Pirmųjų matematikos žodynėlių terminija

180 Terminology of the first mathematical dictionaries DIANA ŠILOBRITAITĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language The first half of the 20th century was an important period of standardization translated) mathematical textbooks and problems. This is the period when a of mathematical terminology and systematizing Lithuanian (original and considerable fiber for modern secondary schools appeared (see Šilobritaitė 2007: 146–158). The mathematicians Marcelinas Šikšnys, Zigmas Žemaitis and Pranas Mašiotas (he only occasionally attended the meetings on mathematical terminology), who were teachers at the Lithuanian gymnasiums in Voronezh, saw the diversity of terms in mathematics textbooks and decided to review them from the ground up and create the missing ones (see Žemaitis 1966: 195). The work was considerable, because the authors of the first mathematics textbooks, which appeared at the end of the 19th century, “had to create Lithuanian mathematical terms themselves, usually literally translating them from other languages” (Rumšas 1979: 52). Therefore, when Lithuanian was allowed to be taught in schools and more and more mathematics textbooks and exercises were published, confusion of terms was not avoided: the terms used by some textbook authors differed considerably from those used by others. Jonas Jablonskis, the Lithuanian language normifier, gladly agreed to help mathematicians: when a term was proposed, he “would first ask to describe the essence and basic properties of the concept expressed by that term and only then either agree with the mathematicians’ opinion or explain why the chosen term was unacceptable” (Rumšas 1974: 11). The results of the creation and organization of mathematical terminology are Marcelinas Šikšnis’s Dictionary of Arithmetic and Algebra Terms (1919) and Zigmantas Žemaitis’s Geometry and Trigonometry Terms Collection (1920). These are the first printed Lithuanian dictionaries of terms, published already “in Kaunas, the temporary capital of the established Lithuanian state” (Klimavičius 2003: 11). The aim of this article is to discuss the noun and noun-compound forms of the first glossaries of mathematical terms. The adjectives, participles, verbs, etc. presented in the glossaries are not discussed in this article. Diana Šilobritaitė | Pirmųjųmatematikosžodynėliųterminija Terminology | 2008 | 15 181 1. MARCELINO CHIKŠNIO ARITMETIKOS IR ALGEBROS GLOSSARY OF TERMS Marcelinas Šikšnys (1874–1970) was a famous 20th century mathematics teacher (he also worked as a Lithuanian language teacher (see Šikšnys 1962: 81)), who created Lithuanian mathematical terminology. She graduated from Moscow University in mathematics. He worked as a teacher in Riga, Voronezh, Vilnius. His textbooks on arithmetic, algebra and geometry were published in several languages, including dešimtmečių. Lietuvių terminologijai svarbus šio matematiko parengtas English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. M. Šikšnys had already prepared a project of mathematical terms (1918), in which he presented not only arithmetic and algebra, but also geometry bei trigonometrijos terminų. The glossary of arithmetic and algebra terms is of small format and volume (47 pages). It consists of two parts: in the first part (pp. 3–25) Lithuanian–Russian terms are presented in alphabetical order, in the second part (pp. 26–47) – Russian–Lithuanian language terms. In the Lithuanian part of the Dictionary of Arithmetic and Algebraic Terms M. Šikšnys provides about 250 heading terms (in Russian – 221), of which over 150 are expressed by nouns. M. Šikšnys does not provide the grammatical forms of the terms, only indicates the singular genitive in some places: aukštis, -čio1, brūkšnis, -io, ilgis, -io, lygtys, -čių. The dictionary already tries to pronounce the terms (adverb marked incorrectly): bégalė, daugianarris, dvinanarris, vienanarris. Almost all heading terms are single words, but there are also compound terms: complex number, mixed number, indivisible number, nonreal fraction. When presenting mathematical terms (there are also other fields), M. Šikšnys often explains their meaning: minus (subtraction sign “–”); paviršiai – surface; surfaces are the size of two measurements (numbers) (now used singular surface "border separating a geometric body from the external space"); Z. Žemaitis in the Geometry and Trigonometry Terms Set gives the singular form paviršius: šonų paviršius); measure (a measure of the volume of oral fluids and liquids); division (about a number) – разложение; division of a number by indivisible multipliers; fraction – разложение, результатъ разложения; by converting a number into the product of indivisible multipliers we get the fraction of that number. The meaning of the term plus is explained only in Russian: plus – plus (complex sign). 1 Terms are presented in the same way as in the glossaries. 182 In addition to the single words, in certain articles of terms, sometimes composite terms are also used: ataskaita – учетъ: bill of exchange report, mathematical and commercial; darymas – составленiе: making equations – составленiе уравненiй; root lygtys,-čių –уравненiе:nežinomiejiiržinomieji(laisvieji)lygčiųnariai; of equations, solution of equations, equations with equal roots, etc. There are cases when M. Šikšnys gives only the Lithuanian term and its Russian equivalent without any explanation: axioma – аксиома; subtraction – отниманiе, отнятiе; division – частное; plural – множимое; subtraction – отниманiе, вычитанiе; area – площадь; number – число, etc. The title adjectives and participles in the glossary are non-noun, but the noun form is also used in compound terms: laisvas: free (known) member of equations; panašus: stacking (joining) of similar members of a polynomial; inteikas (number): integer and fraction. Sometimes the communicative pronoun is given: measure: measurable and non-measurable quantities. 1.1. Terms of Lithuanian origin The mathematical terms of Lithuanian origin presented in M. Šikšnio Dictionary are the basis of the current terminology of elementary mathematics. Most of the terms remained unchanged and were adopted: generalization, definition (in the textbook translated by A. Smetona in 1922, the term is used alongside deduction), subtraction, infinity, dash, division, part, division, divisor, fraction, plural, multiplicity, multiplier, multiplication, multiple, point, combination, increase, size, joining, compound, raising, degree, residue, equality, measure, measurement, mixture, uncertainty, inequality, base, surfaces, example, area, meaning, phenomenon, limit, indicator, product, ratio, number, division, division, numerator, digit, difference, brackets, shredding, solution, grossing, composition, root, rule, identity, verification, subtraction, fraction, content, volume, problem, problem, denominator, action, translation, unit, sign. The following Lithuanian terms from economics and finance, physics and technology are still used today: ataskaita (economics), lydinys (technology), mainai (economics), palūkanos (finance), skolininkas (finance), skolintojas (finance), svoris (physics), svoris (physics). However, not all of the terms presented in the Glossary are used in modern mathematics, for example, davinys (presented also in Z. Žemaičio Geometry and Trigonometry Terms Collection): davinys of the problem, numerical (number) davinys. The LKŽe dative is evaluated as not applicable to the concept of "what Diana Šilobritaitė | Pirmųjųmatematikosžodynėliųterminija Terminology | 2008 | 15 183 given, on which conclusions are drawn’; currently in use. He also wrote a book on geometry in 1923. The term "event" (Russian: результат) in the dictionary meaning "a number obtained by adding several numbers" is also no longer used. Instead of it, there is now the international term rezultatas, which M. Šikšnys, a supporter of Lithuanian terminology, does not provide. The event is now used in probability theory: asymptomatic, random, necessary, elementary, etc. event (MTZ 1994). Other terms no longer used in mathematical meaning: designation (now a notation, name, title); rank (in numbers): units, thousands, millions, etc. (now a class); section (now column, which in the Dictionary was given another meaning: колонка – колонка: by drawing the square root we divide the digits of the number into columns <...>); abbreviation: shorten the fraction of six (now abbreviation). There are cases where the form of the term has changed slightly, for example: making (now making: making an equation MTŽ 1994); comparison (now comparison); finding (now finding). For an equation with unknowns, M. Šikšnys proposed the plural term ekvacijos, -čių, which was initially accepted because, according to M. Šikšnys, "equations consist of two parts, and in a similar case our language usually uses the plural" (Šikšnys 1962: 86). This was also agreed by Mr. Jablonski. But then mathematicians convinced him that "it is important to have that concept expressed in the singular, so that it is clear that one is dealing not with several, but with one equation." (1966: 198). 1.1.1. TERMS OF LITHUANIAN ORIGIN Often synonymous terms are presented without any references, in separate term articles – synonymy is shown by a Russian term corresponding to several Lithuanian ones. Of such synonymous pairs, only one of the terms has been adopted. There was training (Russian: упражненiе) and practice (Russian: навыкъ, упражненiе), in the Russian part of the Dictionary they are presented differently: упражненiе – training, practice, the latter has become established (Z. Žemaitis in the Geometry and Trigonometry Terms Collection provided as many as three terms for this concept: pratinimas, pratimas, prasmas). The presentation of distance and distance in the Russian part also shows their synonymy: разстояние – distance, distance (distance). The distance between two points A and B is the distance between the points A and B. The distance between the points A and B is the distance between the points A and B. 1994) is a distance runner. distance). 184 Synonyms of the term are sometimes given with the reference see. (sometimes watch). In such cases, the Russian equivalent is given to the term to which it refers: znamymys, see “mark” and znak (pažytys) – признакъ: the root of division ti of the žymės; tikrumas, žiūr. „tikslumas“ ir tikslumas–точность:padalyti,ištraukaccuracy (certainty) of the unit, the tenth, the hundredth, etc.; calculation, see ‘calculation’ and ‘calculation’ (kalkuliotė) – счисленiе: oral and written calculation; composition – see. addition and addition – складывание: the rule of addition (addition) of multi-digit numbers. There is only one of the above synonyms used today: the sign (changed form of the term) and the composition. In mathematical terminology, calculation and calculation, certainty and accuracy remained, but they are not considered synonyms: calculation: approximate, arturian, associative, etc. and calculation: Arabic, decimal, binary, etc. ; certainty (рус. достоверность, angl. certainty, truth, reliability) and accuracy (рус. точность, angl. accuracy, exactness, precision): absolute, relative, etc. (MTŽ 1994). Z. Žemaitis has noticed the inappropriateness of addition: this term “does not necessarily mean the combination of two numbers <...>; also ‘adding’ can mean adding and subtracting, adding and subtracting, adding and subtracting <...>“ (Žemaitis 1917). The Russian equivalents show that M. Šikšnys apparently considered the terms subtraction (Russian: отниманiе, отнятiе) and taking (Russian: отниманiе, вычитанiе) as synonyms. In mathematics, none of these terms have been adopted – in all cases the term subtraction is used, which is also presented in the Dictionary. The term (change) in parentheses is also highlighted as a heading, but there is no change next to it. The term "change" in the article shows that these terms are synonyms: change: (pa)path of change. These terms are now not considered synonyms (as can be seen from the generic names): method of substitution, method of substitution, substitution operation and substitution axiom, substitution coefficient, but in the generic names substitution rule and substitution rule (see rule: (pa)menito) they are synonymous (MTZ 1994). There is a case where the synonym is only in parentheses, and not as a heading: działeń (divisible), but the presentation of these terms in the article dalyba is the opposite: dalyba – dѣленiе (матем. дѣйствiе); divisible. In the mathematical term project M. Šikšnys provided only a partial one (Šikšnys 1918: 322). In the article, Z. Žemaitis also gave the partial as the meaning of "divisor": "Now the "multiplied number" and "partial" or "plural" and "divisor". This number is the result of multiplication and division. To express this meaning in Lithuanian language mainly ends are used; Figure 1. ; purchase, malinys though consumerDiana Šilobritaitė | Pirmųjųmatematikosžodynėliųterminija Terminology | 2008 | 15 185 him and in the sense of the purchased, milled object, but also means the object which is the result of the purchase, milling. In this respect, the term divisible has been proposed for the two main terms, and skaičiu dauginiuirdaliniu“ (Žemaitis 1917). XX a. šeštame dešimtmetyje the term unit has been considered unrecommended (Rumšas 1975: 60). This evaluation of these terms is reflected in DŽ2, but already DŽ3 considers the unit 2. dimension “divisible size” as normative. The term is also used in mathematical terminology. In addition, the phrases "and" and "and" are not used in the phrases "and" and "and" in the phrases "and" and "and" in the phrases "and" and "and" in the phrases "and" and "and". Their synonyms approximation and reduction are no longer used in mathematics. In mathematics, there is no synonymous term for this term: quantity (рус. количество). Quantity currently used to denote this term (1994). In order to name the residues of division, M. Šikšnys proposed two separate terms: izdalos (division) and liekanas (subtraction, division, root drawing). This was supported by J. Jablonskis: The residue of division is called divisions (LKŽe). This term is found in the first mathematics textbooks (see Rumšas 1979: 52 for more details). Sometimes the terms synonyms are separated by a comma in the dictionary: dalum, dalingumas (acquired division), division, division path (the term used in mathematics to denote this concept is sequential division), variation, variation (only the change survived). M. Šikšnys has already tried to distinguish (the difference is not always shown in the Russian part of the Dictionary) the terms of endings and suffixes, which are clearly distinguished in the current mathematical terminology. In the Lithuanian part, the presentation of such terms is one, in the Russian – another. In Russian, the word is derived from the words: высота (vysota, height), длина (dlina, length) and долгота (longota, length). The length (значенiе величины), width (ширина) and width (ширина (въ смыслѣ величина)), thickness (тиск. толщина (величина)) and толщина (значенiе величины)); in Russian – вышина – tis,-čio(aukštumas); длина–ilgis,-io,ilgumas;комнатадлиноювътри aukšsaženi – room of three s. ; ширина – width (size); platumas; толщина – thickness, -io, thickness. 1.2. Terms of non-Lithuanian origin Most of the international mathematical terms have survived into modern 186 mathematics: axiom, algebra, arithmetic, coefficient, logarithm, minus, plus, percentage, progression, proportion, proportionality, radical, system, theorem. The term "capital" (now "capital" or "capital bill") also remained. bos table), instead of it Matematikoje nebevartojamas terminas tabelė (logaritmųtabelės,daugythere is now the Lithuanian term table, which A. Jakštas proposed to use (next to the term table), because books (logarithm books) are not suitable at all in this case: "What kind of books can there be, that they contain only digits and Russian. tablicy, German. matematiški simboliai?! Paprasčiausias jų vardas – logaritmų lentelės, (slg. The table, franc. Fables). Why do we go against the whole world and call things “books” when there is not a single living word in them? If Mr. M. does not like the tables, he can call his publication ‘tables of logarithms’, although the tables are no worse than the tables” (Jakštas 1919 1: 359). In addition, the phrase "multiplication table" was changed to "multiplication alphabet" by M. Šikšnys. 1.2.1. There are not many synonyms for terms in different languages in the Dictionary: preference is sometimes given to a foreign term, sometimes to a Lithuanian term. The main term is the international square: the Lithuanian quadrant is given in parentheses and is considered secondary. These terms were still used synonymously in the textbooks of A. Busilo (1921) and Masinga (1922; translated by A. Smetona), but later only square became common (see for more details). 2007: 150. The international term cube is considered secondary in the dictionary (presented only in parentheses), the main one is Lithuanian šeštainis, but it has not survived. The cube was already used in the oldest printed Lithuanian textbook – P. Matulionis and J. Spudulis (compiled by J. Gailutis) Zaduotinas, tai ira Rankius užduocziu Aritmetikos arba Rakundos mokslo (1885) (the cubic was used in the textbook manuscript) (Rumšas 1974: 4). In mathematical terms, the hexadecimal is considered a secondary term, the main term is the cube (= cube) (Šikšnys 1918: 322). The term was introduced in the textbooks of the time, but only in Masing's textbook of 1922 were these terms still considered synonyms. Although in addition to the international term sum, the Dictionary also presents the Lithuanian terms dėjinys and dėtinys, which have not been adopted in mathematics, in textbooks (both by M. Šikšnis and other authors) only the term sum is used (in the textbook translated by V. Budrevičius (1919) and A. Smetona (1922) the terms sum and dėjinys are used synonymously). Diana Šilobritaitė | Pirmųjųmatematikosžodynėliųterminija Terminology | 2008 | 15 187 The term is derived from the Greek word for "formula", "formula". the decision. The solution now has a different meaning: the solution is the result of the problem solution (DG6). In the draft of mathematical terms, preference is given to the formula, the Lithuanian term is presented in brackets, as a secondary: „Two algebraic phenomena, connected by the sign of equality or inequality, form a formula (a solution)“ (Šikšnys 1918: 322). The term "number" is also used in mathematics to refer to the number of digits in a number. Z. Žemaitis wrote: “To know the number of objects, they need to be counted, or counted, and thus the so-called “sčislenije” in the Russian language in Lithuanian should be called counting or reading; In this sense it would be better to use only the first word (counting), because the second (reading) has its own, widely used meaning” (Žemaitis 1917). According to P. Rumšas, the meaning of numeracy is “the representation of a number (verbal or written); calculation’ (1975: 64). The synonymy of the terms binary and binomial is difficult to decide: in the Russian part of the Dictionary, the international binomial is presented next to the Lithuanian term binary, while in the Lithuanian part these terms are presented separately. In a textbook published in 1939, M. Šikšnys considers them synonyms (Šikšnys 1939: 110). In MTŽ 1994 these terms are not considered synonyms in all cases (for more details see. 2007: 148. 2. GEOMETRIES AND TRIGONOMETRIES OF ZIGMAS ZEMAITIS SET OF TERMS Zigmas Žemaitis (1884–1969) – famous mathematician, professor, educator and scientist of the 20th century. His main scientific and pedagogical activities are devoted to the methodology of mathematics teaching and the history of mathematics. Z. Žemaitis, like M. Šikšnys, contributed to the creation and standardization of Lithuanian mathematical terms. One of his most important works in mathematics is the Terms of Geometry and Trigonometry (1920). The kit is small in size. This is a two-part glossary, which 99 nedidelio formato puslapiai. Pirmoje dalyje pateikiami rusų–lietuvių consists of (p. 3-45), in the second part - Lithuanian-Russian language terms (p. 47-99). In the Lithuanian part, Z. Žemaitis provides about 720 terms – not only from geometry and trigonometry, but also from algebra and higher mathematics. About 340 heading terms are nouns (singulars). 188 Grammatical categories are indicated for the heading terms – the singular noun ending is given for both nouns and adjectives, e.g.: axiom, ės, algebra, os, analysis, io, (analysis, ės), generalization, o, augmentation, o, greatness, o, doubting, o, doubting, o, absolute, ė, a-sided, ė, polyhedral, ė, polynomial, ė, polynomial, ė, decimal, ė, etc. In the collection, Z. Žemaitis presents as headings not only single words, but also compound terms: co-lateral unilateral angles (medium, convex), general measure, necessary and sufficient condition, great circle of the sphere, geometry of space, cross angles (medium, convex), Hippocratic moons (deltas), positional geometry, figures of similar positions, sliding straight lines, unilateral angles, unilateral ladder. Such terms also have synonyms, they are given after a comma, after an equal sign or in brackets. In some cases synonymous are the secondary elements of the term: crossing mass, crossing point; vertical line = static line; vertical angles = crossing angles; expressed, expressive function; fractions of non-cognate (noun); linear (planar) angle, in others – instead of the compound term (in brackets or after the comma) a single word is given: sum of edges (perimeter); planar table, planar angle; status angle (constructive angle). Z. Žemaitis defines one composite term: geometric position (order) of points = line, whose points have a common property. Some of the terms are crossed, but not always with the appropriate preposition: figūrast, netrukùs (Russian: непрерывный), pastovùs, ribän, tyrän, tąsās, tiesióginis, trūkùs, but ellipsóidas, hyperbola, hyperbolic, hyperbolic, material, millimetric, parovbol, parovbolic, pènkelias, sinusoidė, stereometric, tangensoidė, point bégala, transcendental. 2.1. Terms of Lithuanian origin Z. Žemaitis presents over 230 single-word Lithuanian noun ter-noun terms. Didžioji dalis šių terminų ir dabar vartojama matematikos moksle: apibendrinimas,o,apskritimas,o,apskritumas,o,ašis,ies,atkarpa,os,atsakymas,o,atstumas,o,aukštinė,ės,aukštis,čio,begalybė,ės,braižyba,os,briauna,os,briaunainis,io,brūkšnys,io,dalijimas,o,dalyba,os,daugėjimas,o,daugiakampis,io,daugianaris,io,derinys,io,dėsnis,io,didėjimas,o,didinimas,o, erdvė,ės,lygiagretainis,io,gretasienis,io,ilgis,io,išklotinė,ės,išpiova,os (= išpjova),įrodymas,o,įstrižainė,ės,įžambinė,ės,kampainis,io,kampas,o, keitimas,o,keturkampis,io,ketursienis,io,kitimas,o,kraštinė,ės,kūgis,io, kūnas,o,laipsnis,io,lankas,o, liekana,os,lietimas,o ir kt. Two remaining deadlines Diana Šilobritaitė | Pirmųjųmatematikosžodynėliųterminija 2008, pp. 155. Especially frequent cases, when the terms presented in them in mathematical meaning are no longer used (naming, class, section (M. Šikšnys); variant, claim, appendix (Z. Žemaitis)). There are cases where only the form of the terms has changed: išvadas (= conclusion), lygtys (= equation); sudarymas (= making), lyginimas (= comparison) (M. Šikšnys). Only a few of the terms in the dictionaries are no longer used in the present language (išdalos (M. Šikšnys); meaning, squeak (Z. Žemaitis)). From the examples presented it is possible to observe the authors’ tendency to purify and Lithuanianize mathematical terms. However, attempts to translate international terms into Lithuanian were not always successful – in mathematics, those international terms that had been used for a long time (formula, cube (M. Šikšnys); postulate, principle (Z. Žemaitis)). The analysis of the terminology of the first mathematical dictionaries shows that the second decade of the 20th century was an important time for the formation of mathematical terminology. And the synonymy of terms, the unsuccessful Lithuanianization of some international terms is a natural feature of terminology development. MAIN SOURCES Šikšnys M. 1919: Dictionary of Arithmetic and Algebra Terms, Vilnius. 1920: Geometry and Trigonometry Terms Collection, Kaunas. OTHER SOURCES 1918: A short textbook of arithmetic. – Lithuanian School 3, 55–57. LKŽe 2005: Dictionary of Lithuanian Language (electronic edition), Vilnius. 1994: Dictionary of Mathematical Terms. Authors: V. Bagdonavičius, P. Golokvosčius, R. Kašuba, J. Kubilius (manager), Vilnius. 1918: Mathematical Terms Project. – Lithuanian School 11, 321–328. 1923: Geometry, Kaunas. 1939: Arithmetic and Algebra 1, Kaunas. LITERATŪRA DŽ2 1972: Dabartinėslietuviųkalbosžodynas, Vilnius. DŽ3 1993: Dabartinėslietuviųkalbosžodynas, Vilnius. DŽ5 2003: Dabartinėslietuviųkalbosžodynas(elektroninis leidimas), Vilnius. Jakštas A. 1919 1: Logaritmų knygos penkiais dešimtainiais skaitmenimis. – Draugija 7–8, 359. Jakštas A. 1919 2: Pr. Mašiotas. Geometrijos uždavinynas. – Draugija 7–8, 359–360. Klimavičius J. 1969: Tangensas,sekansas ar tangentas,sekantas. – Kalboskultūra 16, 18–21. Klimavičius J. 2003: Lietuvių terminografija: praeities bruožai, dabarties sunkumai ir uždaviniai. – Terminologija 10, 9–32. Klimavičius J. 2005. Terminas prie termino. II. – Terminologija 12, 143–146. Rumšas P. 1974: Lietuviškų geometrijos terminų istorija. – Mūsųkalba 2, 4–19. Rumšas P. 1975: Matematikos terminai „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Kalboskultūra 28, 3–16. Rumšas P. 1979: Prie matematikos terminijos ištakų. – ZigmasŽemaitis, 52–58. Rumšas P. 1980: Lietuvių aritmetikos terminai XX amžiaus pradžioje. – Kalbotyra XXXI(1), 69–78. 196 Šikšnys M. 1962: Mano lietuvių kalbos pamokos ir atsiminimai apie J. Jablonskį. – Kalbotyra 5, 81–87. Šilobritaitė D. 2007: Vienažodžių matematikos terminų sinonimija matematikos vadovėliuose (1910–1940). – Terminologija 14, 146–158. TŽŽe 2002: Interleksis.Kompiuterinistarptautiniųžodžiųžodynas (elektroninis leidimas). Ats. red. A. Kinderys, Vilnius. Žemaitis Z. 1917: Dėl aritmetikos terminologijos. – Santara28. Žemaitis Z. 1966: Lietuviškos matematinės terminologijos istorijai. – Lietuviųkalbotyrosklausimai 8, 195–201. TERMINOLOGY OF THE FIRST DICTIONARIES OF MATHEMATICS The beginning the 20th century is a very important stage of the creation of terms of mathematics – a lot of textbooks and exercise books of mathematics and, most importantly, first dictionaries of mathematics were published. Aritmetikosiralgebrosterminųžodynėlis (Dictionaryoftermsofarithmeticandalgebra) by M. Šikšnys and Geometrijosirtrigonometrijosterminųrinkinėlis (Acollectionoftermsof geometryandtrigonometry) by Z. Žemaitis were the first Lithuanian dictionaries of terms published in already restored independent Lithuania. They laid the foundations for the modern terminology of mathematics – the majority of terms from them took root in the language. However not all terms presented in dictionaries survived and were used in mathematics. The important thing is that special meanings of these terms, but not terms themselves vanished, because these words are still being used (įvardijimas(naming), luomas(caste, estate),skyrius (section, chapter) (M. Šikšnys); atmaina(species, variety), ieškinys(plaint, lawsuit, claim),priedėlis (appendage) (Z. Žemaitis)). There are some cases when only grammatical form of terms or their word-formation changed (išvadas (= conclusion) (conclusion), equations (= lygtis) (equation), formation (= formavimas), comparison (= palyginimas) (congruence) (M. Šikšnys); tangent, secant line, action sign (Z. Žemaitis). Some of these words have been replaced by modern terms (e.g. meaning, scratched (Z. Žemaitis)). In the earlier mentioned dictionaries there are some synonyms of terms (of the same or different origin), which are presented in brackets, after comma, dash or equal sign. However it is quite difficult to judge the synonymy, because rather frequently one Russian term has two or three equivalents, which in Lithuanian parts of dictionaries are The wish to purify terms and make them more Lithuanian is a particularly noticeable tendency. There are many examples of this type of language (e.g., in the dictionary of M. Šikšnys). Almost all of them presented as separate terms and in Russian parts – in the same term entry. have Lithuanian equivalents, which are viewed as main variants. However, not all attempts to substitute international terms with Lithuanian terms were successful. There are few international terms the textbooks of mathematics, which were in use for a long time (formulė (formula), kubas (cube) (M. Šikšnys); postulate, principle (Z. Žemaitis)). Retrieved 2008-12-05 Diana Šilobritaitė Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected] Diana Šilobritaitė | Pirmųjųmatematikosžodynėliųterminija