Pastogė senovėje ir dabar

198 Shelter in ancient times and now JONAS KLIMAVIČIUS Institute of Lithuanian Language When American astronauts went into space, they looked not only at the Earth, but they looked first for their own little piece of earth, where they came from, where people close to them live. That feeling of home was very deeply permeated by them in space. Prof. Jiří Marvan (Mokslo Lietuva, 7 November 2008) Clothing is an extension of our own skin, protecting and channeling our heat and energy, while housing is a collective means of a family or group for the same purpose. The home, as a shelter, is a continuation of our body’s heat control mechanisms – the collective skin or clothing. Marshall McLuhan (How to understand media. The appearance, survival and establishment of man (and even pre-man) from the earth and cold, from beasts and… tribesmen (the strain Homo sapiens), shelter – from the heat, the concept of one’s neighbor did not appear and because in addition to everything else, the ability to suppress hunger and embodied itself very quickly. The man looked at the beds of the beasts, the bonfires, the caves created by them and by nature (there was a cave man), the bird song and thought as much as he could. No and future most advanced archearchaeology will discover and excavate those primitive natural heroes handmade shelters. By the way, people still live in the most primitive dwellings in various parts of the world (or live in landfills, flats, etc.). So let's see what linguistics can tell us about this. Jonas Klimavičius | Pastogėsenovėjeirdabar Terminology | 2008 | 15 199 The House on the Hill "A" long "A" letters I heard, I saw – When I said already And I built, the Word “mAmA”. And it was – nA-mAs Balys Soup (Love You, 2006, 61) Philosophically speaking, the most natural and universal name for man’s shelter would be life – 8. ‘place of residence; housing, house; apartment; room’. However, the testimony of its antiquity reaches only to Mikalojus Daukša’s Postila (1599): Namuose tėvo mano gyvenimų daug yra, o toliau istorija žūva amžių miškuose… It is also used in the dictionary of F. Kuršaitis (Samdytas gyvenimas), even J. Jablonski’s (Jei būtų koks furbliuotas gyvenimelis, geriau būtų). Gyvenimas 9., vartotas jau K. Sirvydo, nors gyvojoje kalboje tikrai dar gyvas, LKŽ III 1956 pažymėtas psn. (i.e. obsolete) „sodyba, žemė, ūkis“: Living in a good place and a good life Skisnemunė. The master dies, and life turns into shates. In the academic dictionary it is not marked, but even for dialectical common language users it is already quite smiling life 11. „aũkštas“: Built a house for two lives and a half. By the way, DŽ1 1954 gyvenimas 5., DŽ2 1972 gyvenimas 4. "high" marked speaker, but DŽ3 1993 it is no longer. "Lietuva – Lietuva 4:0". "residence, farm, farm" and "residential". By the way, other languages have similar names – lat. apartment (flat), rus. жилье, lenk. apartment, vok. Apartment, Apartment building, angl. dwelling. In terms of the motivation of the meaning, the place is quite similar [cf. old sl. vitati “to live” (Russian: обитать and обитатель, also обитель “residence, place”)] – 18. „būstas, namai, buveinė“: A place such that beds would fall Drùskininkai (19. „kiemas, ūkis, sodyba, gyvenimas“: I will not go anywhere from my place, only to the cemetery Pllviškiai. All places have already disappeared, Grųškabūdis has gone to the settlement) LKŽ XIX 1999. By the way, “place” is also object 3., and object 4. „farm, farmstead“: It is a beautiful thing: in a beautiful place, and by the road Miroslãvas (LKŽ II2 1969). "Slovenia: "Slovensko mesto"" (in Slovenian). city, brus. места „vieta, aikštė, miestas“ (etimologiškai siejama su liet. misti,maistas) – iš čia mūsų skolinys miestas. Our tales often begin with the word lived, Russian – жил был, but our being – 1. ‖ „to live“: At home, it is still at home, as it is, so it is in Ramýgala. 200 God give one to be born, not one to be Miroslaw (LKZ I2 1968). There is also a living room Skisnemunė. In dialects – mainly Žemaičių, but also Western Altai, Lithuanians – living (or former) apartment 1. „residential building, troba, buys“: Tall flats – cold borscht (J. Brodovskis’s dictionary). Inside the forest stood a small apartment in Daukšiaai (and a bottle of “corner house” in Slavakai, Žvirgždaičiai). I put the bottle on the banks of the lake, I talked to a virgin twelve years Plvviskie (and apartment 1. “a cottage, a house; 2. ‘any building, shed’; 3. „sodyba, butas, gyvenimas“ (and flat 2. ‘farm, living (with house, land kambarys“ K. Sirvydo žodynas, M. Daukšos Katekizmas, S. Daukantas), and all equipment)’), 4. „farmer’s house (e.g. with firewood)“ (and a flat). In common language, the apartment may only have become the "apartment house dwelling" a century ago (LKŽ I2 1968 butas 5. “part of a house with one or more rooms and kitchen” is not only mentioned in writings, but also in dialects – “house, trouba, palace”. Unfortunately, it does not contain the then very common but strange quatrain of alienation. The great linguists bet ir iš laikinosios sostinės Kauno!). Jurgio Šlapelio SNŽŽ 1907 buta,butas Jonas Jablonskis and Kazimieras Būga mainly contributed to the introduction of the apartment into the common language. In 1918, Jablonskis wrote: “There began to be an extraordinary knock on the door of my house J. Jabl R I 1932 212, my house was cracked J. Jabl R I 1932 213 [it is not known why even after 10 years there appears a residential apartment J. Jabl R I 1932 289 (2x)]. 1921. pp. 21. In a letter to Jurgis Gerulis on July 31, he wrote: The most difficult thing will be with the b u t u (g y v e n a m a t r o b a). <…> <…>. The University Council will have to take care of new b u t ų s t a t y m u.– – – I have not yet received my own b u t o and am forced to live even without a certain room for a cabin K. Būg RR III 1961 904. Well-known intellectuals and public figures also contributed: How did the school year at the gymnasium go? I can hardly remember. In the first and second class I had a class with a teacher called Jakobsiene near Bažnytinė Street; in the first year the senior teacher was Petras Kriaučiūnas, <…> J. Basan MGK 1997 25. For a long time the apartment was not only a living but also an administrative space: “Lithuanian Society” apartment J. Basan MGK 1997 282 (1916); [In 1917] I settled in the apartment of the editorial and administrative offices of [Lietuvos aidas] (Benediktinų gatvė 2) P. Klim Ats 1990 129; the apartment of the dictionary editor (1923) K. Būg RR III 1961 485, the apartment of the editorial office of K. Būg RR III 1961 486 [also J. Jabl L 1985 60 (1922); K. Būg RR III 1961 904 (1921); J. Balč RR II 1982 265 (1921)]. It is a very characteristic contradiction: And visiting was not in his ornate g y v e n a m a b u t ą, but in v i s u o m e n i š k ą j ą, <…> B. Sruog R VI 1957 550 (1946). Butpinigiams about 80 years old. Jonas Klimavičius | Pastogėsenovėjeirdabar 2008-09-15. pp. 201. „domicile, place of residence“ (and home 1. Dùsetos; 2. „farm place, dwelling place“, as well as home 2.) appeared in common language 100 years ago – „domicile, place of residence“ SNŽZ 1907, as well as „domicile, place of residence“, but quite specialized, e.g.: legal person’s domicile (legal) DŽ3 1993. In the living language, the necessary words were even more, but they are usually polysemic: bļkla 3. “residence, headquarters” Miroslãvas, K. Jaunius; condition 1. Panevėžỹs, Vaižgantas, A. Sabaliauskas-Žalia Rūta [K. Sirvydo – both „būstinė“ (condition of the females), and „guolis“ (condition of the beasts)]; condition 7. “residence, domicile, farm” J. Brodovskis, P. Ruigys, Kalesniñkai, Marijampolė; condition 3. „habitation, condition, place of residence“ F. Kuršaitis ‖ „living, farm“ Lesser Lithuania writings [o buvys, -ė Geistaraaj, Šunskaaj, būvys Vilkaviškis – „resident“]; habitat 4. ‘residence, status’ means the destination; bētiskā „residential place, home”: Here is my home, school and bētiskā A. Juška’s dictionary, as well as Vilkaviškis, Geistaraas, Kazlų Rūda; ¹residence 2. „buveinė“: Nei buvùvės, nei pareituvės neturi, nieko Šãtės (before 1. „buitis, gyvenimas“ Lazėnai) LKŽ I2 1968. The common language is still in development. The newly-created word "house" in A. Juška's dictionary has not spread. The dwelling “shelter, house, apartment” is probably a re-creation by J. Jablonski (see. J. Jabl R I 1932 22, 31 (1893)), perhaps derived from S. Daukanto headquarters, provided by J. Šlapelis SNŽZ 1907: būstas – „namuose vieta, gyvenimas, kvatera“ (kvatera – not provided) and long summarized in dictionaries – „shelter, house, apartment“: school, theater dwelling DŽ1 1954, guard dwelling DŽ2 1972, and DŽ3 1993 without illustration – only now found a real place for itself, became a word (hyperonym) signifying a related concept – „separate residential house or apartment in a multi-apartment building or in a dormitory“. Only residential accommodation is unnecessary (which even occurs very frequently), because what else – the former bishop’s residence J. Jabl R I 1932 31 (1893) or the editor’s apartment K. Būg RR III 1961, 485 long ago turned into a headquarters (S. Dau kan’s remake, used also by J. Jablonski) “a place where someone’s residence, where someone’s permanent presence, residence” LKŽ I2 1968, “a place, room, where someone’s temporary presence”: army commander’s, guard’s, election headquarters DŽ3, or the aforementioned residence (these two words compete). J. Jablonskis bendrabutis LKŽ I2, jo ir viešbutis (J. Jabl R I 1932 3 (1884 m.)) – a sentence from Aušra (1884 273) presented in LKŽ XIX 1999 is Jablonskis. Initially, the hotel was not separated from guesthouse 2 for a long time. (Vilniaus žinios 1904 1) and boarding houses (Aušra 1885 49) (the boarding house was also 1. „smuklė, užeiga“, much later – 3. 202 „viešieji namai“ LKŽ XIX 1999; there is no boarding house DŽ1–4). In the mentioned J. Šlapelio SNŽŽ 1907 hotel – hotel, gostinica. Thus, about 100 years ago, in common language, life, residence, apartment, dwelling, headquarters, residence / habitat competed and differentiated. In 1917 in Kaunas the Ministry of National Defence issued (not specified, but known to have been prepared by Petras Ruseckas) KarŽ already distinguishes quite well: būstas – квар-квартира въ войскахъ, помѣщенiе (but помѣщенiе – apartment, b u s t i n ė ), butas – (and жительство – place of residence, headquarters), buvainė – жилье,квартира (ir butininkas–квартирмейстеръ), būstinė–жительство мѣстопребыванiе. In civil life, housing was for a long time as if unnecessary. In 1924, the SNŽZ defined the inviolability of the apartment as “the right to enter another person’s house or even apartment only with the permission of the owner of the house or by court order”. It has changed over time. Apartment left 1. “a part of a house consisting of several rooms and a kitchen” DŽ1 1954 (“of one or more” DŽ2 1972 and DŽ3 1993). For a long time, housing was rather vague – “shelter, house, apartment”: school, theatre housing DŽ1 1954, DŽ2 1972 – guard housing (cf. LKŽ I2 1968: It is a pity that our Art Society does not have a permanent housing, see Schools often lack suitable housing, see), and LKŽ I2 1968: Screams were heard in the guard housing, see (DŽ3 – already without illustrations), although DŽ1 1954 already has a similar headquarters – “a place where one stays, lives”: army, theater, student headquarters. Later, the headquarters is designated as a "place, room where someone is temporarily staying": the headquarters of the army commander, election headquarters DŽ2 1972; DŽ3 1993 – the guard headquarters was added. With the clear separation of headquarters from housing, housing has also become very different from an apartment: now, after regaining independence, housing is the living space of a person or family – a house, apartment, room in an apartment or dormitory: dweling – housing (house, apartment, etc.) V. Bit MokALTTŽ 1998, compensation for housing expenses, housing subsidy SocApsTŽ 1999. Unfortunately, since 1993, the DZ has not been updated: housing – „houses, flats, shelters“ DZ4 2000, DZ5 2003, DZ6 2006. The Constitution of the restored Republic of Lithuania (Art. 24) declared that “without the consent of the inhabitant, entry into the house is not permitted.” There is also the Housing Programme Act. It was the Housing Department of the Ministry of Construction and Urban Planning. B u t ų f o n d a s, which consisted of about 1 million 306 thousand b u t ų and about 1 thousand b e n d r a b u č i ų, was transformed into the Housing Fund on 11 144 1999 LA. The newspaper writes that, say, in Denmark there is a minister for housing and construction LA 1995 182 3. But… Immediately slipped – to the word housing – as then to the apartment – began to embellish as a cow saddle suitable certificate residential, e.g.: 69.3 percent of respondents live in apartment buildings Jonas Klimavičius | Pastogėsenovėjeirdabar Interestingly, this figure almost coincides with the figure for the state. Only 8 per cent of respondents own a g y v e n a m o j o b ū s t o LA 1995 107 9; g y v e n a m o j o b ū s t o nuosavybėsforma–68proc.respondentųgyvenab u t u o s e,priklausančiuose improvement LA 2000 35 1; lack of housing units Dnvd 2000 5–8 13. Finally, there should be a clearer distinction between headquarters and registered office. Habitat is a living Žemaičių (and Podzemaitės) word – 1. ‘place of residence’, 2. „sodo vieta, butvietė“ (3. „gyvenimas, būvis, buitis“ Skisnemunė) LKŽ I2 1968. Although the headquarters of the LKŽ I2 1968 is interpreted as “a place where there is someone’s dwelling, where someone is constantly present, lives”, but this may have been the case only for the creator of this new building S. Daukantas, and the headquarters of the voting districts deny this. The use is still confusing, for example. : After a long time without its own headquarters, the FSBC now has small offices in Prague, Warsaw, The Hague and a main headquarters in Vienna LA 1994 195 6. V. Bit MokALTTŽ 1998 quite clearly distinguishes: house – house, building; buveinė; office – 2. headquarters; compaign headquarters – election campaign headquarters. Buveinė – this is residence: residence – 2. buveinė, rezidencija (1. gyvenamoji vieta; <…>) V. Bit MokALTTŽ 1998. By the way, already SNŽŽ 1907 residence – “the life, residence, home of a king, prince or other high ypata” (and the home itself – “the place of being, the place of living”), TŽŽ 1936 – “the home; … residence’. When a dwelling is entered in the housing register with an address, the term residence is used. When people proudly spoke about the wide homeland of ¹/₆ of the world’s area and sang “And wide is the land of our birth”, the wonderful living space appeared, forcing the dictionaries to make a separate meaning of the area – 3. “a place dedicated to some purpose” DŽ1 1954, DŽ2 1972, DŽ3 1993. Although both the home and the person are three-dimensional1. It is recorded without pride in B. Pasternak’s Nobel Prize-winning novel Doctor Zhivago: But so far it is clean. Now we will give the inhabitants another living space, <…> B. Past DŽ 1991 213. English flat is just an apartment with all rooms on one floor ALKŻ 1975, and that living / dwelling space (space – space, 1 By the way, taivadinasig y v e n a m a s i s p l o t a s B. Past DŽ 1991 177. Dirbantiems German fascism and National Socialism were not seeking space, but living space – since that concept – Lebensraum – which was transferred from biology to political geography by the German ethnographer Fritz Ratzel even before 1890 and turned into the basic concept of geopolitics by the geographer Karl Ernst Haushofer – was introduced into current politics by Hans Grimm in his 1926 novel Volk ohne Raum (A Nation Without Space) (Kopaliński 2001). 204 location; o plotas – area); floorspace LAKŽ 1991, būstas – lodging, dwelling, apartment, room LAKŽ 1991. Even more strange – although the growth acceleration was about 15 cm, the height of housing in the Soviet Union fell from 3-4 m to 1.5 m. The barracks were higher, but there in the same area there were two and even three floors… The rate of registration and the area per person did not exceed the area of the grave… Daniil Charms recorded: Everyone should be lying in their living area D. Charms N 1998 116. It was a real Soviet struggle for survival – for a small piece of land in a large country. We are many, and the space is small K. Bagd VDP 1973, – described the writer Kazys Bagdonavičius in the book of humor Vargas dėl ploto. Later, writer Rimantas Černiauskas wrote: I stand in line [for an apartment, not oranges] 104-th and I live a full-blown life. The worry about living space caused pain in the heart area. And when people caught the saying I do not have living space, the rules for allocating apartments appeared a false formulation to improve the apartment conditions, previously applied only to those who already have an apartment, but have the right to get a better, bigger one. Another strange thing – in that living area there was a useful area, baris, virtuvė, vonia, tualetas, balkonas (balkonai). into which he did not enter beforeThe young man carelessly captured that area – only not the living area, but free – for birthdays, other gatherings – alone, without parents, but… with consequences. This was called flatavoti M 1985 1 22. Newspapers wrote, dictionaries, unfortunately, did not record. The writers, the creators, also turned their heads about a different area – press, publication, for example: <…> the preparators of the second volume gave the “area” to V. Montvila, but lost M. Sluckis and Alf. Bieliauskas Prg 1983 12 121. <…> A huge space was allocated to P. Cvirk: monographic chapters in the second part of the third volume and in the fourth volume. <…> they now really have enough space for their journalistic, essayistic reflections, and fiction to publish L and M 1986 29 4. Why an area, not a simple place? Has it changed since the years of the Rebirth and the Restoration of Independence? And yes, and, unfortunately, no. Understandable compounds exhibition, exposition, stand area, advertising area, but why computer area [10 megabytes] LA 1997 240 2? Understood the area of the store, the area of the work premises, but why the fight for the areas in the old town R 1990 60 5, the area for the pharmacy, and not the plot, the location? There is a little bit of newness, but after a turn back to the old, e.g. : All the land is occupied by fighting groups, <…>. <…>. The whole youth movement is simply being seized, and we are again in the middle of a revolution. Jonas Klimavičius | Pastogėsenovėjeirdabar Terminology | 2008 | 15 205 we find the possibility to be ourselves, to have in our everyday life a free p l o t, like a Tarkovsky z o n, in which we would be sincere to our own wishes LA 1994 194 15. The Soviet residential area in the first years held very firmly, e.g.: 1, must supply g y v e n a aptartasg y v e n a m o j o  p l o t o s t a t y b o s <…>klausimas VlnL 1991 21 m u o j u p l o t u LA 1992 13 6, g y v e n a m o j o p l o t o sector LA 1994 224 13. Even in the domestic context: a Vilnius woman, a widow, <…> has a living space. In 1992, even the Act on Housing Provision for the Population was passed. One of the most pressing issues is the problem of g y v e n a m o j o b ū s t o. <…> g y v e n a m o j o p l o t u need to provide the inhabitants of the houses returned to the owners, – it is written in the article The most pressing issue – g y v e n a m o s i s b ū s t a s LA 1995 101 17. And with the appearance of housing, the living space, e.g. : The guiding principle of the LDDP is that b ū s t a s is a national value and a national priority, a guarantor of the nation’s existence and survival and a condition for the fullness of the family, <…>: The LDDP promises to prioritize the support of projects for the provision of g y v e n a m u o j u b ū s t u for young families. <…> There were proposals to abolish the value added tax for those who s t a t o s i g y v e n a m u o j u in p l o t LA 1996 186 3. The newspapers were building the area. If, in terms of housing size and price (per 1 m²), area is required, it must be the area of the housing. It is currently the home of the 2008–09 1. Anyway, the name of the living space is not insulting, but if there is already the term housing, then that name becomes unnecessary. In the etymology, the Indo-European word namas is first mentioned. In the capital monograph of Tamaz Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov Indo-European language and Indo-Europeans (1984, 1332 p.) traditionally “home”, “farm” are understood not as a building, a settlement, but as the home of all Indo-Europeans, who have the consonant d here – ancient ind. dma-, gr. dómos, lat. domus, sen. sl. domū. This may be a simple phonetic phenomenon – in this case it recalls namudaris <*damudaris, but it is probably relatively recent – K. Sirvydas’s novelty, which would be shown by its variant namudarytojas, and a quite obvious example of this novelty is the Latin aedificator, which is next to it in K. Sirvydas’s dictionary. cialinės organizacijos vienetai – giminės. Liet. namas garsu n skiriasi nuo Therefore, it is quite reasonable to think about a different origin of the house, even though there is no lack of data – gr. nómas / nomų „pasture; herd; feed; settlement“, nomėjas, -udos / nomeėjas „pasture“, némein „grazing; manage; to live", némomai "to feed; to live, to be; to manage’. The Germanist Vytautas Balaišis went the farthest in this direction – he associated the house with the Nemunas river (cf. gr. nemos and lat. nemus “a forest, bushes with pastures”). Here it is important to note that synonyms in this area have existed in Indo-European languages since ancient times, for example, a larger unit than a house – viešė (its ruler – vieš-pats), but also an island (Russian: село); the enclosure 206 of a house or guesthouse / island – gards and what is enclosed – gards (Russian: город), but also a castle (Greek: polis), got. Baurgs (German: Burg), old English: dūn (English: town). It is unclear why the etymologists did not pay attention to the land. The animality of the num: Numa is deliberately built for animals with dum galum, a roof; at one end there are horned animals, and at the other horses, and inside there is a fire for cold, for speigą (A. Juškos dictionary, LKŽ VIII 1970), cf. num(o)galis „the end of an ancient house where animals are kept“. The house 4 appeared by chance. „vartas“ K. Sirvydo dictionary, Šiauliaė, Šeduvà, Survuliškis, Ramýgala, Panevėžỹs. There was a difference: Del žmonių troba, o del gyvulių kūtė, numas (A. Juškos dictionary, LKŽ XVI 1995). In the Lithuanian language atlas, the word namas is mapped only in the meaning of “fence”, and house, as the name of a residential house, is considered as “rare (probably newer), does not form a uniform area (rather occurs almost throughout the Lithuanian language area) and therefore is not mapped” (Lithuanian language atlas, I. Leksika, 1977 34). The house first is 1. "residential or some kind of hut". In the old scripts and dialects, the word “house” also has its own variant – plural houses (in the singular). And everywhere the home has its extraordinary meaning – 2. ‘domicile’. Thus, a person builds a house, the house stands, collapses, the house is sturdy, beautiful, with an attic (house – building), but lives and does something at home, is (houses), leaves the house, (par)goes to the house (house), longs for home, visits the house. He may not live in a separate house, but in an apartment (apartment building) or in a dormitory, but this is his home, there he is at home. One more nuance should be noted: my house and his house, I am at home and he is at home, I go home and he goes home, but I go to his house (and not home), I am in his house (and not at home). Values 2. ‘family farm, farmstead’ and 3. „family, people living together“ dialects use both house and house (and in old writings), but the common language according to the system would fit only house (not as 1970 (2nd ed.). Indo-European, although slightly less, and troba (pronounced and trioba) – 1. ‘residential house, buying’, 2. „a room in a building, a room“ ‖ „people living together, a family“ (also huts, huts, huts and huts, triobesis, triobėsys, triobėsis „some farm building“ and huts, triobas – „all of one farm’s vestibule (partly a hallway, hall), hallway, foyer, hall, Jonas Klimavičius | Pastogėsenovėjeirdabar Terminology | 2008 | 15 213 CONCLUSIONS The most natural and universal name of man’s shelter, life (also snake, dwelling), has typological similarities – lat. apartment, rus. жилье, lenk. apartment, vok. Wohnung, engl. dwelling, but is more dialectal and not at all thermal. Motivationally, the place is quite similar. The verb to be is connected with flat (in live language and more Vedic). The apartment is different from J. Jablonski’s newly built apartment (his dormitory and hotel), which finally acquired its current significance only after the restoration of independence. There is not yet a clear separation between the home of Žemaičių origin and the new home of S. Daukanto, which was also used by J. Jablonskis. A special creature of the Soviet era is the living space. It (as well as the formerly used residential apartment) prompted the semantically superfluous name residential housing. The use of both is difficult to endure. Living spaces are not reprehensible, but with housing they become unnecessary. From Indo-European antiquity goes the house. It is an Indo-European language. Not even Baltic, but only Lithuanian Southern Highlands buy. The Indo-European antiquity and purity of Lithuanians ends there. The Slavs introduced gryčia, seklyčia, pakajų / pakajus, the Germans – bakūžę, stubą / stubas, rūmą, from the Romans to the Poles brukosi palocius / palociai, stancija.Gryčia, seklyčia, stubą we retained for our ethnographic antiquity, folkloric usage, regional color. The palace in common language means "a representative building or a certain institution". Others are made into ashes in common language. In modern times, luxury dwellings – residence, apartment (separate apartment), villa (summer house), cottage (castle) – came from all over the world. The parts of the old house were their own – foundation, wall, beam, ceiling, floor, roof, door, window, threshold, entrance, outbuilding, hallway, basement, floor, newly built kitchen. Foreign origin chamber, room, gonkos (ntk.=preeangis). Naujoviško, poniško namo dalių daug tarptautinių – veranda,koridorius, balcony, loggia, even a door), salon (living room), salka (attic – attic room), mezzanine (half-floor, mezzanine, attic), wing (not a wing, better removed). The most recent are English penthouse (= loft apartment), loft (= space apartment, mansion, high-rise). A language without present tense is a language without future tense. 214 ŠALTINIAI ALKŽ 1975 – Anglų–lietuviųkalbųžodynas. Sudarė A. Laučka, B. Piesarskas, E. Stasiulevičiūtė, Vilnius. ALKŽ 1998 – B. Svecevičius. Anglų–lietuviųkalbųžodynas, Vilnius. ArchŽ 2004 – L. Kitkauskienė, N. Kitkauskas. Anglų–lietuviųkalbųaiškinamasisarchitektūros žodynas, Vilnius. ArchŽ 2007 – Cyril M. Harris. Iliustruotasarchitektūrosistorijosžodynas. Sudarytoja ir mokslinė redaktorė A. Jankevičienė, lietuviškų terminų redaktorė G. Kazlauskaitė, Vilnius. K. Bagd VDP 1973 – K. Bagdonavičius. Vargasdėlploto, Vilnius. J. Balč RR II 1982 – J. Balčikonis. 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Sav su TV – SavaitėsuTV (savaitraštis). SD 1642 – Pirmasislietuviųkalbosžodynas: Konstantinas Sirvydas. Dictionariumtriumlinguarum [fotografuotinis tekstas], 1979. SNŽŽ 1907 – Svetimųirnesuprantamųžodžiųžodynėlis. Sudarė J. Šlapelis, Tilžė. SNŽŽ 1924 – J. Norkus. Svetimųirnesuprantamųžodžiųžodynėlis, Kaunas. SocApsTŽ 1999 – Socialinėsapsaugosterminųžodynas, Vilnius. B. Sruog R VI 1957 – B. Sruoga. Raštai 6, Vilnius. Jonas Klimavičius | Pastogėsenovėjeirdabar Terminologija | 2008 | 15 215 TechEnc I 2000 – Technikosenciklopedija 1, Vilnius. TLE II 1986 – TarybųLietuvosenciklopedija 2, Vilnius. trš – tarybiniai raštai. TT 1992 – Terminologijostaisymai. Parengė K. Gaivenis, A. Kaulakienė, St. Keinys, J. Klimavičius, Vilnius. TŽŽ 1936 – Tarptautiniųžodžiųžodynas, Kaunas. TŽŽ 1985 – Tarptautiniųžodžiųžodynas, Vilnius. TŽŽ 2001 – Tarptautiniųžodžiųžodynas, Vilnius. Vd – Veidas (savaitinis žurnalas). A. Vir Į 1924 – A. Vireliūnas. 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