Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara

Structure of the Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) ALVYDAS UMBRASAS Institute of the Lithuanian Language KEYWORDS: terminography, legal terms, terminology dictionary, manuscript The first dictionary of legal terms in Lithuania was published in 1954 (TŽ), but attempts to undertake legal terminography had been made earlier. The need for Lithuanian legal terminography in Lithuania arose only from 1918, that is, when the country’s independence was proclaimed and the Lithuanian language became, for the first time, the state language and, at the same time, the language of law. Since legal affairs had long been conducted in Russian before that, the shortage of Lithuanian legal terminology was inevitable; at the same time, it was necessary to accept that, in order to avoid legal chaos after the proclamation of independence, many Russian legal acts remained in force, so it was not possible to distance oneself quickly from the Russian language. To facilitate the translation of those legal acts into Lithuanian, a legal-language dictionary was needed. Work on it began quite rapidly. On November 3, 1919, the newspaper Lietuva reported in its “Government News” section that the Second Department of the Ministry of Justice was preparing for publication “a dictionary of legal terms and words most needed by judges, interrogators, notaries, etc.” ((D)TŽ: 2). These people were invited to respond and, within a relatively short time (by November 20), to send “1) a list of terms they already use; 2) a list of terms and expressions in Russian that they need translated into Lithuanian; and 3) how, in their opinion, those terms and expressions should be translated into Lithuanian” (ibid.; the language has not been corrected). As can be seen, assistance from interested parties was expected, while the aim was also to help resolve the terminological difficulties they faced. The announcement was signed by the department’s director, Al. Milčinskis, and its office manager, Konstantinas Jablonskis (son of the famous linguist). It is very likely that the latter was the principal compiler of the dictionary at the aforementioned ministry. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 109 The surviving documents show that the dictionary project1 was prepared quite quickly: by the autumn of 1920, the dictionary had been sent by the Ministry of Justice to Jonas Jablonskis for review in separate fascicles (sent three times, two fascicles each time). In the first letter sent together with the dictionary fascicles (September 1, No. 6257), signed by the Minister of Justice himself, Vincas Karoblis, the linguist was asked to identify legal terms that, in his opinion, should be translated into Lithuanian but were missing from the project; to suggest how the terms included in the project but not translated into Lithuanian might be rendered; and to indicate how the terms already translated could be expressed more precisely in Lithuanian. The letter also promised that a meeting of legal professionals and language experts would be held to determine the terms definitively. Later letters (September 21, No. 6662; October 1, No. 7134), signed by the director of the First Department, merely provided notice that the fascicles were being sent. It is likely that J. Jablonskis was sent the same separate dictionary fascicles as those held in the K. Jablonskis collection in the Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (F 256–551). The manuscript, entitled Draft Dictionary of Legal Terms and Other Words Needed by the Courts, was probably distributed in hectographed form; more than one copy has survived. A bound dictionary is owned by the lawyer Prof. Dr. Vytautas Andriulis (judging by the initials on the spine and the stamp on the front endpaper, the dictionary belonged to Kazys Šalkauskis); V. Vaidelys has two copies (loose fascicles). The copied manuscript gives neither the year of preparation nor the author. Its authorship may be inferred from the fact that a draft of the dictionary has survived in K. Jablonskis’s manuscript collection (F 256–550), along with sheets of various sizes covered with detailed notes (F 256–546, 547, 552), which show how the dictionary was prepared. It is possible that K. Jablonskis also had assistants, among whom may have been A. Kriščiukaitis, chairman of the Supreme Tribunal, who at the time took an interest in the quality of legal language, especially since another version of the copied manuscript dictionary has survived in the possession of his grandson V. Vaidelys—a handwritten original in a different hand (the handwriting appears to be K. Jablonskis’s). It is not known how this dictionary was discussed at the time2, how J. Jablonskis evaluated it (or whether he evaluated it at all), or why it ultimately remained unfinished. 1 The documents are held by Doc. Dr. Vytautas Vaidelys, grandson of Antanas Kriščiukaitis (Aišbė), a famous lawyer of the time. Readers of Terminologija were introduced to these documents and the dictionary project itself a decade ago (see Umbrasas 2001: 77–80); some matters are recalled here. 2 That there were discussions or proposals is indicated by the numerous annotations to terms accompanied by surnames in one of the copies held by V. Vaidelys; there are annotations in V. Andriulis’s copy as well, but it is unclear when they were added. 110 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara unorganized and unpublished. Since, as far as is known, this is the first attempt at legal lexicography in Lithuania, it is worth examining in greater detail. This article views the dictionary primarily from a lexicographic perspective, analyzing its structure. The dictionary was compiled to meet the needs of the time and is therefore a Russian–Lithuanian dictionary. Considering the circumstances and duration of its preparation, the project is quite extensive—120 pages (somewhat larger than A4). The dictionary has a mixed structure: terms (including other lexical and syntactic units) are presented both in nests and in separate entries that are not part of nests3. The head terms of separate entries and nests are written with a capital4 letter, while those within a nest are written in lowercase. Head terms are arranged alphabetically (although sorting inaccuracies do occur); the ordering within nests is inconsistent (the alphabet is followed sometimes, but not always). The material presented is varied: it includes terms as well as ordinary words and expressions that were needed in the legal language of the time. The grammatical forms of the data also vary: there are nouns, adjectives, verbs, other parts of speech, and grammatically diverse phrases. The variety is evident right from the beginning of the dictionary (see Fig. 1). Slightly more than half of the Russian terms in the dictionary are presented one per separate entry. There are 2,152 such entries in total. As might be expected, separate entries most often present nouns and noun phrases (1,640 items combined), usually just a single Russian noun (1,318), e.g.: а к м ь – aktas (15); а м н и с т и я – amnestija (1); а р е н д а т о р ъ – nuomininkas (2); б а б к а – senolė (2); б а г а ж ъ – bagažas, kroviniai, vežiniai, vežamieji daiktai (3); б р а к о в щ и к ъ – išti-krintojas (6); б р а н д м а у э р ъ – gaisro siena (6); б у й с т в о – pěstynės, muštynės (6); в е щ е с т в о – dalykas, daiktas (8); в м ѣ н я е м о с т ь – pakaltinamumas (9); в о ж а к ъ – vadovas (10); в ы д ѣ л ъ – išskyrimas, paskyrimas dalies, atskyrimas, išvatuojimas, išskirtinė (14); в ы с ы л к а – ištrėmimas (15); г р а н и ц а – siena, apybrėža (18); д о в ѣ р е н н о с т ь – įgaliojimas (20); д р я х л о с т ь – senumas (22); ж а л о б щ и к ъ – skundi- 3 An entry here is understood as a Russian lexical or syntactic unit included in the dictionary, together with its Lithuanian equivalent or equivalents (an equivalent may be absent; the entry also includes adjacent synonyms and other data), while a nest is understood as a graphically distinguished combination of two or more entries (the first entry is the head of the nest). Entries within a nest are also usually distinguished graphically. In other works, nest and entry are sometimes treated as equivalent, cf. Jakaitienė 2005: 21–22. 4 Examples in the entry are given in lowercase. 5 The dictionary page is indicated in parentheses after terms (or, later in the article, after nests); elsewhere, the number in parentheses indicates the frequency of the phenomenon, that is, the number of items under discussion. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 1 1 1 Fig. 1. Top of the first page of the manuscript dictionary (V. Andriulis’s copy) complainant, plaintiff (23); залогодатель – mortgagor, pledgor (27); злоумышленникъ – wrongdoer (30); искажение – distortion, misrepresentation (33); кварталь – precinct, district (36); компаньонъ – accomplice (37); конфликтъ – conflict, clash, misunderstanding (38); лечебница – hospital, clinic (41); любострастіе – lasciviousness (42); мошенничество – fraud, swindling, deceit (44); нарядъ – assignment (47); невинность – innocence, virginity (48); оговоръ – slander, calumny, denunciation (56); пари – wager (64); пеня – fine, penalty (65); подростокъ – adolescent (72); почеркъ – handwriting (77); принужденіе – coercion, compulsion (83); разногласіе – disagreement; divergence of opinion (90); резолюція – 112 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara resolution (93); c в о д н и ч е с т в о – compilation (96); c м у т а – confusion, disorder, incitement (99); c т о л б н я к ъ – pillar (105); c ы щ и к ъ – spy (108); у в ъ ч ь е – disability (111); у к р ы в а т е л ь с т в о – concealment, hiding (112); у с м о т р ѣ н і е – observation, discretion (114); ц ѣ л о м у д р і е – a maiden’s chastity; purity, modesty (117); ч е р – м е ж ъ – drawing, draft (118); ю р и с т ъ – lawyer (120). There are considerably fewer two-word noun phrases (302). The following terms, for example, are not included in the nests: а в т о р с к о е п р а в о – copyright (1); а р е с т н ы й д о м ъ – jail (2); б л а г о в и д н а я с д ѣ л к а – respectable agreement, a deal that looks good (5); б р е д о в ы я и д е и – delusions, delusional thoughts (6); в о с п и т а т е л ь н ы й д о м ъ – reformatories (12); в ы ѣ з д – н а я с е с с і я – visiting sessions (15); г о р н а я п о д а т ь – mountain tax, mining tax (17); д л я щ е е с я п р е с т у п л е н і е – continuing crime (19); д о с т а т о ч н о е о с н о в а н і е – sufficient grounds (21); з а в ѣ щ а н н о е и м у щ е с т в о – property bequeathed by will, testamentary bequest (25); з а к р ы т о е з а с ѣ д а н і е – closed session (26); и з г н а н і е п л о д а – expulsion of an embryo, expulsion of a fetus (31); к р ѣ п к і е н а п и т к и – intoxicating beverages (40); н е д о в о л ь с т в о р ѣ ш е н і е м ъ – dissatisfaction with a decision (49); о б р а б а т ы в а ю щ а я п р о м ы ш л е н н о с т ь – processing industry (54); о б р о ч н а я с т а т ь я – leasehold matter (55); о ч и с т и т е л ь н а я п р и с я г а – oath of innocence (64); п о в и в а л ь н а я б а б к а – midwife (68); п о р ъ з а н н а я р а н а – incised wound (75); п р о с и т е л ь н ы й п у н к т ъ – substance of the petition, the matter requested (87); р а с п р о с т р а н и т е л ь н о е т о л к о в а н і е – interpretation (92); ч а с т и ч н а я п л а т а – partial payment (117). There are few separately listed noun phrases with more components (only 20: 17 three-word, 2 four-word, and 1 five-word phrases), for example: в о с п и т а т е л ь н о – и с п р а в и т е л ь н о е з а в е д е н і е – correctional educational institution (12); к о м п л е к т ъ п р и с я ж н ы х ъ з а с ѣ д а т е л е й – full complement of jurors (37); н е о т д ѣ л е н н ы е ч л е н ы с е м ь и – undivided, unseparated family members (50); п е р е х о д ъ п р а в а с о б с т в е н н о с т и – transfer of ownership (67); п о г л о щ е н і е п р и г о в о р а д р у г и м ъ п р и г о в о р о м ъ – incorporation of one judgment into another (69); р а з л у ч е н і е о т ъ с т о л а и л о ж а – separation of bed and board (90); с о в е р ш е н і е п р е с т у п н о г о д ѣ я н і я – commission of a criminal act (101). Terminologija | 2011 | 18 113 The dictionary contains 227 Russian verbs listed in separate entries, for example: арендовать – to rent (2); возмещать – to compensate (11); вымогать – to extort, to solicit bribes, to extract (14); заприх одовать – to enter as revenue (28); инкриминировать – to incriminate (33); констатировать – to state (38); нанять – to hire, to engage; nипuoмоти (47); оклеветать – to slander, to revile (57); опредѣлять – to mark, to designate, to assign, to draw, to define (58); отрицать – to deny, to negate, to dispute (62); побуждать – to urge, to encourage (68); позорить – to humiliate (72); препровождать – to send, to transport (81); разсрочить – to divide into instalments, to distribute (90); ручаться – to guarantee (94); состояться – to take place (103); уполномочить – to authorize (113); экспроприировать – to expropriate, to confiscate (119). There are also separately listed Russian verb phrases. Most are two-word phrases (26), for example: занимать должность – to hold an office, a position (27); лишить наследства – to disinherit (48); осуществлять право – to exercise a right (60); перевершать дѣло – to retry a case, to decide a matter anew (65); подобрать ключъ – to fit a key (71); превысить смѣту – to exceed the estimate (78); учинить платежъ – to make a payment (115), but some have more components (8 three-word, 4 four-word, and 1 five-word phrases), for example: входить съ прошеніемъ – to submit a petition (13); изъять изъ владѣнія – to take out of possession, to take away from ownership (32); повергать на рѣшеніе суда – to submit for the court’s decision (68); присылать отъ себя повѣренного – to send one’s own representative, attorney (84); списать со счета – to debit from an account, to strike off an account (104); укрепиться по праву давности владѣнія – to establish title through acquisitive prescription⁶ (112); устоять на торгахъ – to hold one’s ground at auction, to prevail at auction (114). A total of 266 verbs and verb phrases are listed in separate entries in the dictionary. The dictionary also lists separately nearly as many words denoting qualities, which usually serve as components of terms, as it does verbs. There are 229 adjectives and participles in total, for example: арендный – rental, pertaining to rent (2); безграмотный – unable to write correctly (3); беременная – pregnant (5); временный – temporary, of that interval, for that interval, meanwhile (12); единовременный – one-time (23); заразительный – contagious, infectious (28); избирательный – elective (31); малолѣтний – a minor, underage (42); мнимоумерший – 6 It should be “right.” 114 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara tariamas miręs (43); н а г л ы й – įžūlus (45); н е о с н о в а т е л ь н ы й – be pamatų, nepamatuotas (50); н е о т ъ е м л е м ы й – neatimamas (50); о б о - ю д н ы й – abipusis, abišališkas (54); о с у ж д е н н ы й – nusmerktas (60); п о д о з р и т е л ь н ы й – įtartinas (71); п о д о з р ъ в а е м ы й – įtariamas (71); п р а в и т е л ь с т в е н н ы й – vyriausybės, vyriausybinis (77); п р и - с т р а с т н ы й – šališkas (84); п р и с у т с т в у ю щ и й – esąs, dalyvaująs (84); с в е р х с м ъ т н ы й – peržengiąs sąmatą (96); с л а б о у м н ы й – silpnaprotis, mažapro­tis, mažo proto (98); т о ж д е с т в е н н ы й – tas pats, tolygus (109); х о л о с т о й – nevedęs (117); э к с т р е н н ы й – ūmus, staigus, skubus (119). Būdvardžių ir dalyvių junginių pateikta tik trejetas: з а к о н н о-с о с т о я в ш и й с я – teisėtai įvykęs, padarytas (26); и м у щ и й з а к о н н у ю п р а в о с п о с о б н о с т ь к ъ с о в е р ш е н н о а к т о в ъ – įstatymais teisėtingas daryti aktus (32); п р и к о с н о в е н н ы й к ъ д ъ л у – bylos paliestas (83). Į šiuos skaičius neįtraukiami tie būdvardžiai ir dalyviai, kurie žodyne pateikti tik daiktavardžio reikšme, t. y. sudaiktavardėję (pvz.: б ъ д н ы й – pavargėlis, nuskur­dėlis (7); г л а в н о к о м а н д у ю щ и й – vyriausiasis vadas (16); г л а в н о у п р а в л я ю щ и й – vyriausiasis valdytojas (16); г л у х о н ь м о й – kurčias nebylys (17); з а в ъ д ы в а ю щ и й – prižiūrėtojas, rūpintojas, vadovas (24); з а к л ю ч е н н ы й – kalinys, suimtasis (26); з а к о н н о р о ж д е н н ы й – teisės, teisinis vaikas (26); к о м м и с - с и о н н ы я – komisiniai pinigai, komiso atlyginimas, tarpininkavimo mokes-nis (37); к о р м о в ы я – pašaro pinigai (39); о б в и н я е м ы й – kaltinamasis (53); п о д д а н н ы й – valdininys (70); п о д с у д и м ы й – teisiamasis (72); с л у ж а щ и й – tarnautojas (99); с т а р ш и й – vyresnysis (105); т я ж у щ и й с я – bylininkas, bylos dalyvis (110); у м е р ш и й – numirėlis (113)), nors kai kurie iš jų gali būti vartojami ir būdvardžiskai; taip pat tie, kurie pateikiamai dvejopomis reikšmėmis (pvz.: б е з в ъ с т н о-о т с у т - с т в у ю щ и й – dingęs, nudingėlis, nežinia kur dingęs (3); п о л и ц е й с к и й – policinis, policininkas (73); п о с т р а д а в ш и й – nuskaustas, nukentėjęs, nukentėjėlis (76); п о т е р п ъ в ш и й – nukentėjęs, nukentėjėlis, nuskaustas (77); п р о п а в ш и й б е з ъ в ъ с т и – pražuvęs, pražuvėlis (87)). Pastarieji sąlygiškai taip pat įtraukti į daiktavardžių ir jų junginių grupę. It should be noted that the dictionary also lists 12 Russian adverbs in separate entries (в к л ю ч и т е л ь н о – inclusively (9); з а д ъ л ь н о – in payment for work (25); з а и м о о б р а з н о – by way of a loan, on loan (25); л е г к о-м ы с л е н н о – thoughtlessly, frivolously (41); н а с и л ь н о – by force, coercively, forcibly (47); н е п о м ъ р н о – excessively (50); о т к р ы т о – openly (61); с а м о л и ч н о – personally (95); с в о е в р е м е н н о – on time (96); с е к р е т- Terminologija | 2011 | 18 115 но – secretly (97); совокупно – together, jointly (101); устно – orally (114)) and a pair of phrasal constructions (принимая во внимание – considering (83); собственноручность подписи удостоверяю – I certify that the signature is in my own hand (101)). The number and types of data presented individually in separate entries in the dictionary can be seen in Table 1. Table 1. Russian terms and other lexical or syntactic units presented individually in separate entries Number of words | Nouns and their combinations | Verbs and their combinations | Adjectives, participles and their combinations | Prepositions | Constructions | Total; 1 | 1319 | 226 | 229 | 12 | 0 | 1786; 2 | 302 | 26 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 329; 3 | 17 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 28; 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6; 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2; 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1; Total | 1641 | 265 | 232 | 12 | 2 | 2152 A relatively small group consists of Russian terms presented in separate entries, with synonyms (or terms of very similar meaning) or variants written alongside them (these entries are not included in Table 1). There are 17 entries with synonyms in all. With the sole exception of an entry containing verb combinations (ходить по домам, по судам – to go from house to house, to appear in court, адвокатати (116)), the others contain nouns and their combinations: бю-реломъ, бюреломный лѣсь – windthrow, blowdown (6); валежникъ, валежный лѣсъ – windfall, fallen timber (7); годное состояние, годность – suitability (17); дарственный актъ, дарствен-ная запись – deed of gift, document; deed of gift, document (19); движимое имущество, движимость – movable property, movable object (19); заказникъ, заказное мѣсто – protected area (25); комендантская, комендантское управление – commandant’s office (37); круговая порука, ответственность – joint liability, collective guarantee, liability (40); подушный сборъ, подушное – poll tax (72); поклажеприниматель, поклажех-ранитель – deposit recipient, custodian (73); разбирательство, разборъ дѣла – examination of a case, trial (89); розыскание, ро- 116 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara з в с къ – search, investigation (94); с е м е й с т в о, с е м ь я – family (97); ф о р м у л я р н ы й с п и с о к ъ, ф о р м у л я р ь – service record, service document (116); ч е р н о в а я, ч е р н о в к а – draft (118). As can be seen, synonyms are separated by commas (a recurring component of a term is sometimes omitted); for some reason, only one entry is written differently (perhaps by mistake) – к р а й н о с т ь – к р а й н я я н е о б х о д и м о с т ь – last resort, unavoidable necessity, necessity (39). The classification of variants is somewhat more problematic. Russian terms with parenthetical material are included in this group. It is not always clear whether the parentheses contain an optional component—that is, whether the entry gives short and long variants of a term—or whether they provide a certain explanation of the term. Incidentally, distinguishing optional components of terms from explanatory words also poses difficulties today when data must be structured as terminological dictionaries are transferred to databases and terminology banks. Sometimes the best solution is simply to ask the dictionary’s authors for clarification, since descriptions of dictionary structure often do not disclose all its nuances. Bearing this in mind (especially in the absence of a structural description), the entries in the dictionary under study have not been further classified according to the function of the Russian words in parentheses; all have instead been assigned provisionally to the category of variants. There are 21 such entries in all. Only one contains verbs (пружить (дъметѣй) – to live together (82)); the others contain nouns and their combinations: былъ (моста) – bridge supports, bridge piers (7); дъятелъ (общественный) – public worker (23); закрытие (дверей) – (meeting) closure (26); игра (карточная) – gambling (31); каланда (пожарная) – fire brigade, fire lookout (35); наглядныя (деньги) – remuneration (45); настоятель (церкви) – parish priest (48); обозначение (цѣны) – (price) marking (54); полотно (земляное) – embankment (74); протокъ (воды) – water source (88); рѣзчикъ (печателей) – engraver (94); сидѣлка (при больномъ) – nurse (97); стороны (въ дѣлѣ) – litigants, participants, parties (105); управляющій (имѣніемъ) – estate manager (113); шрифтъ (типографскій) – typeface (119); экономія (помѣщичье) – manor, manors. Four entries with variants have no Lithuanian equivalents (the space after the dash is left blank): курьерскія (лошади) (40); обложение (податное) (54); перемѣнныя (лошади) (66); устой (береговой) (114). Nearly half of the terms (or other lexical or syntactic units) in the dictionary under study are presented in nests. There are 749 nests in all, which include Terminologija | 2011 | 18 117 Fig. 2. Graphic division of dictionary nests 2,029 Russian terms (2,052 including synonyms and variants). Nest sizes vary, consisting of between two and ten entries, which are usually separated graphically as individual articles—the headword of the nest and the entries included in it (the latter are indented; see Fig. 2). However, there are also nests whose articles are not separated graphically, i.e. are written on one line and separated only by a semicolon (Fig. 3); there are also nests in which some terms are set off graphically while others are written on a single line (Fig. 4). There are also cases where, formally speaking, non-synonymous Russian terms are listed in a single article (Fig. 5). In substance, these cases are also considered nests here. However, when concepts are closely related, distinguishing synonyms from non-synonyms may involve some subjectivity, since it is now difficult to assess precisely how these data were treated by the dictionary’s compilers. 1 1 8 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara Fig. 3. Nest with articles not graphically distinguished Fig. 4. Nest with articles distinguished in a mixed manner Fig. 5. Article treated as a binary nest, with non-synonymous terms Most nests (437) are binary—they consist of two articles, i.e. two different Russian terms or simply words or word combinations (the first of these is treated as the nest headword), with translations into Lithuanian. In terms of the number of constituents, the headword article usually gives a single Russian word (356 nests), less often a two-word combination (71 articles), and sometimes longer combinations (there are three-word (7), four-word (2), and five-word (1) combinations). As might be expected, the second article in a binary nest usually gives a two-word combination (275 nests); there are also many three-word combinations (103), as well as combinations containing between four and eight constituents (39 in total Terminologija | 2011 | 18 119 articles). Unusually, but in this position within a nest, the dictionary under study sometimes gives a single word (20 nests). Structural analysis of the binary nests shows that the dictionary examined contains various combinations of articles. According to the number of words making up the Russian terms or other lexical or syntactic units in the headword and second nest articles, the following combinations can be distinguished (the number of constituents is indicated by numerals, with examples alongside): 1+1: д о х о д ъ – pelnas; д о х о д ы – pajamos, sąrankos, gaviniai (22); п е д н о л а г а т ь – (nu)manyti, spėti; 7 п е д н о л а г а е-м ы й – numanomas, spėjamas (79); 1+2: а в а н с ъ – аванс; / в ы д а т ь а в а н с о м – duoti avanso (1); г л а в а – skyrius; / г л а в а г о с у д а р с т в а – vyriausioji valstybės galva (16); 1+3: а д м и н и с т р а т и в н ы й – administracinis; / в ъ а д м и н и с т р а т и в н о м п о р я д к ѣ – administraciniu keliu (1); д а р е н і е – dovanojimas; / д а р е н і е п р и ж и з н и – dovanojimas gyvam esant (18); 1+4: б е з с о з н а т е л ь н о с т ь – nesąmoningumas, nenuovoka; / п р и в е с т и в ъ с о с т о я н і е б е з с о з н а т е л ь н о с т и – atimti nuovoką (4); в ы н о с ъ – išnešimas; / п р о д а ж а п и т е й н а в ы н о с ъ – gėrimų pardavinėjimas išneštinai (15); 1+5: п р и в л е ч е н і е – įtraukimas, pašaukimas; / п р и в л е ч е н і е к ъ д ѣ л у т р е т ь я г о л и ц а – pašaliečio įtraukimas bylon (82); р о с т ъ – palūkanos; / з а н и м а т ь с я о т д а ч е ю д е н е г ъ в ъ р о с т ъ – palūkanauti (94); 1+6: а д м и н и с т р а ц і я – administracija, valdymas; / у ч р е д и т ь а д м и н и с т р а ц і ю п о д ъ л а м ъ н е с о с т о я т е л ь н а г о д о л ж н и к а – įsteigti administraciją nusigyvenusio skolininko reikalais (1); 1+7: о б в и н е н і е – kaltinimas, nukaltinimas, apkaltinimas, įskundimas; / п р и в л е ч ь к ъ с у д у п о о б в и н е н і ю в ъ к р а ж ѣ – pašaukti tieson kaltinant pavogus (52); 1+8: п р е с ъ ч е н і е – (už)kardymas; / м ѣ р ы п р е с ъ ч е н і я с п о с о б о в ъ у к л о н е н і я о т ъ с л ѣ д с т в і я и с у д а – kardomosios priemonės vengimui tardymo ir teismo (81); 2+1: с л у ш а т ь д ѣ л о – klausyti bylą, nagrinėti bylą; / с л у ш а т ь с я – klausyti (99); 2+2: а н о н и м н о е о б щ е с т в о – nevardinė draugija, bendrovė; а н о н и м н о е п р о и з в е д е н і е – kūrinys be autoriaus vardo, nežinomo autoriaus kūrinys (2); с о с т а в л я т ь а к т ъ – (su)rašyti aktą; / с о с т а в л я т ь б у м а г у – surašyti, sudėti raštą (103); 2+3: х о д ъ д ѣ л а – bylos eiga; / д а т ь х о д ъ д ѣ л у – paleisti bylą eiti (117); 2+4: о ч н а я с т а в к а – suvedimas akysna, statymas vienas prieš kitą; / н а з н а ч а т ь 7 The forward slash indicates graphic separation, i.e. the second nest article is written on a new line. When nest articles are not graphically distinguished (and are given on a single line), this mark is not used. 120 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara свидѣтельямъ очную ставку – to bring witnesses face to face (64); 2+5: инвентарный наслѣдникъ – heir to an estate under inventory; / принять наслѣдство на инвентарномъ правѣ – to accept an inheritance under the right of inventory (33); 3+2: войти посредствомъ повреждения – to break in; / насильно войти – to force one’s way in (11); 3+3: очищать товары пошлиною – to pay customs duty on goods, to clear goods through customs; / очищать отъ вступщиковъ – to free from interveners, to free from third-party claims (64); 4+4: обращение приговора къ исполненію – issuing a judgment for execution; / обращение взысканія на недвижимость – enforcement against immovable property8 property (55); 5+2: заниматься чѣмъ въ качествѣ промысла – to engage in something as an occupation; / заниматься сбытомъ – to sell (27). A typical nest structure is 1+2; the frequency of all combinations is given in Table 2. As can be seen, the variety of nests according to the number of components in terms and other lexical and syntactic units is considerable, and this does not correspond to the present-day conception of a nest—in current practice, phrases are not included in the headword entry of a nest. It should be borne in mind that, at the time this manuscript was compiled (before 1920), only a few terminology dictionaries had been published in Lithuania; consequently, there was essentially no tradition of compiling terminology dictionaries, and the principles of terminography had not yet become established. Moreover, although this has not been confirmed by research, one may suppose that the binomial nests predominant in the manuscript under discussion are generally uncommon in contemporary terminography: if a nest is created, it is likely that at least two hyponyms are usually provided. There is also considerable diversity among nests in terms of grammatical structure. The headword entry of binomial nests usually gives a Russian noun or noun phrase (294 of the 437 nests), less often an adjective, participle, or phrase containing one of these (80), a verb or verb phrase (61); there are also a couple of nests with adverbial headwords. The second entry of a nest likewise usually contains a noun or noun phrase (298), less often a verb or verb phrase (94), or an adverb (2). In this position, the dictionary sometimes gives prepositional constructions (such as, for example, съ недостаткомъ – defective (49), по моему порученію – commissioned by me (75), въ такой соразмѣрности – in such proportion (102); 19 nests); there are also predicative constructions, i.e. constructions corresponding to a sentence or its basis (e.g., былъ безъ памяти – was unconscious (4), я ему наслѣдую – I inherit from him (48), земля отходитъ ему – the land passes to him, is assigned to him 8 There is an error in the manuscript—it should read immovable property. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 121 (63), n p r o š u – I request (87); 8 nests). Depending on which parts of speech or their combinations are given in the headword and second entries of the nest, the following combinations can be distinguished (abbreviations are explained in Table 2): n+n: восходящий подстевнник – ascending relative; / восходящая линия – ascending line (12); должность – service, office; / преступление по должности – offense committed while in office, official offense (21); n+v: запрещение – prohibition, ban; / налагать запрещение на имущество – to place a ban on property (28); смертная казнь – death penalty; / казнить – to execute (99); n+adj/part: обхождение – conduct, treatment; / виновный въ жестокомъ обхожденіи – guilty of cruel treatment (55); прещение законное – statutory deprivation; / состоящий подъ законнымъ прещеніемъ – deprived by law (81); n+adv: официальный актъ – official act; / официально – officially (63); n+pred: запродажная запись – contract of sale; / онъ запродалъ домъ – he agreed to sell the house, he contracted to sell the house (28); n+prep: время – time, period; во время тюремного заключенія – while serving a prison sentence (12); неосторожность – carelessness; / по неосторожности – through carelessness (50); v+n: опечатать – to seal; / опечатанные предметы – sealed objects, objects to be sealed (58); ввѣрить – to entrust; / ввѣренное имущество – entrusted property (7); v+v: застигнуть – to catch; / застигнуть слѣды преступленія – to come upon traces of a crime (29); оплатить – to pay; / оплачивать – to pay in installments (58); v+adj/part: обязать – to pledge, order, compel; / обязанный явкою въ судъ – required to appear (attend) in court (56); v+pred: считать – to count; to consider; / его считаютъ безумнымъ – he is considered insane (108); v+prep: обдумать – to devise; / съ обдуманнымъ заранее намѣреніемъ – (untranslated) (53); adj/part+n: безмездный – gratuitous, free of charge; безмездный договоръ – a gratuitous contract (3); подлежащій – liable; / подлежащая власть – competent authority (71); adj/part+v: виновный – guilty; / признать виновнымъ – to find guilty, to render a guilty verdict (9); adj/part+adj/part: безпотомственный – without descendants; / безпотомственно9 9 Most likely written with a capital letter by mistake (Безпотомственно); otherwise, terms in the manuscript begin with a lowercase letter within a nest. 122 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara умерший – deceased, without descendants (4); adj/part+prep: надлежащий – proper; / безъ надлежащего разрешения – without proper permission (45); adv+n: умышленно – intentionally; / умышленное дряние – intentional damage (113); adv+adj/part: лично – personally; / лично мне известный – personally known to me (41). A typical nest structure is n+n; the frequency of all combinations is given in Table 2. In contemporary terminography, only nouns and noun phrases are most often included, but some dictionaries, especially bilingual or translated educational dictionaries, also make use of other parts of speech and more varied constructions. This information is useful to users (e.g. translators or subject specialists). However, such dictionaries are generally not considered genuine terminology dictionaries—they are simply dictionaries of the language used in particular fields. Table 2. Combinations of headword and second entries in binomial nests according to the number of components or parts of speech and their combinations in the Russian terms and other lexical or syntactic units provided Combinations by number of components | Number of nests | Combinations by parts of speech and their combinations | Number of nests | 1+1 | 15 | n+n | 217 | 1+2 | 218 | n+v | 49 | 1+3 | 91 | n+adj/part | 8 | 1+4 | 18 | n+adv | 2 | 1+5 | 7 | n+pred | 3 | 1+6 | 4 | n+prep | 15 | 1+7 | 1 | v+n | 6 | 1+8 | 2 | v+v | 43 | 2+1 | 5 | v+adj/part | 6 | 2+2 | 55 | v+pred | 5 | 2+3 | 6 | v+prep | 1 | 2+4 | 4 | adj/part+n | 74 | 2+5 | 1 | adj/part+adj/part | 1 | 3+2 | 1 | adj/part+v | 2 | 3+3 | 6 | adj/part+prep | 3 | 4+4 | 2 | adv+n | 1 | 5+2 | 1 | adv+adj/part | 1 | Total | 437 | Total | 437 Explanation: n – noun or noun phrase; v – verb or verb phrase; adj/part – adjective or participle, or a phrase containing one of these; adv – adverb; pred – predicative construction; prep – prepositional construction. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 1 2 3 There are 189 three-member nests in the dictionary. The headword entry usually gives one Russian word (167 entries), sometimes a two-word (20) or three-word (2) phrase. Two-word phrases predominate in the other entries (265); there are also one-word (6), three-word (76), four-word (23), five-word (7), and six-word (1) phrases. Most often, alongside a one-word headword term or simply a word, two two-word phrases are given (1+2+2)—this is the typical structure of a three-member nest (90 nests), e.g.: д а н н а я – acquisition deed; / д а н н а я к р п b н о с т ь – secured acquisition deed; / д а н н о е д ѣ л я н і е – this work (18); д ѣ й с т в о в а т ь – work, have force; / д ѣ й с т в у ю щ е е з а к о н о д а т е л ь с т в о – laws in force; existing laws, effective laws; / д ѣ й с т в у ю щ а я а р м і я – army at war (23); з л о н а м ъ р е н н ы й – ill-intentioned; / з л о н а м ъ р е н н ы й б а н к р о т ъ – fraudulent bankrupt; / з л о н а м ъ р е н н а я щ а й к а – gang of evildoers (30); и с п р а в л я т ь – correct; / и с п р а в л я т ь д о л ж н о с т ь – perform a duty, serve; / и с-п р а в и т ь а к т ъ – amend an act (34). Less often, a two-word and a three-word phrase are given in a nest (1+2+3 or 1+3+2) (33 nests), e.g.: в з ы с к а н і е – penalty, collection, recovery; / в з ы с к а н і е з а п о т р а в у – compensation for crop damage; / м ѣ р ы в з ы с к а н і я – penal measures (8); д о л г ъ – debt, obligation; / ч е л о в ѣ к ъ д о л г а – a person under obligation; / д о л г ъ н а м ѣ с т ѣ – my debt, I am in debt (21); з а я в л я т ь – declare, have entered; / з а я в л я т ь и с к ъ – bring a claim, file a claim; / з а я в-л я т ь с в о и п р а в а – assert one's rights (30); only three-word phrases (1+3+3) (15 nests), e.g.: о с в и д ѣ т е л ь с т в о в а н і е – examination, inspection; / о с в и д ѣ т е л ь с т в о в а н і е м е р т в о г о т ѣ л а – examination of a dead body; / а к т ъ о с в и д ѣ т е л ь с т в о в а н і я р а б о т ъ – works inspection report (59); с т р а ж а – guard; / в з я т ь п о д ъ с т р а ж у – arrest, take into custody; / н а х о д и т с я п о д ъ с т р а-ж е ю – is under guard, detained (106); two-word and four-word phrases (1+2+4 or 1+4+2) (10 nests), e.g.: д о з н а н і е – inquiry, preliminary investigation; / п р и д о з н а н і и – during the inquiry; / д о з н а н і е ч е р е з ъ о к о л ь н ы х ъ л ю д е й – finding out, inquiry through people in the vicinity, residents (20); п р и б а в к а – supplement (81); / л и ч н а я п р и б а в к а к ъ ж а л о в а н і ю – personal salary supplement; / п р и б а в к а ж а л о в а н і я – salary increase, pay rise (82). A further 15 nests can be distinguished in which all members are two-word phrases (2+2+2), e.g.: б е з д е н е ж н ы й в е к с е л ь – empty bill; / б е з д е н е ж н ы й д о к у м е н т ъ – document without monetary payment 124 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara ; безденежное пользование – free use (3); налагать опеку – appoint a guardian; / налагать наказание – impose a punishment; / наложить печать – affix a seal, seal (46). The remaining 26 three-member nests do not form larger groups by number of components; they are varied, e.g.: вступление – entry; / вступление третьего лица в дело – intervention by a third party in a case; / вступление третьего лица в права кредитора – a third party's assumption of the creditor's rights (13); выдать – give, hand over; / выдать за свое – pass off as one's own; / выдать себя за другое лицо – claim to be another person (14); передать – transfer; / передать дело по подсудности – (untranslated); передать дело на распоряжение суда – refer the case to the court for consideration (65); хождение по делу – handling of a case, looking after a case; / оставить дело без хождения – leave the case unattended; / иметь хождение – be in circulation10 (117). Looking at the parts of speech, nouns and noun phrases are most commonly given in three-member nests (83 nests) (n+n+n), e.g.: бредъ – delirium; бредъ величія – delusions of grandeur; бредъ преслѣдованія – delusions of persecution (6); предъявленіе – presentation, submission; / предъявленіе иска – filing, bringing of a claim; / вексель съ платежомъ по предъявленію – a bill payable on demand (80); промышленный налогъ – business tax; / промысловое свидѣтельство – business licence; / промысловое животное – game animal (87); явка (въ судъ) – appearance (in court); / явка (договоровъ) – registration, recording; / явка съ повинною – appearance to confess one's guilt (120); alongside nouns, a verb phrase is sometimes included in the nest (n+n+v or n+v+n) (14 nests), e.g.: возобновленіе – renewal11; / возобновить дѣло – resume the case, reopen the case; / возобновленіе дѣла – resumption of the case; reopening the case (11); гласность – publicity, public exposure; / гласность процесса – publicity of proceedings, public nature of the trial; / получить гласность – become known, come to light (17). A relatively large group (44 entries) consists of nests of noun phrases, 10 It should be in circulation. The manuscript contains more instances in which, for some reason, ė is written instead of e. 11 The error should read renewal. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 125 whose headword nests contain adjectives or participles (adj/part+n+n), e.g.: внъбрачный – born out of wedlock; / внъбрачный ребенокъ – illegitimate child, foundling; / внъбрачное сожительство – cohabitation outside marriage (10); мнимый – alleged; / мнимая смерть – apparent death; / мнимая претензия – unfounded claim (43); оправдательный – exculpatory; / оправдательный приговор – acquittal; / оправдательный документ – supporting document (58). A further 20 nests consist solely of verbs and their phrases (v+v+v), e.g.: наряжать – appoint; / наряжать комиссию – appoint a commission, form a commission; / наряжать на работы – assign to work (47); повредить – injure, damage; / повредить здоровье – impair one's health; / повредить печать – break a seal (69). The other 28 nests comprise varied combinations of parts of speech. Alongside a headword noun are given verb, adjective, and prepositional phrases, as well as predicative constructions, e.g.: аренда – rent; отдавать въ аренду – lease out; сдающий въ аренду – lessor (2); власть – authority, rule; / власть надъ дѣтьми – authority over children; / былъ подъ моею властью – was under my authority (9); основание – basis; / на основаніи того – on that basis; / на общемъ основаніи – on general grounds (59); очередь – queue; / внести дѣло въ очередь – place the case on the docket; / исключить дѣло изъ очереди – remove the case from the docket (64). There are also similar varied nests with adjective or participle headwords, e.g.: выморочный – escheated; / выморочное наследство – escheated estate; / наследовать по выморочному праву – inherit under escheat law12 (14); недѣйствительный – invalid, ineffective, false; / недѣйствительный договоръ – invalid contract; / признать недѣйствительнымъ – declare false, declare invalid (49); корыстный – self-serving; / корыстное побужденіе – (untranslated); / съ корыстною цѣлью – with a view to profit (39); подлинный – original; / подлинный актъ – original act, original of the act; / съ подлиннымъ вѣрно – agrees with the original, corresponds to the original (71); тайный – secret; тайно – secretly; / тайное завѣщаніе – secret will 12 It should be right. 126 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara (108). One or two other structurally interesting nests may also be mentioned, whose headword entry gives a verb or an adverb, e.g.: заподозревать – įtarti; / заподозривать актъ въ подлинности – įtarti akto originalumą; / заподозрѣнный въ банкротствѣ – įtartas nusigyvenęs (28); подлежать – (untranslated); / подлежить удовлетворенію – yra patenkintinas; / подлежить болѣе строгой отвѣтственности – yra skaudžiai baustinas (71); самовольно – sava valia; самовольное пользованіе правомъ – savo (paties) valia, iš savo valios pasinaudojimas, naudojimasis teise13; / самовольное пребываніе – neleist as, neleidžiamas buvimas (94). Four-member entries are considerably fewer in the dictionary under discussion than three-member ones—75. Their headwords usually give one Russian word (67 entries); there are also 7 entries with two-word headword phrases and 1 with a three-word phrase. Two-word combinations are most common within entries (141), followed by three-word (56), four-word (17), five-word (2), and six-word (2) combinations; the entries also include 7 single-word terms. Here are some examples of entries with varying numbers of components: бракъ – vedyba, sąvedybos; / недѣйствительный бракъ – netikra vedyba; / состоять въ бракѣ – būti susivedus; / дитя, рожденное внѣ брака – pavainikis kūdikis, rastinis kūdikis (6); заводъ – dirbykla, gamintuvė, darbo įtaisa; / горный заводъ – kasinių gamintuvė; / водочный заводъ – degtinės varykla, geriminė; / конскій заводъ – arklių veisykla, veisiamoji arklidė (24); лишень законного основанія – neturi teisės pagrindo, neturi įstatyminio pagrindo; / можетъ быть навсегда лишень права – gali būti amžinai atimtas teisę; / лишить виновного права – atimti kaltininkui teisę; / лишиться – netekti, nustoti, prarasti (41); обратить вниманіе – atkreipti dėmesį, paakinti; / обратить взысканіе на недвижимость – imti išieškoti iš nekilnojamojo turto; / обратить приговоръ къ исполненію – išleisti nusprendimą vykdyti (54); обратить въ пользу казны – paimti valdžios naudai (55); свободный – laisvas, palaidas, atliekamas; / свободное время – atliekamas, atspėjamas laikas; / свободное распоряженіе – (untranslated); / часть имущества, находящагося въ свободномъ распоряженіи – 13 It should be teise. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 127 a part of property that may be dealt with as one sees fit (96); скрѣплять – patvirtinti; / скрѣплять (печатью) – antspauduoti; / скрѣплять (по листамъ) – sužymėti; / скрѣпленный печатью – antspauduotas (98). In the headword entries of four-member nests, nouns or noun phrases are most often given (34 nests), somewhat less often adjectives, participles, or their phrases (22 nests), and verbs or their phrases (19 nests). Nouns and noun phrases predominate in non-headword entries (141); there are also many verbs and verb phrases (73), but only 1 participial phrase. Also included are 4 predicative constructions (e.g., всть отвечают солидарно (102)), 5 prepositional constructions (e.g., во вредъ правосудію (12)), and 1 case form in a phrase (явочнымъ порядкомъ (120)). There are three typical entry types: entries giving only nouns and noun phrases (e.g., камера – kambarys, kamara; / арестантская камера – kalimoji, kalimasis kambarys; / судебная камера – teismo kambarys; / обвинительная камера – kaltinamoji kamera; valstybės gynėjo kamera (35)); entries giving only verbs and verb phrases (e.g., заключать договоръ – padaryti sandorą; / заключать въ тюрьму – įdėti į kalėjimą, uždaryti kalėjime14; / заключать въ оковы – pančiais surakinti, saistyti; / заключать заемъ – pasiskolinti (26)); and entries whose headword gives an adjective or participle, while the nest contains noun phrases (e.g., насильственный – smurtus; / насильственное действие – smurto veiksmas; / насильственное завладѣніе недвижимымъ имуществомъ – nekilnojamojo turto paveržimas smurtu; / насильственная смерть – (untranslated) (47)). Here are some rarer examples of more varied structures: повинная – pasisakymas; / явка съ повинною – atvykimas pasisakyti esant kaltą; / явился съ повинною – atvyko pasisakyti esąs kaltas (68); / принести повинную – pasisakyti esant kaltą (69); солидарный – išvieninis, solidaringas; / солидарная ответственность – išvieninė, solidaringa atsakomybė; / всѣ отвечают солидарно – visi atsako išvien; / солидарное поручительство – išvieninis laidavimas (102); счетъ – sąskaita; / въ счетъ долга – į skolą; въ долгъ – skolintinai; на мой счетъ – mano galvon (107); явиться – atvykti; / являться въ судъ – atvykti į teismą, stoti teisme; / 14 It should be kalėjime. 128 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara явились ко мнѣ – came to me; / явиться съ повинною – came forward to confess, to admit being guilty (120); явочный – registration; / явочный актъ – registration act; / явочный листокъ – registration slip; / явочнымъ порядкомъ – by notification, by declaration, by notice (120). Similar diversity in the structure of nests is maintained in larger nests, of which there are 48 in the dictionary altogether. Five-member nests are the most numerous (28); the others are less common: six-member nests—6, seven-member—5, eight-member—6, nine-member—1, and ten-member—2. Taken together, they show that headword entries most often give one Russian word (41), and rarely a two-word (5) or three-word (2) phrase. Two-word phrases are most commonly included in the nests (163), followed by three-word phrases (53); there are also four-word (13), five-word (5), and six-word (1) phrases, as well as single-word terms or other words (5). Nouns and noun phrases are given somewhat more often in nest headword entries (28), but there are also many adjectives (15), as well as some verbs and verb phrases (5). Noun and verb phrases predominate within the nests (189 and 34, respectively); also worth noting are a couple of nouns (дѣло – byla, reikalas (23) in the nest дѣла – reikalai; канцелярский – raštinės, kancelerinis (35) in the nest канцелярскія – raštinės pinigai, išlaidos) and one verb (прекращать – baigti (80) in the nest прекращаться – baigtis). As in smaller nests, predicative constructions occur (7), e.g.: я возбудилъ противъ него дѣло – aš jam bylą iškėliau (22), покушался на меня – kėsinosi ant manęs (73), срокъ истекъ – terminas išėjo (104); prepositional constructions (5), e.g.: въ отсутствии – nesant, nesamas (63), на пятилѣтній срокъ – penkerių metų laikui (104); a noun case form is also given (надписью – įrašant, įrašu, antrašu (45)), as is an adverb with a synonym (частью, отчасти – iš dalies (118)). Examples of nests of various sizes and structures may be given: дѣйствіе – veiksmas; / оскорбленіе дѣйствіемъ – įžeidimas veiksmu; / неправильныя дѣйствія по службѣ – netaisyklingi veiksmai tarnybą einant; / дѣйствіе закона – įstatymo galia; / дѣйствіе закона распространяется на X – įstatymas turi galios X-ui; / приводить въ дѣйствіе – (untranslated); / вступать въ дѣйствіе – (untranslated) (22); законный – teisėtas, įstatyminis; / законный отецъ – teisės tėvas; / законныя дѣти – teisės vaikai; / законный наслѣдникъ – teisės įpėdinis, įstatyminis įpėdinis; / законный срокъ – įstatyminis terminas; / законный Terminologija | 2011 | 18 129 порядокъ – lawful, statutory course; / з а к о н н о е п р е п я т с т в и е – lawful obstacle; / з а к о н н а я с и л а – entry into force; / з а к о н н а я с и л а р ш е н і я – the legal force of a court decision; / з а к о н н о е м ѣ с т о ж и т е л ь с т в о 15 – lawful place of residence (26); о б р а т н ы й в е к с е л ь – reimbursement bill, return bill; / о б р а т н а я с и л а з а к о н а – retroactive force of law; / о б р а т н а я о т в ѣ т с т в е н н о с т ь – compensatory liability; / о б р а т н о е т р е б о в а н и е – claim for compensation; / п р а в о о б р а т н о г о т р е б о в а н і я – right to a recourse claim; / о б р а т н а я р а с п и с к а – (untranslated) (55); о с т а в и т ь б е з ъ п о с л ѣ д с т в і й – (untranslated); / о с т а в и т ь б е з ъ у д о в л е т в о р е н і я – reject, leave unsatisfied, leave without satisfaction; / о с т а в л я т ь с л у ж б у – leave the service; / о с т а в л я т ь з а с о б о ю п р а в о – reserve the right; / о с т а в л е н н а я в е щ ь – abandoned object (60); п р а в о – right; / п р а в а с о с т о я н і я – rights of estate, civil-status rights; / п р а в о з а с т р о й к и – right to build structures; / п р а в а п о и м у щ е с т в у – property rights; / п р а в о б ѣ д н о с т и – right of indigence; / п р а в о с о б с т в е н н о с т и – right of ownership; / п о п р а в у – by right, lawfully; / б ы т ь в ъ п р а в ѣ – have the right; / с ч и т а т ь с е б я в ъ п р а в ѣ – consider oneself entitled (78); с л ѣ д с т в е н н ы й – investigative, of an investigation; / с л ѣ д с т в е н н ы е а к т ы – acts of investigation; / с л ѣ д с т в е н н а я т ю р ь м а – remand prison; / с л ѣ д с т в е н н о е п р о и з в о д с т в о – investigative proceedings, investigation of a case; / с л ѣ д с т в е н н о е д ѣ й с т в і е – investigative action (99); с о с т а в ъ – composition; / л и ч н ы й с о с т а в ъ у ч р е ж д е н і я – staff of an institution, composition of an institution's staff; / с о с т а в ъ с у д е й – full bench of judges; / с о с т а в ъ п р е с т у п л е н і я, п р е с т у п н о г о д ѣ я н і я – essence, elements of a crime or criminal act; criminal matter; / з а о т с у т с т в і е м ъ с о с т а в а п р е с т у п л е н і я о б ъ я п р е к р а т и т ь – discontinue the case for lack of the elements of a crime; / х и м и ч е с к і й с о с т а в ъ – chemical composition; / в ъ п о л н о м ъ с о с т а в ѣ – fully, in full composition (103). It can be seen that the dictionary entries are highly heterogeneous, both structurally and grammatically. Some terms that could be included in entries are presented as separate articles, while those grouped into entries are also selected on varying grounds. Most numerous are the entries (466 out of 749) whose headword article presents 15 It should be жительства. 130 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara A noun or its combination is provided, but quite often an adjective, participle, verb (or their combinations) is also given as a headword. Such a dictionary structure could lead to the repetition of compound terms, but nevertheless, terms in different nests or in separately presented entries usually differ; only about fifty are repeated—51 Russian terms are presented twice, and 2 terms three times. Indeed, perhaps because of the editors’ inattention or lack of coordination, the entries for two thirds of the repeated Russian terms have discrepancies. The entries for 20, that is, approximately one third, of the repeated Russian terms match; they are translated identically on different pages: reward for a find – radybos (11, 48); city council – miesto valdyba (17, 113); deserving of leniency – vertas malonės (29, 100); personal detention – suėmimas (25, 41); personal hire – samda (41, 46); hereditary share – palikimo dalis (21, 48); wholesale contractor – didmenų rengėjas (59, 72); to bring in by force – prievarta atvesdinti (70, 82); the accused’s last word – paskutinis kaltinamojo žodis (76, 98); juror – prisiekusis sprendėjas (29, 85); customs duty – muitas (77, 108); joint-stock partnership – dalininkų bendrovė (64, 108); to misuse – piktam vartoti (30, 113). Also included here are cases that are essentially no different: to refute an objection – sugriauti prieštaravimus (11); to refute objections – sugriauti prieštaravimus (59); to seek (through the court) – ieškoti per teismą¹⁶ (33); to seek through the court – ieškoti per teismą (107); bodily injury – kūno žala, sužalojimas (110); bodily injury – kūno žala, kūno sužalojimas (69); serious crime – didysis nusikaltimas; nusidėjimas¹⁷ (81); serious crime – didysis nusikaltimas, nusidėjimas (110). Three terms are repeated but left untranslated in both instances: возражение и опровержение (11, 59), генеральное межевание (16, 43); душевное расстройство (22, 91). As noted, the entries for most recurring Russian terms do not match—the Lithuanian equivalents given most often all differ, and their number does not necessarily match either. There are 17 such terms: возбужденіе судебного преслѣдованія – initiation of a court case (10), cf. возбужденіе судебного преслѣдованія – institution of court proceedings (106); доход- 16 The article is separated from the entry искать (на судѣ) – seek in court; (судомъ) seek through the court (30). 17 The semicolon instead of a comma here was apparently written by mistake. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 1 3 1 ная статья – profit item (22), cf. доходная статья – revenue item (105); злой умысел – malicious intent, desire (30), cf. злой умысел – guile (113); инвентарная опись – inventory list, compilation; listing of assets, description (32), cf. инвентарная опись – inventory description (58); казнить – punish by killing, punish with death (35), cf. казнить – kill (99); канцелярский служитель – office servant (35), cf. канцелярский служитель – office clerk (99); кража съ взломомъ – burglary (8), cf. кража со взломомъ – theft by breaking in (39) (note also the difference in the Russian preposition); мировая сделка – conciliatory agreement, peace agreement (43), cf. мировая сделка – conciliation, amicable, negotiated agreement (97); обвинительная камера – indictment chamber; chamber of the state prosecutor (35), cf. обвинительная камера – indictment chamber, chamber of the state prosecutor (53); одностороннее обязательство – unilateral obligation (56), cf. одностороннее обязательство – unilateral obligation (57); оскорбление святыни – insult to a sacred object, desecration (59), cf. оскорбление святыни – insult to a sacred object (96); охотничий участок – hunting plot, hunted plot (63), cf. охотничий участок – hunting area (115); производить судъ – administer justice (86), cf. производить судъ – judge (107); сельский сходъ – village assembly, rural community meeting (97), cf. сельский сходъ – rural community assembly (107); третейская запись – arbitration agreement (28), cf. третейская запись – written arbitration agreement (109); судебно-медицинское вскрытие – forensic medical incision (12), cf. судебно-медицинское вскрытие – forensic medical examination18 and incision of a corpse (106); явка съ повинною – appearance to admit guilt (68), cf. явка съ повинною – appearance to confess one’s guilt (120). There are also 13 terms whose entries differ in the number of Lithuanian equivalents, although at least one equivalent matches: вѣчное владѣніе – perpetual possession (9), cf. вѣчное владѣніе – possession forever, perpetual possession (16); весьма тяжкое тѣлесное повреждение – very serious bodily injury (69, 110), cf. весьма тяжкое тѣлесное 18 There is an error in the text—it should read tardomasis. 132 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara severe bodily injury – very serious bodily harm, injury (110); military ranks – military (11) cf. military ranks – military, soldiers (118); memorandum – report, explanatory memorandum (20) cf. memorandum – report (28); bill of sale – bill of sale (40) cf. bill of sale – bill of sale; instrument confirming a purchase (40) (note also the different presentation of the Russian terms); guilty verdict – guilty verdict; conviction (53) cf. guilty verdict – conviction (82); separate opinion – separate opinion, personal opinion (44) cf. separate opinion – separate opinion (60); right to indigence – right to relief on grounds of poverty, inability to pay (7) cf. right to indigence – right to relief on grounds of poverty (78); bring to account – summon to court, hold liable (61) cf. bring to account – hold liable, summon to court, institute proceedings (82); compulsory alienation – compulsory expropriation (63) cf. compulsory alienation – compulsory taking, expropriation (83); adaptation – tool, device; adaptation; means (84) cf. adaptation – adaptation (84); notice concerning a search – wanted notice, notice seeking to apprehend (88) cf. notice concerning a search – wanted notice (108); grievous bodily injury – grievous bodily harm (69, 110) cf. grievous bodily injury – grievous bodily harm, injury (110). Only one case can be identified in which one of two Lithuanian equivalents given in different places differs: limited partnership – trust-based company, firm partnership (16) cf. limited partnership – trust company, firm partnership (108). A pair of Russian terms is given with equivalents in one place and without them in another: counter-receipt (55), leave without effect (60) are not translated on the indicated pages, whereas elsewhere one finds counter-receipt – return receipt (91), leave without effect – leave unsatisfied (76). The dictionary’s structure shows that finding terms is inconvenient: the same compound term sometimes has to be searched for under different components. Some specific terms may appear under the entry for the head component, others under a subordinate component, and still others as separate alphabetical entries. Moreover, compound terms are sometimes also used as headwords for entries. For example, meeting – session (29) is listed separately, without specific terms, as an independent alphabetical entry Terminologija | 2011 | 18 133 one can find closed meeting – closed session (26), open meeting – public session is already listed under an entry headed by open document – public instrument (61), while ordinary meeting – regular session (64) appears under the entry ordinary – regular (64). The term administrative meeting – administrative session (91) itself serves as an entry headword; only administrative management (untranslated) is included under that entry. Many more similar examples could be given. For instance, the entry evidence – proof, demonstration contains only one specific term, evidence by witnesses – proof by testimony (20), whereas real evidence – evidentiary object (8) is listed under real – material (8). Another specific term, circumstantial evidence – indirect proof (39), serves as an entry headword, while its entry lists, under the specific component, indirect tax – indirect tax, indirect impost (39). Likewise, it would be inconvenient to search for the specific terms of, for example, crime – crime (81), because its entry contains only serious crime – major crime; wrongdoing. The terms crime against the state – crime against the state (17), official crime – official misconduct (21), criminal offense – criminal offense (111) must be sought under the entries for the specific components state, official, criminal, whereas continuing offense – continuing crime, ongoing offense (19), political crime – political crime (73), and religious crime – religious crime (93) are presented as separate entries without subentries. The term serious crime – major crime, wrongdoing (110), which appears under the main entry, is also repeated and itself serves as an entry headword (the compounds with serious are listed under it). Such an arrangement, which essentially prevents the terminological system from being seen, is suitable only for looking up equivalents (understandably, translation was the main priority at the time), although there remains a possibility that readers will simply fail to find some of the information. All this demonstrates the absence of clear structural principles at both the macrostructural and microstructural19 levels. Subentries are compiled inconsistently; for example, constant – permanent, continuous, eternal (76) is given as a separate entry, while alongside it permanent residence – permanent place of residence; / constantly – constantly, continuously, for all time (76) is grouped under one entry. It seems odd when a specific term appears in an entry’s headword while its component appears in the subentry, for example: defaulting payer – (untranslated) 19 Dėl terminų žr. Jakaitienė 2005: 33, 36; LST ISO 1087-1: 2005: 14. 134 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara translated); / defective – faulty (50). Sometimes separate subentries are created unnecessarily; for example, there is an entry inventory – inventory, inventory-related; / inventory book – inventory books20, / inventory list – inventory list, compilation; inventory inventory, description (32), while alongside it there is an entry inventory heir – heir to inventory property; / accept an inheritance under the inventory right – accept an inheritance under the inventory right (33). Alternatively, entries are not combined under one subentry when they should be; for example, false – mendacious, false (41) is listed separately, next to the entry false denunciation – false complaint, report; / false testimony – false application, testimony (41) (here this is essentially a matter of graphic separation). Entirely unrelated items are also apparently grouped under one entry through inadvertence; for example, the entry hire oneself out – hire oneself out (47) includes violent attack. Perhaps the structure would have been organized when preparing the dictionary for publication, since this is only a draft, whose purpose was presumably just to collect as diverse a range of material as possible. Regarding the structure of an entry, it may be said that it is uncomplicated in the dictionary. The various examples given in the entries already show that an entry usually consists of a Russian term (or simply some word or phrase) followed by one or more Lithuanian equivalents after a dash. When several equivalents (synonyms or meanings) are provided, recurring components are often omitted, e.g., call to auction – call to auction, bidding, competitive bidding (14), creditors’ association – creditors’, lenders’ association, union (103). However, this is done inconsistently, cf. single judge – individual judge, judge acting alone, single-member judge, one-person judge (23). Sometimes, without any clear reason, some adjacent components are repeated while others are omitted, e.g., limitation by prescription – extinguishing21prolongation, becoming time-barred, prolongation by delay; prolongation by delay (69). The rationale for using a semicolon here is also unclear. The semicolon sometimes makes it unclear whether the modifier should be attached to all the words, e.g., summons – summons, summoning, invitation, notice; notification, (in)vitation (69). In general, the semicolon seems to be used to distinguish meanings or shades of meaning, but this is not always done precisely and systematically, e.g., injury – inj 20Mismatch between the number of Russian and Lithuanian terms. 21It should be extinguishing. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 135 destruction, damage; breaking, spoiling, harming; injury, damage (69), cf. повредить – to injure, harm, spoil (69). There are a couple of instances in which different parts of speech are separated by a semicolon, e.g.: запасный – reserve; spare (27), пожарный – fire-related; fireman (72), but cf. аукционерный – shareholders’, share-related (1). Most often, all equivalents are separated by commas, e.g., выручать – to earn, arrest, collect, rescue (15). There are relatively many entries (about 160) in which Lithuanian equivalents are given in parentheses. Parentheses are used for several purposes: 1) a word that can be omitted is placed in parentheses (it is not always clear whether this gives an explanation or short and long variants of the term), e.g.: взимать подборы – to collect (illegal) levies; to extract (8); водопроводъ – (water) supply line (10); вписныя – entry (fees) (12); застройка – (house) construction (29); крушение – (train) wreck, shattering; (ship) sinking (40); приводъ – (translated) bringing (82). Sometimes the parentheses correspond to parentheses of analogous meaning alongside the Russian term, e.g.: закрытие (дверей) – (meeting) closure (26); наводить справки (въ дѣлахъ) – to make inquiries (in cases) (104); (временно) устранить отъ должности – (temporarily) remove from office (114). Occasionally, a word that can replace the preceding word is written in parentheses, that is, synonyms are provided, e.g.: обязательный явкою въ судъ – obliged to appear (present oneself) in court (56); срочный договоръ найма – fixed-term hiring (employment) contract (agreement) (105). The following may be regarded as explanations: cases in which Lithuanian material in parentheses is given alongside the Russian term, e.g.: месть (wife’s father) – father-in-law (108); теща (wife’s mother) – mother-in-law (108), but here the examples also border on synonymy, since analogous information is presented elsewhere in another way (with an unnecessary comma) – своячина – sister-in-law, (wife’s sister) (96). Also worth mentioning is the sole instance in which a Latin equivalent is given in parentheses as an explanation – безсилие (impotentia) – inability (4); 2) a word part that may be omitted is placed in parentheses. Usually this is either a prefix, e.g.: вскрыть – to (un)seal (12); защита – (de)fence (29); наймодавецъ – (lessor) (46); приводить къ присяге – to (ad)minister an oath (84); уничтожать – to (de)stroy, (de)stroy (113), or a reflexive particle, e.g.: душевное волнение – (soul’s) agi(tat)ion (22); замѣтка – ob(serv)ation, ob- 136 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara servation (27); право застройки – right to build (a house) (29); испросить – to (re)quest (34); судиться – to litigate (106). Sometimes a prefix may be chosen, e.g.: доводъ – (con)clusion (20); изменение – (re)(trans)formation (31); усиление – (in)(re)inforcement (114). There is also what is probably the sole entry with a suffix in parentheses – нодоговоръ – incitement, persuasion, persuad(ing), induc(ing) (70); 3) grammatical information, for example, valency, is indicated in parentheses. This is usually indicated by a relative pronoun, e.g.: вмѣняемый – chargeable (with what) (9); обвинять – to accuse (of what), to complain, to blame (53); охотиться – to hunt (what) (63); подозрѣние – suspicion (of what) (71); принудить – to compel (to what) (83); руководить – to direct (whom) (94); руководствоваться – to be guided (by what) (94); соответствовать – to correspond (to what), to match (what22) (102). Demonstrative and personal pronouns are also used for the same purpose, e.g.: виновникъ – culprit (of that), guilty party, one who committed (that), offender (of that) (9); удовлетворять – to satisfy (him), compensate (him), settle accounts (with him), exact retribution (from him) (111). Indeed, there are entries in which the same pronouns indicating valency are given without parentheses, e.g.: зависимость – dependence on whom (24); злоупотреблять – to abuse what (31); неподведомственность – lack of jurisdiction over whom (50); неподсудный – not subject to the jurisdiction of whom (50). Sometimes this is done in consideration of similar Russian phrasing, e.g.: снимать съ кого допросъ – to interrogate whom (21); заниматься чѣмъ въ качествѣ промысла – to engage in what as a trade (27); на основаніи того – on the basis of that (59), отсуждать что у кого – to adjudge what from whom (62); сбыть за – to sell for what (95). There may also be just a preposition without a pronoun, e.g.: засчитывать въ – to count toward (29); покушаться – to attempt against, to encroach upon (73). Among grammatical information, a genitive ending is also sometimes added in parentheses (with or without a hyphen), e.g.: осуществление – (im)plementation(-ion), execution (60); послѣдствіе – event(-of); fruit, consequence (76); потомокъ – descendant(-of), heir (77); результатъ – event (of) (93); случайность – occurrence(-of) (99); увѣздъ – district(-of); фактъ – occurrence(-of) (116); фактъ – occurrence(-of) (116). 22 As can be seen, the proposed variant is not necessarily correct. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 137 Atkreiptinas dėmesys, kad žodyno projekte yra spragų. 285 straipsniai lietuviškų atitikmenų neturi, palikta tuščia vieta. Dauguma šių straipsnių (175) pateikti kaip atskiri, kiti įeina į lizdus (37 lizdų antraštiniai ir 73 ne antraštiniai). Dažniausiai (217) tai daiktavardžiai arba jų junginiai, pvz.: алиби (1), бланконадписатель (5), бобыль (5), вотчинник (12), выстройка (15), вытравление плода (15), грационные дни (18), двѣственная плева (22), заторъ (29), командитарій (37), крамола (39), кровоподтекъ (40), легитимація (41), лжеприсяга (41), лъсонарушеніе (42), мировая запись (43), неизгладимое обезображение (50), неисправный плательщикъ (50), неустойка (52), нисходящая линия (52), обезпечение доказательства (53), омертвѣніе (57), откупщикъ (62), отсутствіе уликъ (63), пережившій супругъ (66), перекуръ (66), перенаемщикъ (66), перенаемъ (66), перлюстрація (67), торги съ пониженіемъ (74), правоуступатель (78), пристанодержательство (84), растлѣніе (92), самоуправство (95), сборная ассигновка (95), соискатель (102), сухоподстой (107), уступка ипотечного первенства (115), частный легатарій (118), черезполосность (118). Yra ir neišvertų būdvardžių, veiksmažodžių ir jų junginių, prielinksnių konstrukcijų, pvz.: акцептовать (1), безпошлинный (4), за взаимностью обидѣ (8), вмѣнять въ обязанность (9), воспослѣдовать (12), вступать въ должность (13), для зависящихъ распоряженій (24), межевой (43), недопоступитъ (49), опекунскій (58), переукрѣплять за кѣмъ право собственности (67), подвѣдомственный (70), подплочный (72), принять къ своему производству (83), разбродительный (89), разжаловать (90), размѣнный (90), сдаточный (97), трассировать (109), юридикополитическій (119). Although some material in the project remained untranslated, the total number of Lithuanian equivalents provided is nevertheless impressive. Nearly 3,900 different terms or other lexical or syntactic units were translated. Since more than a third of the terms were translated using more than one equivalent, the total number of Lithuanian equivalents is nearly 5,900 (though some recur in different entries). From a contemporary perspective, the dictionary’s structure is atypical of terminological dictionaries and has features of general dictionaries. It is interesting, however, that a somewhat improved version of the structural model of the 1920 manuscript dictionary was used in the first printed legal terminology dictionary, compiled by Alfonsas Žiurlys (TŽ); that model remains prevalent in the field of law today: that is, what are generally published are not strictly terminology dictionaries but rather dictionaries of legal language, which include a variety of vocabulary and phrases, with nests formed in a mixed fashion according to both the main and secondary components. 138 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara CONCLUSIONS 1. In 1919, the Ministry of Justice began preparing the first Lithuanian legal terminology dictionary, and this was announced in the press. K. Jablonskis was likely the dictionary’s principal compiler. The manuscript, entitled Teisės terminų ir kitų reikalingų teismams žodžių žodynėlio projektas, had already been prepared in 1920. It is not known how the manuscript was discussed, whether J. Jablonskis reviewed it (the dictionary had been sent to him), or why the dictionary was never completed or published. 2. Since the translation into Lithuanian of Russian legal acts that had remained in force was especially important to the state at that time, as was the broader transition from Russian to Lithuanian terminology, the dictionary was compiled as a Russian–Lithuanian translation dictionary. Considering the circumstances and duration of its preparation, its size is substantial—120 pages. The dictionary includes both terms and other lexical and syntactic units that were needed in the legal language of the period. 3. The structure of the Teisės terminų ir kitų reikalingų teismams žodžių žodynėlio projekto is mixed: the material is presented in alphabetical order (with some sorting inaccuracies), both in nests and as separate entries not included in nests. The material in both types of entries is grammatically diverse: it includes nouns, adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech, as well as various phrases. Nests, too, are formed on more than one basis: some group phrases according to the principal word in the nest, others according to a secondary word. There are no cross-references. The unsystematic formation of nests makes terms more difficult to find and prevents readers from seeing the system of terms. 4. Just over half of the Russian terms in the dictionary (2,152) are presented individually, one per entry. These are most often nouns and noun phrases (1,640), but there are also verbs, adjectives, participles, their phrases, and other items. A small group consists of separate entries (38) in which Russian terms have synonyms or variants. The other terms are grouped into nests. The 749 nests contain 2,029 Russian terms (2,052 including synonyms and variants). 5. The dictionary’s nests vary greatly in structure and grammar, and they are not all distinguished graphically in the same way. Most nests are binary (437); a fairly large number are also ternary (189), while larger nests are rarer. The largest nests in the dictionary have ten components (there are only two of them). Both the headword entry of each nest and the other entries included in it contain individual words and phrases in a variety of grammatical forms. This is atypical of terminology dictionaries. Because of this structure, terms could be repeated in different nests, but in fact there are no recurring terms in the dictionary. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 1 3 9 many – just 53 (the Lithuanian equivalents given for some of them in different places do not match). 6. The structure of both the dictionary entries included in nests and those presented separately is straightforward: the Russian term and its Lithuanian equivalent are separated by a dash. Synonyms of the Russian term are added rarely, whereas Lithuanian synonymous equivalents are quite common. They are usually separated by commas. Parentheses are sometimes used in entries. They usually indicate a word or part of a word that may be omitted; a pronoun in parentheses indicates collocability, or a genitive ending is added in parentheses, that is, inflection is indicated. 7. Some Russian terms (285 entries) were left untranslated in the dictionary project; overall, however, the dictionary contains abundant data, with nearly 3,900 different entries provided with Lithuanian equivalents. 8. At both the macrostructural and microstructural levels, the dictionary is not well thought out; apparently, it was compiled without a clear conception of its structure. It is evident that this is only a draft, whose structure would still have had to be reviewed in preparation for publication. It cannot be ruled out that the dictionary remained unpublished precisely because of its shortcomings. Nevertheless, it should also be borne in mind that it was compiled at a time when Lithuanian terminography had no traditions and was only showing its first shoots; therefore, the organization of the data in terms of subject matter and language would have been far more important than its structural arrangement. LITERATŪRA DJTŽ: Del juridinių terminų žodyno. – Lietuva, 1919, lapkričio 3, 2. Jakaitienė E. 2005: Leksikografija, Vilnius. LST ISO 1087-1: 2005 Terminologijos darbas. Aiškinamasis žodynas. 1 dalis. Teorija ir taikymas (tapatūs ISO 1087-1:2000). TŽ: Teisinių terminų žodynas. Sudarė A. Žiurlys, Vilnius, 1954. Umbrasas A. 2001: Teisės terminijos padėtis Lietuvoje 1918–1940 metais. – Terminologija 8, 76–94. THE STRUCTURE OF MANUSCRIPT DICTIONARY OF LAW TERMS (1920) The article deals with the terminographical aspect of the first Lithuanian dictionary of law compiled in Lithuania – manuscript Teisės terminų ir kitų reikalingų teismams žodžių žodynėlio projektas (Draft dictionary of law terms and other words necessary for courts) (1920). The dictionary was prepared by the Ministry of Justice; its main compiler was, most likely, Konstantinas Jablonskis. A number of copies of this manuscript were made, therefore a few of them have survived. This is quite a large translative Russian–Lithuanian dictionary comprising 120 pages. It has a mixed structure – terms (including other lexical and syntactic units) are presented either in separate entries or grouped into a single entry according to some common feature. The dictionary presents diverse material – terms, words and their combinations used in the language 140 A. Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara of law at that time. Grammatical expression of the data also varies – nouns, adjectives, verbs and other parts of speech are included. Some Russian terms (285 entries) were not translated, though in general the data is rich – there are nearly 3900 different entries with Lithuanian equivalents. The article describes the macro and microstructure of the dictionary, the grammatical and structural types of the data. The dictionary is not particularly well thought-out, neither is it systematically arranged and some repetition of the data can be found. Still it has to be taken into consideration that it was compiled at a time when there was no terminographical tradition in Lithuania (there were few dictionaries of terms published); therefore its faults shouldn’t be judged strictly. This dictionary is a valuable object for the history of Lithuanian terminography. Gauta 2011-12-05 Alvydas Umbrasas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] Terminologija | 2011 | 18 141