s legs [i.e. leg. – J. K.] (usually the hind legs) [i.e. hind leg. – J. K.] at the bend”: The child threw a stone at the sheep’s pakulnys and injured its leg Linkuvà. 2. Standardization and terminologization. Discussion of the elimination from standard language of synonyms for the heel of the f o o t kulno should begin with the word péntis / pentìs / pén- té 3. “heel” western Dzūkian dialects, Aziérkai, Žirmūnai, Armõniškės, Nemenčinė, K. Sirvydas’s dictionary (1642), Kintai, Várduva (Žemaičių Kalvarija) LKŽ IX 1973. In DŽ 1954 and 1972, pentis 3. is colloquial for kulnis, while DŽ 1993 gives dialectal kulnas, although the dialectal idioms ant penčių stovėti (to urge someone to hurry, pressing them without letting up), pentis laižyti (to flatter) have been retained. SinŽ 1961 includes neither kulno nor penties, whereas SinŽ 1980 gives kulnas 1. (the rear part of the foot) – pentis, thus without any evaluation or standardization (although standard Lithuanian has pentelė “a small iron piece on which a scythe is peened,” pentinas (for both a rider and a rooster), pa- pentis 3. “part of a scythe near the handle” (although senses 1. “crust of bread” and 2. “board from the edge of a winnowing basket” in DŽ 1993 are rather dialectal). There is considerable inconsistency Terminologija | 2008 | 15 2 2 7 užpentis „užkulnis“ DŽ 1954, 1. „pėdos užpakalinė dalis ties kuln i m i“; 2. „apavo dalis ties kuln i m i“ (net su iliustracija!) DŽ 1972, 1. „užkulnis“; 2. „apavo dalis ties kulnu“ DŽ 1993, taip pat SinŽ 1980 užkulnis (kuln i e s ar bato užpakalinė dalis) – užpentis [be pažymos tarm., net su iliustracija], atapentis tarm. Normalization of variants of heel was delayed only because normative lexicography developed late, but it was consistent – kulnis see kulnas DŽ 1954, 1972, 1993. However, kulnis continued to appear for a long time in explanations of word meanings. It should be added that, of the verbs derived from all the variants – kulnas / kulnis / kulnė – kulnuoti, kulnoti / kulniuoti, kulnioti, kulnyti / kulnėti, in standard language the derivative kulniuoti of the variant kulnis seems to have taken hold spontaneously (LKŽ VI 1962; DŽ 1954, 1972, 1993). The adverb pakulniui ‘towards the heels, along the heels’ (DŽ 1993) fits within the semantic range of kulnis (LKŽ IX 1973 also explains it as ‘towards the heels, along the heels’), but such adverbs (with the ending -iui) are formed uniformly from all stems (pavėjui, pamečiui; pakeliui; pažodžiui, pasluoksniui; panakčiui; padieniui, pabangiui; paeiliui, paraidžiui, pasroviui; pamėnesiui, paskiemeniui, pavandeniui). Kulnas in DŽ 1954 means only ‘the rear part of the foot’, whereas DŽ 1972 and 1993 already distinguish kulnas 2. ‘the raised part of a shoe at the rear of the sole’. The meaning of the foot’s kulnas / kulnis / kulnė expanded when Lithuanians began wearing shoes (perhaps partly also bast shoes, rawhide shoes, and clogs). As early as LKŽ I₁ 1941, high-heeled shoes are recorded from Grūžiai. This did not happen very easily, however – it was impeded by numerous foreign words from neighboring Germanic and Slavic languages (which also supplied the loanwords batas, šliurė, klumpė and a host of foreignisms – čebatas, čeverykas, kamašas, bašmakas, brandavykas, pantaplis / kantaplis, tuplis, lakierka, …): āpzacas (German Absatz) K 1883 (in the entry for the word pakulnis) and K I 1870 23 (LKŽ I₁ 1941); apčācas (Belarusian обуяс, Polish obcas) in Tvėrai (LKŽ I₁ 1941) and apcōcas in Stāklškės (LKŽ I₁ 1941; also unrecorded in Sugińčiai); kūrka (Polish korek) in Valkiniņkai, Veiveriai, Skriaudžiai, Lekėčiai, and A. Juška’s songs (LKŽ VI 1962); kablūkas (Russian каблук) in Kūpiškis and Dusetos (LKŽ V 1959). The latter, a Russian Turkism of Arabic origin, is becoming slang and is being brazenly spread, for example: small “Swart” cars or “kabluks” Vd 2009 10 26. In terminology, kulniūkas appears to offer greater distinctiveness (cf. vaizdas↔vaizdelis, dantis↔dantukas, and the like); incidentally, it is recorded neither in academic nor normative lexicography, but is quite alive in colloquial speech. Yet the true distinctiveness and precision in footwear terminology lie in the heel 2 2 8 Jonas Klimavičius │ Terminas prie termino. V microsystem – užkulnis, apykulnis and pakulnis1. A shoemaker’s remark (in a discussion) that this is not a system for them is worthless, to say the least. But this precision was not achieved immediately or without difficulty. The foundation is words from the living language, but užkulnis (not of the foot – senses 1 and 2) is polysemous in it: sense 4, ‘the heel of footwear’: The sole is still intact; only the shoe’s heel has worn through Upýna (also Pikeliai, Mažeikiai district); sense 6, ‘the heel of a sock’, in Kretingà and Kuliai; but most widely, among both Western Highlanders and Samogitians, and even in Kápčiamiestis and Pãjstrys, sense 3, ‘the rear part of footwear around the heel, <...>’: The shoe’s heel tore – <...> Barstýčiai; also sense 5, ‘stiff leather inserted into the back of a shoe’: The shoe’s heel has rubbed the foot raw; <...> Miėžiškiai (LKŽ XVII 1996). In the normative dictionary, too, užkulnis is first defined as 1. ‘the back of the heel’ (DŽ 1954 and 1972; ‘the back of the heel’ in DŽ 1993), then only as 2. ‘the rear part of footwear around the heel’ and 3. ‘thicker [stiff in DŽ 1993] leather inserted into the back of a shoe’ (DŽ 1954 and 1972). Užkulnis is in fact the part behind the heel, whereas the larger part around the heel, also covering its sides, was subsequently named with the neologism apkulnis (LTE I 1976 517, VLE II 2002 326; incidentally, the Russian distinction is blurred: задник – užkulnis, заднinka – apkul̃nis PolŽ 1984). At the meeting of the VLKK Terminology Subcommission on 4 March 2009, A. Ratautas reported that my earlier suggestion about the form of this neologism had been accepted – not apkul̃nis, but apýkulnis (cf. apyakis, apyausis, apýburnis, 1 For some time, antkulnis was also part of this microsystem. In LKŽ I₁ 1941 the word antkulnis is explained synonymously as ‘užkulnis’ and cited only from M. Miežinis’s Lithuanian–Latvian–Polish–Russian dictionary: antkulnis – v. [i.e. see] užkulnys – papėdis. pieto. n̦ama, n̦amka M 1894. In LKŽ I₂ 1968, antkulnis, with the somewhat unclear meaning ‘leather or rubber placed on the heel of a shoe’, is likewise illustrated by a sentence from a pre-Soviet-era text that is not very clear: The removable antkulnis is attached to the main part of the heel with studs [cf. spučiukas 1. ‘a small press-stud, snap fastener’: The antkulnis is fastened with two little studs (Soviet press)] LKŽ XIII 1984. Somewhat later, antkulnis was established as a term with a clear meaning—as a substitute for the foreignism nabóika (Russian набойка), ‘a shoe-heel patch; heel piece’: nabóikė in Marijámpolė (LKŽ VIII 1970); Russian набойка – 2. (of a shoe) antkulnis TechnŽ 1949, PolŽ 1959. In the standard-language dictionary, antkulnis means ‘leather or rubber placed on a heel’ (DŽ 1954 and 1972). In DŽ 1993, antkulnis (‘…placed on a heel<...>’) is already a term for an obsolete object: DŽ 1972 already has ¹pakalà, only sense 2, ‘a small piece of iron hammered under the heel of a shoe’ [and LKŽ IX 1973 ¹pakalà 2. ‘horseshoe’ in Daugėliškis || ‘a small piece of iron hammered under a shoe heel’ (Soviet press)]. Since then, specialists have consistently used only pakala AvalM 1972 213, LTE I 1976 517, PolŽ 1984 (nabóuka 1. leather), AvalMt 1986 120, VLE II 2002 326. And in DŽ 1993, ¹pakalà is no longer that ‘small piece of iron’, but sense 2, ‘rubber or a strip of leather hammered under the heel of a shoe’: Pakala is not a calque of Russian набойка – that would be antmuša(s) or antkala [K. Sirvydas’s antkala ‘anvil’ (Punktay sakimu, II 74) is a calque of Polish nakowalnia, according to LKŽ I₁ 1941, I₂ 1968, and Palionis 2004]. Pakala is not an anvil either: it must not simply be nailed on, but rather hammered on from underneath onto the pakulnis: pakalti 2. ‘to hammer on from underneath’: to hammer a horseshoe on DŽ 1972; compare also pasiegti ‘to fasten from underneath’ and pasagà 1. ‘iron hammered under horses’ hooves [i.e. a hoof. – J. K.], <...>’ (also pasagas 1), pasagas 2. ‘wood hammered under a sleigh runner’; also mušti 6. ‘to hammer, draw, sew’: they cover and line a house with boards; ‘iron hammered under a sleigh runner’ DŽ 1972 (from above or outside – ap-). Pakala is the specialized term for ¹pakalà 2. ‘horseshoe’ in Daugėliškis (sense 1, ‘wedge’ in Eastern Highlander dialects, and also ¹pakalas 1. in Ežvilkas and A. Juška’s dictionary; cf. ¹pakalas 2. ‘a certain small wedge for fastening a scythe to its handle’ in Western Highlander and Southern Samogitian dialects), LKŽ IX 1973. The single-source potentialism priekulnis ‘the part of the foot near the heel’ LRKŽ III 1957 (LKŽ X 1976) does not belong to this microsystem. Terminologija │ 2008 │ 15 2 2 9 neck-region, neck-piece, snout-piece, muzzle-piece; ear-piece, bristle-piece, genital-piece, inflorescence-piece; lakeside area, marshland; district, town environs, homestead; window frame, keyhole, tablecloth). The distinction between pakulnis, from kulnas / kulnis ‘heel’ and užkulnis ‘heel counter’, is already made in the dictionaries of G. H. F. Nesselmann and F. Kurschat: kulnis, nės – the heel, the heel of the foot, pakulnis, -nės – the heel of a shoe, užkulnis, nės – the heel counter of a shoe N 1851; Absatz: A. on a shoe, boot – kūrpės, sopāgo kulnis; pakulnis; now gen.[erally] āpzatsas K I 1970, kulnis, -iės – the heel, heel; pakulnis, -iės – the heel of a shoe; otherwise āpzatsas, pakulnis, -io – the part of the foot beneath the heel (or heel), the heel of shoes and boots, ùžkulnis, -io – the heel counter K 1883. Thus, in 1870 E. Kursaitis still gives the synonyms – the shoe’s kulnis and pakulnis, whereas in 1883 he restricts kulnis to the foot, but also identifies a part of the kulnis – pakulnis, -io, although this is also assigned to the shoe, and here the shoe’s pakulnis, -iės is additionally given as a synonym. Po pusšimčio metų išdygsta pakulnė: каблук – kūrka, pakulnė, kulnis RLŽ 1932. Gana greitai randasi dar vienas variantas – pakulnỹs: Iš kurpalio apa-čios priklijuojamas <…> gumos padas ir pakulnys LEnc IX 1940 882. Veikiai P. Skardžius visus grąžina prie gyvosios kalbos formos pakul̃nis, nors tai ir ne avalynės terminas, o paprastosios kalbos žodis – „užkulnis“ Linkuvà (Skardžius 1943: 450) – LKŽ IX 1973 tai yra ³pakulnis 3. „vieta po gyvulio kojų (ppr. užpakalinių) [t. y. kojos (ppr. užpakalinės). – J. K.] sulenkimu“: Vaikas leido akmenį avelei į pakul̃nį ir išmušė koją Linkuvà. Dar po dešimtme-čio lietuvių–vokiečių kalbų Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos žodynas (Heidelber-gas) keistai dvejina – kojos ir kojinės pakulnis, o bato pakulnė: pakul̃nis, -io 1. Stelle an der Ferse (z. B. Fersenteil des Strumpfes), 2. = pakul̃nė, o pakul̃nė -ės – Absatz (am Schuh), Hacken LRKŽ II 1951. In colloquial language, kulnas also has a rare meaning in rural technology – 7. “auxiliary chimney of a bread oven; sleeve” Pakruojis (LKŽ VI 1962). It is also found in technical terminology, but with a different meaning: яма – 1. diminutive kūlnas: wagon, bogie, support,... PolŽ 1984 and подшятник – pakulnys, support neck of a vertical shaft (mechanical engineering) TechnŽ 1949, pakulnis, thrust bearing (mechanical engineering) PolŽ 1959, mechanical engineering pakulnis (while a hammer’s pentis – боек 1) PolŽ 1984. The term in another field is the same here: каблук – or pakul̃nis: wedge-shaped, solid, prefabricated PolŽ 1984. The first normative dictionary of standard Lithuanian appeared very late, relied only on the card index of the academic LKŽ and its first two volumes (A–B and C–F), and, regrettably, did not properly take account of colloquial-language data, 2 3 0 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. V and ignored this system of terms, creating duplication: pakūlnis – technical term, “rear support of a vertical shaft or axle,” pakūlnė – “the area alongside the heels; heel counter”: He threw a stick into the pakulnė DŽ 1954 (in colloquial usage, only into the pakulnis or into the pakulnės occurs), pakūlnis 2. technical term, while 1. see pakulnė, which has two meanings: 1. “the area alongside the heels,” 2. “the raised part of a shoe beneath the heels” DŽ 1972. Only in DŽ 1993 does the shoe’s pakulnis appear, now “beneath the heel,” while the colloquial form pakūlnės is given in the plural, meaning “the area alongside the heels.” Kalbos praktikos patarimai sekė DŽ 1972, nors atsargiau, – dvejino: pakulnis – g e r i a u pakulnė; vart. spec. „veleno ar ašies atrama“ KPP 1976 ir 1985. Pabrėžtina, kad terminologų rengtuose taisymuose TT 1992 nėra – žiūrėta specialistų termininės vartosenos: pakulnis AvalM 1972 209, 212, 216, 220, 222, 223, AvalMt 1986 119–121, LTE I 1976, VLE II 2002 (avaldynės straipsnyje). Deja, pasitaiko dar ir dvejinimo, net apversto: pa-kulnis – каблук, pakulnė – подн’ятник. Net nežinia ką sakyti, kai šito imasi etimologas: pakulnė, pakūlnė „obcas“ SEJL 2007. 3. Stem choices or tendencies in prefixal derivatives. Given the standard-language norm kulnas, we associate derivatives with the prefixes už-, apy-, pa- with the base word kulnas, although the variant kulnis could also have served as the base. The derivative variant užkulnė in Kvėdarna and Tirkšliai (LKŽ XVII 1996) is so rare that užkulnis was immediately adopted into standard usage without hesitation. The neologism apy-kulnis / apkulnis has the same stem. “Derivatives with the prefix pa- are either of the ia stem (more often with the stressed nominative singular ending -ys, somewhat less often with the unstressed -is), or (almost equally often) of the ė stem” (LKG 1965 § 743 2). Thus, the specialist in word formation Vincas Urbutis starts not with the ė stem but ends with it (although he mentions the derivative pakulnė between them, apparently taken from DŽ 1954). The form pakulnis (: kulnas) is supported by many similar forms – patėvis (: tė-vas), paberžis (: beržas), paąžuolis (: ąžuolas), pavainikis (: vainikas), pakaušis (: kaušas), pakomitetis (: komitetas), paryt ys (: rytas), pagalys (: galas), pakraš-tys (: kraštas), pakarklynys (: karklynas), pažastis (: žastas). There is no ironclad rule: “the choice of stems d e p e n d s t o a g r e a t e x t e n t on the form of the base word” (LKG I 1965 § 743 2), or its “choice is governed mainly by a t e n d e n c y to distinguish derivatives with the prefix pa- from their base nouns by gender” (DLKG 1994 § 455). But it is not linguists who choose; colloquial language itself makes the choice. Sometimes there are two forms – pavakarė / pavakarys (although only parytys). Sometimes the stem does not change at all: the pakoja (: koja) of a loom, spinning wheel, table, chair, or wagon – useful for distinguishing it by meaning from another derivative, pakojis / pakojys. Terminologija | 2008 | 15 231 “a place beneath or beside the feet” DŽ 1993. The neologism padalyvis (: dalyvis) is of the same type. Thus, we must constantly remember Juozas Balčikonis’s famous maxim: Even laws must fall silent before facts (Balčikonis 1978: 384). And we must not forget the system of terms – užkulnis, pakulnis, apykulnis. CONCLUSIONS The standardization both of the base word kulnas and of the derivative pakulnis variants, as well as the creation and organization of the entire terminological microsystem – kulnas, užkulnis, apykulnis, pakulnis (for a time also antkulnis; now pakala) – were delayed, slow, and uncoordinated, undertaken piecemeal and sometimes clumsily from a linguistic standpoint, with no regard for systematicity. The very rare dialectal variant užkulnė, used by some Samogitians, never entered the system, not even sporadically. For several decades, the neologism apykulnis has been used – right up to the present – alongside the incorrect variant apkulnis. The mechanical-engineering term pakulnis is used consistently, without a variant. The footwear term pakulnis has been used almost consistently in shoemaking books and terminological dictionaries; only general dictionaries long retained pakulnė as well, through repetition. Word formation has no strict rules governing the final part of derivative stems, only tendencies, so one must follow colloquial-language data and, in terminology, systematicity as well. LITERATURE AND SOURCES ArchŽ 2004: Kitkauskienė L., Kitkauskas N. Anglų–lietuvių kalbų aiškinamasis architektūros žodynas, Vilnius. AvalM 1972: Majauskienė N., Ratautas A., Staškevičius A. Avalynės medžiagos. Red. A. Gailienė, Vilnius. AvalMt 1986: Krasnovas B. Avalynės medžiagotyra. Vert. V. Durasevičienė, red. D. Baratinskienė, Vilnius. Balčikonis J. 1978: Rinktiniai raštai 1, Vilnius. DLKG 1994: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius. DŽ 1954: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius. DŽ 1972: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius. DŽ 1993: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius. GelŽŽ 1992: Geležinkelininko žodynėlis. Sudarė N. Juškaitė ir St. Keinys, Vilnius. GelŽTrŽ 1997: Rusų–lietuvių kalbų geležinkelių transporto žodynas. Sudarė N. Juškaitė ir St. Keinys, Vilnius. K I 1870: Deutsch-littauisches Wörterbuch 1 von Friedrich Kurschat, Halle. K 1883: Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch von Friedrich Kurschat, Halle a. S. KPP 1976: Kalbos praktikos patarimai. Sudarė A. Pupkis, Vilnius. KPP 1985: Kalbos praktikos patarimai. II pat. ir pap. leid., sudarė A. Pupkis, Vilnius. LEnc IX 1940: Lietuviškoji enciklopedija 9, Kaunas. LKG I 1965: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius. LKŽ I₁ 1941: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1, Kaunas. LKŽ I₂ 1968: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1, Vilnius. LKŽ V 1959: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 5, Vilnius. LKŽ VI 1962: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 6, Vilnius. LKŽ VIII 1970: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 8, Vilnius. LKŽ IX 1973: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 9, Vilnius. LKŽ X 1976: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 10, Vilnius. 232 Jonas Klimavičius | Terminas prie termino. V LKŽ XIII 1984: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 13, Vilnius. LKŽ XVII 1996: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 17, Vilnius. LRKŽ II 1951: Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos žodynas 2. Sudarė M. Niedermann’as, A. Senn’as, A. Salys, Heidelberg. LRKŽ III 1957: Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos žodynas 3. Sudarė A. Senn’as ir A. Salys, Heidelberg. LTE I 1976: Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija 1, Vilnius. M 1894: Miežinis M. Lietuviszkai-latviszkai-lenkiskai-rusiszkas žodynas, Tilžėje. N 1851: Wörterbuch der littauischen Sprache von G. H. F. Nesselmann, Königsberg. Palionis J. 2004: XVI–XVII a. lietuviškų raštų atrankinis žodynas, Vilnius. PolŽ 1959: Rusų–lietuvių kalbų politechninis žodynas. Red. kol. p-kas A. Novodvorskis, Vilnius. PolŽ 1984: Rusų–lietuvių kalbų politechnikos žodynas. Sudarė G. Daugėla, spec. red. J. Stanaitis, Vilnius. PrekŽ 1996: Pričinauskas J. Rusų–lietuvių kalbų prekių žodynas, Vilnius. RLŽ 1932: Baronas J. Rusų lietuvių žodynas, Kaunas. SEJL 2007: Smoczyński W. Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego, Vilnius. SinŽ 1961: Lyberis A. Lietuvių kalbos sinonimų žodynas, Kaunas. SinŽ 1980: Lyberis A. Sinonimų žodynas, Vilnius. Skardžius P. 1943: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius. StatŽ 2002: Statybos terminų žodynas. Moksl. red. A. Kudzys, Vilnius. TechnŽ 1949: Novodvorskis A. Trumpas rusiškai-lietuviškas techninis žodynas, Kaunas. TT 1992: Terminologijos taisymai. Parengė K. Gaivenis, A. Kaulakienė, St. Keinys, J. Klimavičius, Vilnius. Vd: Veidas (journal). VLE II 2002: Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 2, Vilnius. Received 2008-12-23 Jonas Klimavičius Lithuanian Language Institute P. Vileišio St. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E-mail: [email protected] Terminologija | 2008 | 15 2 3 3