Keletas atgaivintų Lauryno Ivinskio augalų vardų

132 A few revived Laurynas Ivinskis plant names ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ INTRODUCTION One of the most important natural science works of the famous Lithuanian cultural figure of the 19th century Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881) is his manuscript Prigimtùmėné turenté sawieje dalijkus źemies, żoliun and giwunun with a description of the minerals, plants and living (animal) creatures (Spis mineralów, roślin i tworów źyjących (zwierzęcych) (hereinafter – Prigimtūmenė). It is a scientific work in two parts, written about 1870 and kept in the library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow, only the draft version of the first part and its Lithuanian, Latin, Polish and German equivalents are in the manuscript of the Lithuanian Literature and Folklore Institute library. In the first part of this manuscript, Žemėmina, L. Ivinskis presents a description of mineralogical subjects, where besides the Lithuanian term he gives the Latin, Polish and sometimes German equivalent. The second part, Žolėmina, is a systematic nomenclature of fungi and plants, containing Lithuanian names of 218 families and more than 2520 genera and their Latin, Polish and German equivalents (see Jankevičius, Jankevičienė 1962: 151–163; Auksoriūtė 1998: 102–110; Auksoriūtė 2000; Auksoriūtė 2003: 135–142; Auksoriūtė 2004: 127–149). This manuscript of L. Ivinskis was not printed and until the early 1960s was unknown to Lithuanian scholars, so the Lithuanian plant names presented in it did not appear in any printed source, were not included neither in the Lithuanian Dictionary of Botany (1938) nor in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. After discovering the aforementioned manuscript of L. Ivinskis, botanist Dr. Ramunėlė Jankevičienė, when discussing new plant names in the Botanical Dictionary Commission, suggested that a plant without a Lithuanian name be given a name created by L. Ivinskis, so little by little some of L. Ivinskis’ plant names were included in the usage. Since 2002, the Terminology Subcommittee of the State Lithuanian Language Commission Albina Auksoriūtė | KeletasatgaivintųLaurynoIvinskioaugalųvardų Terminology | 2008 | 15 133 sė together with botanists1 considers and gives Lithuanian names to plants that have not yet had Lithuanian names, usually these are plants that are only now brought to Lithuania. It was noted that some plants had already been named by L. Ivinskis in Prigimtūmenėje, so the subcommittee decided not to create a new plant name and to name the new plant genus with the name created by L. Ivinskis. This article discusses the names of median, fibrous, resinous and ornamental plants, taken from L. Ivinskis Prigimtūmena (abbreviation – Pr). It should be noted that in the abovementioned manuscript of L. Ivinskis the names of the genera are given, so the elements of the species names of plants were created, not taken from L. Ivinskis’ writings. L. Ivinski’s plant names can be divided into three groups: the motivation and making of some plant names is clear, the making of others is clear, but the motivation is unpredictable, and the making and motivation of the third plant names are unclear. During the discussion of names of woody, fibrous, resinous and ornamental plants, twenty-two novelties of L. Ivinskis were approved for this group. Lot. Abelia – witmenass (: witis "thin, flexible tree branch [...]" LKŽe + -menys), cf. Abelia. R. Br. Wiciep. m. – wìtmenīs Pr 247; its species: Abelia biflora – two-flowered wìtmenīs, Abelia chinensis – mountain wìtmenīs, Abelia ×grandiflora – large-flowered wìtmenīs. Aeschynomene–žibtras (: žiba, žibėti + -ėtras), plg. Aeschynomene. Linn. Live fetus. Wld. ex Onap. – Żibiętras Pr 209; its species Aeschynomene aspera – coarse źibiętras. Lot. 1996) 1910 – Alec Baldwin, English singer (d. Aletris. Linn. Judrnia. Mącz ni ca. W. – szìrmonis Pr 133; jo rūšis Aletrisfarinosa – miltotasisširmnis. Lot. 2000) 2000 – "Stay With Me" 2000 – "Stay With Me 2" (feat. Allamanda, Dzierbian. JW. – lièpstīs Pr 240; three species: Allamanda blanchetii – purple linden, Allamanda cathartica – yellow-haired linden, Allamanda schottii – large-leaved linden. 1 The names of the plants discussed in the article were considered by the Subcommittee on Terminology of the State Lithuanian Language Commission: Dr. Z. Gudžinskas (editor of the lists), Dr. V. Rašomavičius (Institute of Botany), Prof. habil. dr. J. R. Naujalis (Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University), doc. dr. Ž. Lazdauskaitė (Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius Pedagogical University), dr. A. Auksoriūtė, doc. dr. St. Keinys, S. Labanauskienė (Lithuanian Language Institute), A. Ivanauskienė, G. Kazlauskaitė, A. Marcinkevičienė, A. Umbrasas (Secretariat of the State Lithuanian Language Commission). I would like to thank Dr. Z. Gudžinskas for his practical comments, which were helpful in writing this article. 134 Lot. 1987) 1914 – Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (d. Quiet. Linn. Stuwdzięczna. JW. – jeszmēnis Pr 136; named after the similarity of the leaves. This genus is separated from the Ixia genus, its species Belamcanda chinensis – the mm nis. Lot. Calyptrocalyx – sulpētras2 (: sulpēti „slowly suck, suck” in Latvian) is chewable, + -ėtras), plg. Areca.Żywipalma JW. – sulpiētras Pr 128; šio augalo riešutai its species Calyptrocalyx spicatus – bell-tailed sulpētras. Lot. 1999) 2000 – Promise (p. Chorizema. Labillardiere. Wigust. JW. – Primrose Pr 205; two species: Chorizema cordatum, Chorizema ilicifolium. Lot. Citharexylum – violin (: violin + -anis), plg. Citharexylon. Linn. Gigawa, a gangster. W. Violin tree. P. Squeak of trees. JW. – Smujkājnis Pr 227; the wood of this plant is used to make musical instruments. Two species have been named: Citharexylum berlandieri, common violin-fly, and Citharexylum spinosum, prickly violin-fly. Lot. "Clethra" (: alder + -otis), pg. Clethra. Linn. Orszelina. Olszówka or Olchówka. W. – Alder leaf Pr 215; the leaves of the plant are similar to those of alder. The genus Clethra includes four species: Clethra acuminata, Clethra alnifolia, Clethra barbinervis, and Clethra fargesii. Lot. Costus – mouthfish (: mouth, mouth + -vis), plg. Costus. Linn. Kost. Kostowiec. C. Bone tree. Ł. – źieddwis Pr 138; the plant is named after the shape of the flower, two species names have been confirmed: Costus afer – African źiedwis, Costus speciosus – ornamental źiedwis. Lot. "Kleopatra" (Cyrillic: Κλεοπάτρα; Latin: Cleopatra; c. Cussonia. Thunbg. Bow down. JW. – arrowroot Pr 197; two species: Cussonia paniculata – sweeping arrowroot, Cussonia spicata – bell-shaped arrowroot. Lot. 1. "fatty, with a lot of sour cream sour milk", 2. "whey deposits, bottoms" in LKŽe), plg. Cynometra. Linn. Numbness. – bean – Pr 211; fruit pulp is juicy, its species Cynometra cauliflora – true bean. Lot. Dianella – blue (: blue, blue + -un, disintegration occurred), cf. Dianella. Evidence. JW. – mièlūnis Pr 131; blue flowers and berries of this plant. Two species have been confirmed: Dianella caerulea – blue blueberry, Dianella intermedia – common blueberry. 2 The spelling of ornamental plant names has not yet been considered by the Spelling Subcommittee of the State Lithuanian Language Commission, so the genus names are presented unpronounced in the article. Albina Auksoriūtė | KeletasatgaivintųLaurynoIvinskioaugalųvardų Terminology | 2008 | 15 135 Lot. Enkianthus–sietminas (: sieti 2. „rišti, tvirtinti, kabinti“; 4. „karinti“ LKŽe + -minas), plg. Enkyanthus. Laurel. – siètmin Pr 215; can be named because of the similarity of the flowers, they are on long peduncles, leaning down. Five species have been named: Enkianthus campanulatus – cauldron-shaped campanula Enkianthus cernuus – lever-shaped campanula Enkianthus chinensis – chined campanula Enkianthus quinqueflorus – five-leaf campanula Enkianthus serrulatus – tooth-shaped campanula. Lot. Hakea–vairokštis (: 3 vairė „įnagis suduoti, rimbas“ LKŽe + -okštis), plg. Look. Schrader. Jarzęsta. A shell tree. W. – węjrokśztis Pr 154; the flower of the plant as a ball, pinched with needles, its species Hakea laurina – common węjrokśztis. Lot. "Heliconia – bangminenas (: banga + -minys), plg. Heliconia. Linn. Heavenly. JW. – Pr 137; 12 species of this genus have been confirmed: Heliconia aurantiaca, Heliconia bihai, Heliconia caribaea, Heliconia collinsiana, Heliconia indica, Heliconia latispatha, Heliconia mariae, Heliconia metallica, Heliconia psittacorum, Heliconia rostrata, Heliconia stricta, Heliconia wagneriana. Lot. Kalmia–grėsvis (: grėsti, grėsė + -vis), plg. Calm down. Linn. Wdzięczelina. JW. – griêswis Pr 215; the plant is poisonous (branches, flowers, leaves), three species have been named: Kalmia angustifolia – narrow-leaved griêswis, Kalmia latifolia – wide-leaved griêswis, Kalmia polifolia – blue-leaved griêswis. Lot. "Sleepy Hollow (Sleepy Hollow)" (feat. Myrsine. Ventenat. Szurzyna. Borowica. W. – sleeper Pr 218; species Myrsine cubana – American sleeper. Lot. "About Us - Top-Rated.com". top-rated.com. Terminalia. Linn. It's out. J. W. – willow Pr 198; very large trees with leaves growing at the very top of the branches. Lietuviškai pavadinta 19 šio medžio rūšių: Terminaliaamazonia– amazninisviršklis, Terminaliakaernbachii–azijnisviršklis, Terminalianitens– blizgùsisviršklis, Terminaliabialata– dvispanisviršklis, Terminaliaelliptica– gaurotasisviršklis, Terminaliacitrina– gelsvsis viršklis, Terminaliacalamansanai– indonèzinisviršklis, Terminaliaivorensis– juodsisviršklis, Terminaliabellirica– karpótasisviršklis, Terminaliamyriocarpa– kkinisviršklis, Terminaliacatappa– migdlinis viršklis, Terminaliaoblonga– plačiaspanisviršklis, Terminaliachebula– 136 plaukotasisviršklis, Terminaliaarjuna– pliksisviršklis, Terminaliasuperba– puošnùsisviršklis, Terminaliasericea– raugnisviršklis, Terminalia brassii– rudsisviršklis, Terminaliamicrocarpa– smulkiavasisviršklis, Terminaliapaniculata– šluotlinisviršklis. niec. JW. – Lot. Uvularia–uogmins (: uoga + -minys), plg. Uvuliaria. Linn. Sopleùgmińīs Pr 130; the plant ripens many berries, two species: Uvularia grandiflora – large-stemmed ùgmińīs, Uvularia perfoliata – permautalãpis ùgmińīs. It is possible to assume that some of the novelties L. Ivinskis created following the equivalents of other languages: lot. Anigozanthos–ožnis (: ožys + -ūnis), plg. Anigozanthus. Labillardiere. Goat's milk. JW. – ężūnis Pr 137; cf. polen. shrimp ‘nažka’ LLKŽ 210. Five species of this plant have been named: Anigozanthos flavidus – yellowish goat, Anigozanthos humilis – low goat, Anigozanthos manglesii – red goat, Anigozanthos pulcherrimus – beautiful goat, Anigozanthos rufus – brown goat. Lot. Cephalanthus – head of goat (: head + -goat), cf. Cephalaria. Schrad. 252; plg. gr. kephale "head" BVŽ 76, lk. head ‘galva’ LLKŽ 138. The species Cephalanthus occidentalis is a western-growing shrub. L. Ivinskis has given names to some plants, the origin of which can be traced, but it is difficult to find the motivation behind them. Both terms and nouns are clearer and more precise when they are motivated, but according to K. Gaivenis, “it cannot be said that motivated terms are precise and unmotivated are inaccurate. Only misleadingly motivated terms should be considered inaccurate” (Gaivenis 2002: 39). It is also difficult to trace the motivation of a large number of plant names derived from the spoken language, so the Subcommittee on Terminology decided to propose unmotivated L. Ivinski plant names for use. Nine names of plants of this group can be distinguished. Lot. Amsonia– dirktas(: dirkti„tvirkti, gesti, dykti, lepti“ LKŽe + -tas), plg. Amsonia. Walt. Get out of here. JW. – Pr 241; species Amsonia tabernaemontana – American dirct. Lot. Canella – ringattis (: ringoti "to roll, to ring", LKŽe + -otis), plg. Winterania. Linn. Cinnamon. Murray. Ginger. Cinnamon white. 173; species Canella winteriana – white-winged ringworm. Lot. Cantua – gairùvas (: gairus "1. Inflatable, wind-guided’ Albina Auksoriūtė | KeletasatgaivintųLaurynoIvinskioaugalųvardų Terminology | 2008 | 15 137 LKŽe + -uvas), plg. Sing. Just. Piękrzyn. JW. – grey-tailed woodpeckers Pr 235; for the species Cantua buxifolia – small-tailed woodpeckers. Lot. Cheilanthes – crossbeam (: 1 crossbeam 1. ‘cut (e.g. pig)’, 5. „semiskarda malti, plėšti skalą“ LKŽe + -enis), cf. Cheilanthes. St. Olżyca. Stonogowiec. M. Schuppenfarrn. – Cheilanthes Pr 115; two species: Cheilanthes lanosa – woolly cheilanthes, Cheilanthes microphylla – fine-grained cheilanthes. Lot. 1999) 1914 – Imre Kertész, Hungarian painter (d. Conospermum. Smith. – Pr 154; two species: Conospermum crassinervium – large-flowered imsh, Conospermum taxifolium – narrow-leaved imsh. Lot. Hippocrepis – squeak (: 1 squeak "squeaked stem, trunk" LKŽe + -uras), cf. Hippocrepis. Linn. Konikleca. V. Syr. Horseshoe. P. – sorrel Pr 209; two species: Hippocrepis comosa – common sorrel, Hippocrepis emerus – common sorrel. Lot. "Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution" (Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, MLX, MLX2, MLX3, MLX4, MLX5, MLX6, MLX7, MLX8, MLX9, MLX10, MLX11, MLX12, MLX13, MLX14, MLX15, MLX16, MLX17, MLX18, MLX19, MLX20, MLX21, MLX22, MLX23, MLX24, MLX25, MLX26, MLX27, MLX28, MLX29, MLX30, MLX31, MLX32, MLX33, MLX34, MLX35, MLX36, MLX37, MLX38, MLX39, MLX39, MLX39). Mimusops. Linn. Tie her up. JW. – mièkłajnis Pr 217; its species Mimusops elengi – the common cloudbird. Lot. "Narthecium – steel (: steel + -umas), plg. Narthecium. Just. Late. S. Beinheil. – steel Pr 130; species Narthecium ossifragum – common steel. Lot. 1998) 1928 – Raoul Wallenberg, Polish-American politician (d. Pachira. Aublet. – rājwé Pr 169; two species: Pachira quinata – five-leaved rājwé, Pachira aquatica – water rājwé. It is difficult to determine not only the motivation of a large number of L. Ivinskis’s new words, but also their construction is not very clear. However, the VLKK Subcommittee on Terminology decided to propose the use of such plant names as well, because L. Ivinskis used them to name those specific plants whose Lithuanian names are only now being approved. Some of these names are short two-syllable words. Lot. Comptonia – chard, plg. Comptonia. R. Brown. A concept. JW. - Lot screams. Cornutia – salksnas, plg. Cornutia. Pr 145; rūšis Comptonia peregrina– klajklinis ūgras. Plumier. Parking lot. JW. – słułksn Pr 227; species Cornutia grandifolia – large-footed słułksn. Lot. Cotyledon – door, plg. Cotyledon. DC. Expand. S. K. Umbilical cord. W. – dūrszwas Pr 187; rūšis Cotyledon orbiculata – apskritalãpisduršvas. Lot. Crateva – top, plg. Crataeva. Linn. Powałka. JW. – wīrsztas Pr 138 180; three species: Crateva adansonii – common raven, Crateva religiosa – ornate raven, Crateva nurvala – triangular raven. Lot. Elaeodendron – sumbras, plg. Elaedendron. Jacquin. (Elaeodendron). Łązan. The oiler. P. Olejnica. M. – sumb Pr 213; two species: Elaeodendron orientale – eastern sumb, Elaeodendron croceum – common sumb. Lot. "Scallonia - stela, plg. Escallonia. Mutis. Hardy. Ch. – smèjlé Pr 188; three species: Escallonia ×langleyensis, Escallonia rubra and Escallonia virgata. Lot. Exacum – subles, plg. Exactly. D. C. Paliczka, "The Bitter Leaf." 236 pp., ill-printed; ill-printed. Lot. Glaucium – willow, plg. Glaucium. Tournef. A rascal. Jundz. Horn poppy. – Pr 175; two species: Glaucium flavum – yellow-haired wattle, Glaucium corniculatum – horned wattle. Lot. "Onomisma – Flammuuu, plg. Onosma. Linn. Pocherva. Chamomile. W. Długosz. Jundz. Lotwurz. – lièsmuō Pr 233; five species: Onosma taurica – creamy flame, Onosma albo-rosea – reddish flame, Onosma echioides – coarse flame, Onosma hookeri – Tibetan flame, Onosma pani culatum – broomstick flame. Lot. Pernettya – spruce, plg. Pernettia. Gaudichaud. – Pr 215; species Pernettya mucronata – pointed-leaf spider. Lot. Plumeria – jostras, plg. Plumeria. Linn. Celebration. – white-tailed stingray Pr 241; three species: Plumeria alba – white-tailed stingray, Plumeria obtusa – yellow-tailed stingray, Plumeria rubra – red-tailed stingray. Lot. "Spingras, Sesuvium". Sesuvium. Linn. The shower. Cheese. – Pr 186; species Sesuvium portulacastrum – coastal spiny trout. Lot. Tibouchina – eikras, plg. Tibouchina. Aublet. The truth. – eaglefish Pr 199; species Tibouchina urvilleana – purple eaglefish. Lot. Umbilicus – elkras, plg. Umbilicus. Dec. Anniversary. Fall. Umbilical cord. C. – ēłkras Pr 187; rūšis Umbilicus rupestris – uolniselkras. Lot. "Urena - gulis, plg. Dillenius. Nieronia. J. W. – bucktail Pr 168; species Urena lobata – bucktail. When looking at the given examples, it can be seen that these plant names do not have formal constructive characteristics. It may be possible to discern the form of their construction, but the base word is difficult to determine. Only their endings can be distinguished, some names have the same endings, e.g.: -ras (eikras, elkras, jostras, spingras, sumbras, ūgras), -las (spūglas, sūblas, vaiklas). There are also eight three-syllable names of plant genera. Albina Auksoriūtė | KeletasatgaivintųLaurynoIvinskioaugalųvardų Terminology | 2008 | 15 139 Lot. Aphyllanthes – Nuolaisis, plg. Aphyllanthes. Tourn. Carnation lily. P. – nuelaritos Pr 131; species Aphyllanthes monspeliensis – southern nuelaritos. Lot. Cabomba – Labrador, plg. Cabomba. Aublet. A swimmer. Ch. – Labrador Pr 176; species Cabomba caroliniana – common labrador. Lot. 1999. "Silver, plg. Race. Linn. Rzemienica – sājłuwas Pr 155; rūšis Dirca palustris – pélkinissailuvas. Lot. "Guarda, Pg. Gaura. Linn. It's a great candle. 1977: The 1977-1978 season of the NHL was named the "Cookie Cup" (Cookie Cup). Lot. Guarea – sanutras, plg. Good. Linn. Guidonia. Plumier. Praise. – Sanutra Pr 173; four species: Guarea thompsonii – black sanutra, Guarea guidonia – poisonous sanutra, Guarea grandifolia – large-leaved sanutra, Guarea cedrata – light sanutra. Lot. Heliocarpus – givendre, plg. Heliocarpos. Linn. It's grumpy. JW. – gi węndra Pr 170a; species Heliocarpus americanus – American givendre. Lot. Peters, Peters, Peters, Peters, Peters. Houst. 227; species Petrea volubilis – common-footed stump. Lot. "Pontederia - Schizandra, plg. Clothing. Linn. Rosplawa. JW. Aquarius. M. – skiaustmēné Pr 130; species Pontederia cordata – nauralãpė skiaustmėnė. Some of the new words in this group also have similar endings as the bi-syllabic plant names discussed above, such as endings with the consonant -r- (labustras, sanūtras, givendra). However, it should be noted that in L. Ivinskis’ Prigimtūmena, most of the new words of unclear construction are with endings with the consonant -n-, such new words comprise one quarter of all new words in Prigimtūmena (see Auksoriūtė 2004: 127–149 for more details), while the least number of new words are with endings with the consonant -r-, the most characteristic ending of this group being -ris. It is also worth mentioning a few plant names that were given to another genus, because the genus, which was named by L. Ivinskis in Prigimtūmena, has already been turi lietuvišką vardą. Lot. "Abeliophyllum - baltas (: baltas + -vas), plg. Epipactis. Haller. Kruszczyk. Jundz. Sumpfwurz – baltwas Pr 141; species Abeliophyllum distichum – early baltwas. This plant has white flowers, flowering in early spring. Lot. Acalypha – Labravænne (: labrav + -ene), plg. Rigby III. Acalypheae. Residual – łabrawēnes Pr 150; Tragia. Plumier. Parselina. JW. – lābra was Pr 150. The name of the new territory was Tripolitania (Τριπολιτάνια). 140 The name of the family is derived from the name of the genus, and the two names are synonymous. Acalypha ir lot. Tragia belongs to the same subfamily. Two species of this plant have been confirmed: Acalypha hispida – the haired ladybird, Acalypha wilkesiana – the mottled ladybird. Lot. Chlorogalum–žavinis (: žalvas + -inis), plg. Chloe. Linn. Zielon. JW. – żalwìnis Pr 236; species Chlorogalum pomeridianum – common chard. This genus name L. Ivinskis may have created following the equivalents in other languages, e.g. gr. chloras „žalias“ BVŽ 83. Lot. Macfadyena – turning (: turning + -mys), plg. Helicteris. Linn. Screwdriver. W. Szruba. 169; species Macfadyena unguiscati – expanding roundworm. The name of this plant is motivated, because it belongs to the family of willows. CONCLUSIONS Some of the names of plants in L. Ivinskio Prigimtūmenės, which have not yet been included in any printed source, are proposed for use after the Terminology Subcommittee has approved them as Lithuanian names of plants that have not yet been named in Lithuanian. Most often, the name of a specific plant genus is given by L. Ivinski's new term or new word, which he used to name the plant. Slightly less than half of L. Ivinskis’s plant genus names submitted for use are new words with a motivation, e.g.: alksnotis, grėsvis, mėlūnis, violikainis, sulpėtras, širmonis, uogminys, viršūklis, vytmenys, žibėtras, etc., and more than one third of such new words have neither a clear creation nor motivation, e.g.: duršvas, eikras, elkras, jostras, kolūnis, labūstras, liesmuo, nuolaisis, salksnas, sanūtras, spingras, spūglas, sūblas, sumbra, ūgras, vaiklas, etc. It is possible to trace the origin of the names of L. Ivinskis’ plant genera discussed in the sixth part of the article, but the motivation is unclear, e.g.: dirktas, gairuvas, imšas, mėklainis, stalienumas, raivė, ringotis, skaburas, skerstenis. The novelties and new words of the Prigimtūmenės are gradually revived and entered into usage, so L. Ivinskio efforts to create Lithuanian plant names did not go in vain. LITTERACY Auksoriūtė A. 1998: Manuscripts of Laurynas Ivinskis in Kraków. – Terminologija 5, 102–110. Auksoriūtė A. 2000: L. Ivinskio mycological terms. – Terminologija 7, 48–58. Auksoriūtė A. 2003: Individual names of plants in L. Ivinskio Polish-Žemaičių language dictionary and Prigimtūmenės botanical garden. – Terminologija 10, 135–142. Albina Auksoriūtė | KeletasatgaivintųLaurynoIvinskioaugalųvardų