„Keleivio“ straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai

Keleivio Articles on Health: Terminology PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language KEYWORDS: medicine, health, medical term INTRODUCTORY NOTES In the first half of the nineteenth century, the situation of the Lithuanian language in Lithuania Minor was better than in Lithuania Major. Lithuanian flourished there—efforts were made to purify it, improve its standards, and so on. The first Lithuanian newspapers also began to be published in Lithuania Minor (Zinkevičius 1990: 225), and the beginnings of terminology from various fields of science can be found in them. One such publication was the weekly newspaper published in Königsberg from 1849 to 1880, Keleiwis iß Karalaucżiaus Broliams Lietuwininkams ßinęs parneßas (hereafter, Keleivis), edited and published by Frydrichas Kuršaitis (1806–1884). In addition to Sunday sermons and news of political and other matters of public importance from Prussia, Germany, and other countries, the newspaper published popular articles on various scientific fields, including astronomy, botany, physics1, geography, history, medicine, meteorology, technology, veterinary science, zoology, and others. From 1853 to 1879, nineteen articles on medicine were published in Keleivyje2. It should be noted that the articles were written by non-physicians, with the exception of one article about trichinae (“Saugokitės nū Trichynų!” [Beware of Trichinae!]), at the end of which the signature reads “Kreif[?]likus Dr. Pinkus.” Fr. Kuršaitis published the most articles—eleven—on various topics3. He wrote about the effects of tobacco on human health in the article “Ar Wale Tabako rukyti?” [Is It Good to Smoke Tobacco?], and about the importance of rest in the article 1Keleivio’s terminology in popular physics articles has been studied by Angelė Kaulakienė (see Kaulakienė 1991). 2The source material for the article was collected from Lietuvos bibliografija. Serija C. Lietuviškų periodinių leidinių publikacijos 1832–1890. Vilnius, 2004, 471–492. 3In fact, most articles do not name their authors in the newspaper; only a couple are signed with the pseudonym K. The articles listed below are attributed to Fr. Kuršaitis on the basis of the publication cited in footnote 2. 92 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Keleivio straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai An article published for health is “Remember, that you should keep the Holy Day!” Four articles are about infectious diseases and their prevention: “Instructions against Cholera,” “Instruction against Cholera,” “Trichinosis,” “About the Plague.” Fr. Kuršaitis also wrote about the work of medical nurses, providing medical assistance to Prussian soldiers wounded in battle, cremation of the dead, and other matters related to medicine. Besides Fr. Kuršaitis, the press worker Adomas Einaras4 (1842–1906) wrote in the newspaper about operations on fingers and toes and esophageal cancer, and the outbreak of plague in Russia. The authors of six articles are not identified; it is true that some of them are signed with the pseudonyms..n., –w–, and one with the symbol †. The article “Advice and Warning to Mothers” discusses the harmfulness of poppy decoction for infants; a continuing article about medicinal herbs, “Home Pharmacy,” was published; signs and treatment are discussed in the article “The Sting of a Single Bee”; and E. Jenner’s invented vaccination against smallpox is discussed in the article “The Terrible Smallpox or Pox Disease.” The articles “Plague Diseases” and “Cholera” discuss plague, cholera and its spread in Klaipėda, Tilžė, Karaliaučius, and other cities. In addition to the aforementioned articles, words and phrases related to health and treatment can be found in the sections “Various News” and “Various Brief News” of Keleivio, which often also provide medical information, for example, brief reports about diseases appearing in particular localities, the spread of diseases (most often infectious ones—smallpox, cholera, typhus, measles, fever, etc.), and other matters related to medicine, e.g.: “The Wicked Disease Cholera has now appeared in Karaliaucziuje and here has suddenly taken ten graves” Kel5 1852, Sept. 8 (No. 37), p. 148; “Cholera in Karaliaucziuje still cruelly afflicts people, and it has now appeared in Klaipėda and Gumbinė as well” Kel 1866, Sept. 11 (No. 37), p. 147; “Here in Karaliaucziuje, day by day the number of sick people increases, especially those suffering from fever, chills, and consumption <...>” Kel 1870, March 15 (No. 11), p. 44; “Here in Karaliaucziuje, it is said, smallpox has appeared here and there” Kel 1862, June 24 (No. 25), p. 104. 4 The articles were signed with the pseudonyms a-e-, e-. 5 The article uses the newspaper title abbreviation as it appears in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 93 Thus, the subject of this article comprises over 250 medical terms6 (including variants), selected from the aforementioned Keleivio articles and short health-related notices. The article aims to discuss the origins and semantics of these terms, issues of synonymy and variation, compare them with the medical terms in use today, and consider why some of the terms examined have not survived in the language of contemporary medical science. 1. ORIGINS OF MEDICAL TERMS 1.1. Terms of Lithuanian Origin In terms of origin, the majority of medical terms consist of words and word combinations of Lithuanian origin (185 terms), for example: Akys7 Kel 1865 05 16 (No. 20) 78, Galvõs Skaudėjims Kel 1864 07 5 (No. 27) 106, Kel 1876 02 15 (No. 7) 25, Gėlimą acc.sg. Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, Gydimas Kel 1855 01 17 (No. 3) 11 / Gydymas Kel 1876 02 15 (No. 7) 26, Karʒtis Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131, Krėtimo gen.sg. Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Kunas Kel 1853 04 20 (No. 16) 62, Kel 1855 01 17 (No. 3) 10, Kel 1865 05 16 (No. 20) 78, Kel 1866 08 21 (No. 34) 135, Kel 1872 04 30 (No. 18) 69, Kel 1873 09 16 (No. 37) 146, Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131, Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19, Liga Kel 1852 09 8 (No. 37) 148, Kel 1852 11 17 (No. 47) 188, Kel 1853 10 5 (No. 40) 160, Kel 1855 01 17 (No. 3) 9, Kel 1856 10 8 (No. 41) 164, Kel 1857 09 24 (No. 38) 151, Kel 1862 02 11 (No. 6) 24, Kel 1864 07 5 (No. 27) 106, Kel 1865 05 9 (No. 19) 74, Kel 1866 02 13 (No. 7) 27, Kel 1866 07 31 (No. 31) 124, Kel 1866 08 21 (No. 34) 135, Kel 1866 10 30 (No. 44) 175, Kel 1867 04 2 (No. 14) 56, Kel 1871 03 14 (No. 21) 43, Kel 1871 08 8 (No. 42) 130, Kel 1871 09 5 (No. 46) 145, Kel 1871 10 17 (No. 42) 169, Kel 1872 04 30 (No. 18) 69, Kel 1873 01 14 (No. 2) 8, Kel 1873 08 5 (No. 31) 124, Kel 1873 11 4 (No. 44) 176, Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Kel 1874 06 16 (No. 24) 96, Kel 1876 02 15 (No. 7) 25, Kel 1878 08 20 (No. 34) 149, Kel 1879 01 28 (No. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 18, Kel 1879 02 25 (No. 8) 30, Suputimas Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 6 It should be noted that the concept of “term” is used broadly in this article, since only some of the medical terms examined can be regarded as unambiguous terms whose terminological status is beyond doubt, for example: akis, kosulys, liga, ligonis. A considerable number of the terms discussed, however, are probably merely words or word combinations that were then used colloquially and could perhaps have been treated as names, for example: užsidegimas, vidurių sugedimas; therefore, they cannot yet be considered genuine terms. 7 In the article, medical terms are presented in their original spelling and in the grammatical forms in which they were found in the source. 94 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Keleivio straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai 131, Sʒabais or Kramais (1 kramas 1. ‘scab, pimple’ LKŽₑ) instr.pl. Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19, Sʒiurpulius acc.pl. Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, Užkimimas Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Užsidegimą acc.sg. Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131, Wēmimas Kel 1864 07 5 (No. 27) 106. 1.2. Loanwords 1.2.1. LOANWORDS FROM SLAVIC LANGUAGES Among the loanwords (35 terms, including variants, of which 17 are one-word terms, while 24 loanwords serve as the main or secondary components of compound terms), Slavicisms predominate (17 terms), e.g.: Aptieka Kel 1868 10 20 (No. 42) 168 ‘pharmacy’ from Polish apteka Skar 32, Bezdžių žiedūje Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87 (see 2 xbezdas (1. bezd, bez) 2. ‘elderberry’ LKŽₑ), Liekorius Kel 1853 04 20 (No. 16) 62, Kel 1855 01 17 (No. 3) 10, Kel 1864 07 5 (No. 27) 106, Kel 1866 08 21 (No. 34) 135, Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Kel 1874 06 16 (No. 24) 96 from Belarusian ljekarb or Polish lekarz FrW I 364, cf. lie korius ‘physician, surgeon’ from Belarusian лѣкарь or Polish lekarz Skar 120, Lie kar[t]wa Kel 1855 01 17 (No. 3) 11, Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 89, Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131, Kel 1876 02 15 (No. 7) 26 from Belarusian or Polish lekarstwo FrW I 364, cf. liekarstva ‘medicine’ from Belarusian лѣкарство or Polish lekarstwo Skar 120, Namų Aptėka Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 86, Namų Lie kar[t]wa Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, Pawietra Kel 1878 08 20 (No. 34) 149, Kel 1879 01 28 (No. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 18, Kel 1879 02 25 (No. 8) 30 ‘plague, epidemic’ from Belarusian povėtrbje or Polish powietrze FrW I 557, cf. pavietra ‘plague’ from Belarusian повѣтребе or Polish powietrze Skar 164, Roną acc.sg. Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131 ‘wound’ from Belarusian рана or Polish rana Skar 191, Smertis Kel 1866 02 13 (No. 7) 27, Kel 1879 02 25 (No. 8) 30 ‘death’ from Belarusian smer[b] FrW II 844, cf. smertis ‘death’ from Belarusian смерть Skar 202. 1.2.2. LOANWORDS FROM GERMAN Seven Germanic terms were found, e.g.: Bandwypmas Kel 1874 06 16 (No. 24) 96 from German Bandwurm – tapeworm, soliter DVLKŽ I 129, Blywoterio (in the Wokiłkay dialect: Bleiwałler) gen.sg. Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131, cf. German Blei – lead DVLKŽ I 188 and Wasser – water DVLKŽ II 524, Locaritû gen.pl. Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, cf. liocoritas ‘Lazarett’ from lǫtseret Terminologija | 2011 | 18 95 ‘Lazarett’ Alm 80, Meßkös Cukorius Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90 (see 2 xcukorius see xcukaras (German Zucker) ‘sugar’ LKŽe), raudoni Plakai Kel 1879 05 4 (No. 5) 19 (see plakas ‘mud stain’ from East Prussian plak ‘stain’ FrW I 601, cf. plakas ‘stain’ Alm 101), faldūjis jūdājs Lakricas8 Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Tiję iš Lepôs Žiedû Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87 (see tija ‘tea’ Alm 141). Most Slavicisms and Germanisms are no longer used, with the exception of older loanwords aliejųs (czyłtytafis Linfēmenių Alējus Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131), mėta (tikrolios Mētos Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 89), muilas (žaliafis Muilas Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131) and tabakas (Tabako Sywû Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131). 1.2.3. LOANWORDS FROM GREEK AND LATIN A few terms were found from Greek (4 terms), e.g.: Akiù Klynīks Kel 1877 04 17 (No. 16) 63 (Klynīks from Greek χλυνή from χλίνη ‘bed, couch’ Фасмер 1967: 251), cf. klynīke ‘clinic’ Alm 68, Kolera Kel 1866 08 21 (No. 34) 135, Kel 1866 09 11 (No. 37) 147, Kel 1871 08 8 (No. 42) 130, Kel 1871 09 5 (No. 46) 145, Kel 1873 01 14 (No. 2) 8 from Greek χόλερα from χόλος ‘bile’ Фасмер 1973: 254, Trichynai nom.pl. Kel 1864 07 5 (No. 27) 106, Kel 1866 02 13 (No. 7) 27 from Greek trichinos – hair-like TŽŽ 2005 756, Trikynû Liga Kel 1877 04 17 (No. 16) 63, and from Latin (4 terms), e.g.: Daktars Kel 1866 02 13 (No. 7) 27, Kel 1866 08 21 (No. 34) 135, Kel 1870 08 16 (No. 34) 130, Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Kel 1874 06 16 (No. 24) 96, Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131 from Latin doctor – teacher TŽŽ 2005 143, Liekoriaus Atefta apie Sweikatą Kel 1870 08 16 (No. 34) 130 from Latin attestatus – attested TŽŽ 2005 75, Nerwû gen.pl. Kel 1876 02 15 (No. 7) 26 from Latin nervus ‘vein, muscle, nerve’ Фасмер 1971: 64, Opijumo gen.sg. Kel 1876 02 15 (No. 7) 26 from Latin Opium from Greek ὄπιον from ὀπός ‘plant juice’ Фасмер 1971: 144, cf. opijums ‘opium’ from opijumm ‘opium’ Alm 93. Loanwords from languages whose majority are still in use today in the language of modern medical science, although the spelling of some has changed slightly. Since German exerted greater influence on Lithuanian in Lithuania Minor, Greek and Latin forms most likely entered the articles under study in Keleivio through German-language texts. 8 In Max Vasmer’s view, the word лакрица ‘licorice root’ entered Russian via German – Lakritze from Latin liquirita from Greek γλυκύρριζα ‘sweet root’ (Фасмер 1967: 453). The author, who signed with the pseudonym –w–, most likely also took the word lakricas for his article ‘Namų Aptėka’ from German-language sources; cf. lakrica 1. ‘licorice roots’ LKŽe. 96 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Keleivio straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai 1.2.4. LOANWORDS FROM LATVIAN One term of Latvian origin was identified: Magunû Galwû Kel 1876 05 15 (No. 7) 26, Magunû Stēbukû Kel 1876 05 15 (No. 7) 26, see magūna, see maguona (cf. Latvian magone) ‘poppy’ LKŽ. 1.2.5. LOANWORDS WITH COMPONENTS OF DIFFERENT ORIGINS In this section, a pair of loanwords with components of different origins (Latin and Slavic, German and Latin) should be mentioned, e.g.: Daktar=Aptēkēs gen.sg. Kel 1866 08 21 (No. 34) 135, Salmiak=Sȝpyrtus (verdünnten Salmiak/piritus) Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131. 1.3. Hybrids A few hybrids were found (11 terms; 5 hybrids occur as the principal components of compound terms), e.g.: Aptēkininko gen.sg. Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 86, Cȝepy jimas Kel 1867 04 2 (No. 14) 56, Namû Aptēkēle Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, Rurelę acc.sg. ‘such a device’ Kel 1880 02 10 (No. 6) 23: ‘The barber Dr. Schönborn drilled a hole straight into his belly, and now food goes into him through a single R u r e l ę9, poured straight into the opening’, Smertelnyj-te nom.sg. ‘mortality’ Kel 1870 03 15 (No. 11) 44. 1.4. Compound terms with components of different origins As can be seen from some of the examples given above, the articles examined contain compound terms whose components are of differing origins. Thirty-seven terms with components of different origins were identified: Lithuanian and borrowed, e.g.: Gydymo Remeflo ‘medicine?’ Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, judālis Smertis Kel 1879 01 28 (No. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 18, Ku-no Liekorius Kel 1853 04 20 (No. 16) 62, Liekoriaus Atelta apie Sveikatą Kel 1870 08 16 (No. 34) 130, raudoni Plakai Kel 1879 05 4 (No. 5) 19, or Lithuanian and hybrid, e.g.: Raupliû Cȝēpijimas Kel 1864 06 28 (No. 26) 104, Raupliû Iȝciepijimo Kel 1872 04 30 (No. 18) 69. 2. S E M A N T I C S O F M E D I C A L T E R M S The Keleiwis articles’ health-related terms denote various medical concepts. Several semantic groups can be distinguished. First, there are the names of parts of the human body, organs, and the fluids they produce, for example: Akys Kel 1865 05 16 (No. 20) 78, Burnoj loc.sg. Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 89, 9In this and the other illustrative sentences, the terms are printed in spaced lettering by the author of this article. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 97 Gylas acc.pl. Kel 1855 01 17 (No. 3) 10, Gomurio gen.sg. Kel 1865 05 16 (No. 20) 78, Kaklas Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19, Kaulai Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19, Kojos nom.pl. Kel 1864 06 28 (No. 26) 104, Kel 1864 07 5 (No. 27) 106, Kraujas Kel 1853 04 20 (No. 16) 62, Kel 1855 01 17 (No. 3) 10, Kel 1874 08 18 (No. 33) 131, Krutinės gen.sg. Kel 1865 05 16 (No. 20) 78, Liežuvio gen.sg. Kel 1865 05 16 (No. 20) 78, Nerwų gen.pl. Kel 1876 02 15 (No. 7) 26, Pažalçzų gen.pl. Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19, Pilwą acc.sg. Kel 1866 08 21 (No. 34) 135, Kel 1880 02 10 (No. 6) 23, Pirß­tus acc.pl. Kel 1879 10 14 (No. 41) 168, Prakaitą acc.sg. Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Rankõs gen.sg. Kel 1879 10 14 (No. 41) 168, Stemplėje loc.sg. Kel 1880 02 10 (No. 6) 23, Szir­dį acc.sg. Kel 1855 01 17 (No. 3) 10, Widuriei Kel 1871 09 5 (No. 46) 145. Most of these words are of old origin and are established nomenclatural terms for human anatomy in current usage. Only a few words or meanings in the semantic group under discussion have not taken root in current medical terminology. For instance, instead of the established term oda, A. Einaras used a variant close to the modern term, Ūda, in his article about the plague, Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19. However, he referred to muscles, the flanks, and the lower abdomen using other Lithuanian words—Mieſa Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19; see miesa 2. “muscles” LKŽₑ, and Tußtimūjė loc.pl. Kel 1879 02 4 (No. 5) 19; see tuš­timai 1. “flanks, lower abdomen” LKŽₑ. In the article “Motynoms ant Pamoki­nimo bey Pagraudenimo,” the variant Sma­ginių gen.pl. Kel 1876 02 15 (No. 7) 26 was used instead of the term smegenys “brain.” In his article on cholera, Fr. Kuršaitis called the stomach skilviu – Skilwįj loc.sg. Kel 1866 08 21 (No. 34) 135; see skilvys 3. “stomach, belly” LKŽₑ. Dr. Pinkus, writing about trichinae, called the cheeks Weidai Kel 1864 07 5 (No. 27) 106; see veidas 2. “cheek” LKŽₑ, and the joints nariais (the term Skaudėjims Narių Kel 1864 07 5 (No. 27) 106; see 1 narys 1. “joint” LKŽₑ), although in the same author’s article we also find the current term with that meaning, sąnariai – Sanarius acc.pl. Kel 1864 07 5 (No. 27) 106. From the context of Fr. Kuršaitis’s article “Atmink, idant Dieną ßwentą ßweſtumbei!” the meaning of the term syvai is not entirely clear: “During sleep the thing that had consumed the body’s strength returns, and the juices too begin to flow again in their true little vessels” Kel 1853 04 20 (No. 16) 62. LKŽ gives two medical meanings for this word—“gastric juices” and “fluid from the mouth of a decomposing corpse”—but, as can be seen from the quoted sentence, neither is suitable. In this case, one can only hypothesize that the term syvai might here refer to other fluids produced by organs, such as blood, lymph, or the like. 98 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Keleivio straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai Thus, from what has been said, it is clear that most nomenclatural terms for human anatomy have survived unchanged to the present day (only the spelling of some words has changed) and have become established in modern scientific medical terminology. A substantial part of the terminology in Keleivio’s health articles consists of clinical terms, that is, words and phrases denoting diseases and their symptoms, for example: Drugiu instr.sg. Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149, Dufulu instr.sg. Kel 1870 03 15 (Nr. 11) 44, Galwôs Swaigimas Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kofulys Kel 1862 02 11 (Nr. 6) 24, Kel 1871 03 14 (Nr. 21) 43, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Pasirodymai or Pažymėj tôs Ligôs Kel 1879 02 25 (Nr. 8) 30, Plautis “runny nose” nom.sg. Kel 1862 02 11 (Nr. 6) 24, Putmenių gen.pl. Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Sanariû Gėlimą Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Įmarkaus Nėžiejimo Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Sukatą10 acc.sg. Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26, Sзurpuli acc.sg. Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 25, Sзlapdrugiu instr.sg. Kel 1870 03 15 (Nr. 11) 44, Užkimimas Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Walgio Nenorėjimas Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Weido Suputimas Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Widuriû Kirmeles Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Widuriû Sulkydimą Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Widurû Karßtlige Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 150, Wirpėjimą acc.sg. Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Žmonių Raupliû Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69. The texts examined contain mostly names of infectious diseases. These diseases are named only in Lithuanian—kimbančzios Ligôs Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, limpanczioji Liga Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18, limpanti Liga Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15. It was noted that the term maro ligos has the meaning “infectious diseases” in the article “Maro Ligos,” printed on August 20, 1878, in Keleivyje and signed by an author using the pseudonym..n.; the article discusses such contagious diseases as plague, typhus, cholera, smallpox, and others. Incidentally, the compound term with its head element used in a singular case form, liga – Maro liga Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18, means only “plague.” Characteristic compound names with liga as the head element include, for example: Iβbalejimo Ligą Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, Wiežo Ligą Kel 1880 02 10 (No. 6) 23, Wandens Liga Kel 1864 06 28 (No. 26) 104, Kel 1874 06 9 (No. 23) 90, pūlamoj Ligoj Kel 1874 06 2 (No. 22) 87, Žyvato Liga Kel 1878 08 20 (No. 34) 150. Such names often also have one-word equivalents 10 Based on the context of the article “Motynoms ant Pamokinimo bey Pagraudenimo,” the term sukatą, from sukti 30. “to bite, ache (usually of the stomach or joints),” may mean “diarrhea”; compare 1 sukatą 3. “laxation” LKŽ. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 99 equivalents, e.g.: karβczeis instr.pl. Kel 1865 05 9 (Nr. 19) 74 and Karβcziū Liga Kel 1868 05 27 (Nr. 18) 72, Tynežei Kel 1862 02 11 (Nr. 6) 24 and Tynežīū Liga “measles” Kel 1862 12 9 (Nr. 49) 199, Trichynai nom.pl. Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27 and Trichynų Liga Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 26 / Trikynū Liga Kel 1877 04 17 Nr. 16) 63, Rauplės nom.pl. Kel 1854 03 15 (Nr. 11) 44, Kel 1862 06 24 (Nr. 25) 104, Kel 1864 06 28 (Nr. 26) 104, Kel 1867 04 2 (Nr. 14) 56 and Raupliū Liga Kel 1860 04 24 (Nr. 17) 68, Kel 1861 02 19 (Nr. 8) 31, Kel 1862 12 9 (Nr. 49) 199, Kel 1867 04 2 (Nr. 14) 56, Kel 1871 03 14 (Nr. 21) 43, Kel 1872 11 5 (Nr. 45) 182, Kolera Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1866 09 11 (Nr. 37) 147, Kel 1871 08 8 (Nr. 42) 130, Kel 1871 09 5 (Nr. 46) 145, Kel 1873 01 14 (Nr. 2) 8 and Kolerōs Liga Kel 1852 11 17 (Nr. 47) 188, Kel 1853 10 5 (Nr. 40) 160, Kel 1856 10 8 (Nr. 41) 164, Kel 1857 09 24 (Nr. 38) 151, Kel 1859 10 18 (Nr. 42) 167, Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27, Kel 1866 07 31 (Nr. 31) 124, Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1866 10 30 (Nr. 44) 175, Kel 1871 08 1 (Nr. 41) 124, Kel 1871 08 8 (Nr. 42) 130, Kel 1871 09 5 (Nr. 46) 145, Kel 1871 10 17 (Nr. 42) 169, Kel 1873 01 14 (Nr. 2) 8, Kel 1873 07 15 (Nr. 28) 111, Kel 1873 08 5 (Nr. 31) 124, Kel 1873 09 16 (Nr. 37) 146, Kel 1873 11 4 (Nr. 44) 176, Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149, Kropes acc.pl. Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69 (see kropės “smallpox” LKŽₑ) and Kropjū Liga Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69 / Kropū Liga Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149, Maras Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149, Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18, Kel 1879 02 25 (Nr. 8) 30 and Maro Liga Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18. It should be noted that, with respect to the naming of medical concepts, this semantic group is one of the most problematic. It is often difficult to determine the meaning of one disease name or another from the context of the article, and even more difficult to find its exact modern equivalent, since the disease and its symptoms are often not discussed in any detail, but merely mentioned. For example, three terms used side by side in the text, Žywato Liga (Krauliga, Neprietwara) Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 150, could denote “dysentery,” or perhaps merely some kind of “severe diarrhea.” On the other hand, the question arises whether these terms can be regarded as synonyms; see krauligė “bloody [diarrhea?],” cf. kruvinoji 1. “dysentery,” 2. “severe diarrhea,” whereas neprietwaras11 means only “diarrhea” LKŽₑ. The context also does not make clear whether the phrase Widurū ir Wemimo Liga Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 11 The feminine noun neprietwara is not recorded in LKŽₑ. 100 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Keleivio straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai 150 are names of one or two different diseases. It must be noted here that the authors of the health articles were not doctors, so their limited knowledge of medical matters is entirely understandable. Moreover, many diseases were not yet known at the time, let alone precisely named. Consequently, the articles under examination contain not only unclear names but also descriptive ones: Skaudėjimas Kakle prie Rijimo Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Skaudėjimas Kakle per Užkimimą Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Spaudimą ant Prybirdiės Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90. Some names were probably taken from everyday speech, e.g.: baifų Plėbimą Galwoj Kel 1879 02 25 (Nr. 8) 30, didi Nėžiejimą Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Gyflų Traukimą Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Kaklo Užėmimu Kel 1862 02 11 (Nr. 6) 24, Kaulų Gėlimą Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Pilwo Skaudėjimas Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 89, Užlidegimą acc.sg. Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131 from užsidegti “to become feverish” LKŽe, Widurų Sugedimą Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 25. Such word combinations, sometimes even vivid ones, e.g.: baifingofios Rauplės Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69, piktą Gumbą Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 25, piktoji Liga Kel 1852 09 8 (Nr. 37) 148, Įtaiga žavinanti Liga Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 16, may be regarded as folk terms. Worthy of separate mention are the names, in the article “Maro Ligos,” for one type of typhus (the modern term is dėmėtoji šiltinė, Latin typhus exanthematicus MedŽ 563). This blood-borne infectious disease is called Bado Karßtlige (in German: Hungertyphus) Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149. It is noteworthy that later, for example in the 1920 booklet “Kova su limpamomis ligomis,” physician Petras Avižonis called this disease by a similar name—bado karštine KLL 1920 14. Besides the term mentioned above, the same article gives two other names for this disease: margoji or plokioToji Karßtliga (Flekkentyphus) Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149. LKŽ does not specify the meaning of the adjective plokiotas (a question mark is given); its usage is illustrated by an example from lesser-known writings of the former East Prussia and Klaipėda Region, with no more precise source cited, or from more recent newspapers. On the basis of the article in question, it can be argued that plokiotas means “spotted,” from German Fleck “spot” DVLKŽ I 374. It is worth noting that in the articles on trichinae, Fr. Kuršaitis and Doctor Pinkus used the established term in the language of contemporary medical science Sąmonę acc.sg. Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27, Sąmonės gen.sg. Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, in the sense of “having sound judgment and awareness,” although already in the early twentieth century, for example, physician Antanas Vileišis referred to the aforementioned Terminologija | 2011 | 18 101 concept using the terms nuomonė PirmP 1903 71, nuomanė ŠLL 1901 21, sąvoka NG 1924 116 117. Thus, the examples from the semantic group discussed show that most names for diseases or their symptoms have not survived in current usage—only a few, for example dusulys, kosulys, maras, vėmimas and others, became medical terms—or are now used in only one of their meanings. For example, the term drugys took hold only in the sense of “malaria,” whereas in the Keleivio articles this term was also used, in addition to the aforementioned sense, to mean “shivering with cold when ill”; some of these terms were replaced by other Lithuanian words, for example, raupļes—now raupai, plautis—now sloga, vandens liga—now vandenligė. However, probably the most important reasons why the greater part of these terms did not enter scientific medical terminology are their uncertain meanings, imprecision, or restricted usage. Many names for remedies. Newspaper readers were given advice on how to treat themselves when ill and what remedies to use. Home remedies—foodstuffs and beverages—were undoubtedly recommended most often, e.g.: Medus Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, nełudyts Swieftas Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Piens Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, ßalto Wandens Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, źaliôs Mėfôs Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131. Most often, treatment with medicinal plants and their parts is recommended, e.g.: Bitkrėlių Žiedai Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Ciberžoles nom.pl. Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Dygulio=žoles nom.sg. Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90 / Dygulio Žolės Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26, Drignės nom.sg. Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26 / Drignes nom.pl. Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Kadagio Szakniû Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Kadagio Ogû Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Lapû nû Kelrėtenjû Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131 (see kelretinis “broadleaf plantain (Plantago major)” LKŽe), Metelės nom.sg. Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Puplaißkiei Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Saldmedis Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Srawžolė nom.sg. Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Sżeiẃmedis Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Remulike (or Remunike) Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87. The Germanism tije: Remunikjû Tije Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87 was used in the sense of “tea.” A few medicine names also occur (incidentally, the Slavic loanword Liekarf twa Kel 1855 01 17 (Nr. 3) 11, Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 89, Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26 was used only in the sense of “medicine”), e.g.: Opijumo gen.sg. Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26, Blywoterio gen.sg. Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Wēmimo=Rießutus Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90. 102 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Keleivio straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai In the examined articles, there are some names for persons associated with medical science and practice, for example: Aptėkininko gen.sg. Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 86, Kudikis Kel 1872 04 30 (Nr. 18) 69, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26, Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 150, Kel 1879 10 14 (Nr. 41) 168, Lawoną acc.sg. Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Ligonis Kel 1859 01 5 (Nr. 1) 3, Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27, Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90. Two competing terms were used to mean “doctor”: the Latin-derived Daktars Kel 1866 02 13 (Nr. 7) 27 and the Slavic-derived Lie korius Kel 1853 04 20 (Nr. 16) 62, Kel 1855 01 17 (Nr. 3) 10, Kel 1864 07 5 (Nr. 27) 106, Kel 1866 08 21 (Nr. 34) 135, Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, Kel 1874 06 16 (Nr. 24) 96. At times, preference was given to the Latinism daktaras, for example Daktars or Liekorius Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87; at other times, the Slavism lie kor ius, for example Liekorius or Daktars Kel 1864 06 28 (Nr. 26) 104. In Fr. Kuršaitis’s article “On the Plague,” the terms daktaras and mokytas liekorius, linked by the conjunction or, may be related synonymously: “from Germany and Austria, several d o c t o r s or l e a r n e d p h y s i c i a n s are to travel from among us to that corner of the Russian land afflicted by the plague, <...>” Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18. Names of treatment institutions were also found. The terms Ligonbucžio12 gen.sg. Kel 1870 08 16 (Nr. 34) 130, Ligonû Butas Kel 1870 08 16 (Nr. 34) 130 / Ligonû Bute Kel 1880 02 10 (Nr. 6) 23 were used in the sense of “hospital.” In the article “Namû Aptėka,” the borrowing Locaritû gen.pl. could also mean “hospital”; see xlaz arietas 1. “hospital” LKŽₑ, since it is linked by the conjunction or to the term Ligonbucziû gen.pl.: “Besides, there are, after all, H o s p i t a l s or L o c a r i t û, where the sick poor are treated without payment” Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87. The compound term treatment houses could have the same meaning, namely “hospital,” although, on the other hand, the German equivalent given alongside it would suggest that these terms may perhaps differ in meaning: Gydymo Namûje (chirurgische Klinik) Kel 1880 02 10 (Nr. 6) 23. The same applies to the terms linked by the conjunction or: clinic and treatment facility: Akiû Klyniks or Akiû Gydymo Butas Kel 1877 04 17 (Nr. 16) 63. In the articles, the pharmacy was referred to by varying terms—Slavicisms Aptėkôs gen.sg. Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87, Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131 and Aptieka Kel 1868 10 20 (Nr. 42) 168. 12 Jonas Palionis considered the word ligonbutis, meaning “hospital” (cf. Krankenhaus), to be a neologism coined by Fr. Kuršaitis (Palionis 1995: 219). Terminologija | 2011 | 18 103 3. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE LANGUAGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCE A. Kaulakienė, who studied the terminology in Keleivio popular science articles on physics, observed that “this newspaper probably published the greatest number of popular science articles, in which certain rudimentary elements of scientific language can be found” (Kaulakienė 1991: 81). The articles about health in Keleivio also support this claim. One feature characteristic of scientific texts in these articles is the naming of specific concepts. The specific components of compound names, mainly of diseases and treatments, are expressed using definite adjectives, for example: aβtroji Liekarſtwa Kel 1876 02 15 (Nr. 7) 26, cȝyſtytalfis Linſėmenių Alėjus Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, didylis Ma-ras Kel 1879 01 28 (Nr. 4) 15, Kel 1879 02 4 (Nr. 5) 18, ſalduſis jūdalis Lakricas Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, ſalduſis Medelis Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, tikroſios Mėtros Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 89, ßaltaji Drugi Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90, ȝalialis Muilas Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131; less often, participles are used: pūlamoj Ligoj Kel 1874 06 2 (Nr. 22) 87. Another feature is the provision of equivalents in other languages. In the health articles, equivalents—mostly German—are usually given in parentheses alongside some terms, for example: Bado Karßtlig e (wokißkay: Hungertyphus) Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149, Blywoterio (wokißkay: Bleiwaffer) gen.sg. Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, Gydimo Namûle (chirurgiſche Klinik) Kel 1880 02 10 (Nr. 6) 23, Karßcziū Liga or Typhus Kel 1868 05 27 (Nr. 18) 72, Lapû nû Kelio Rėtenû, German: Wegerich Kel 1874 08 18 (Nr. 33) 131, margoji or plokiotoji Karßt liga (Flekkentyphus) Kel 1878 08 20 (Nr. 34) 149, Ȝwaigȝd=Anyſû (German: Sternanis) Kel 1874 06 9 (Nr. 23) 90. CONCLUSIONS The articles about health in Keleivio are important texts for tracing the origins of Lithuanian medical terminology. The foundation of the articles’ medical terminology is vocabulary of Lithuanian origin. This may undoubtedly have been influenced by the fact that the newspaper was edited by Frydrichas Kuršaitis, a good scholar of Lithuanian, and that most of the health articles were written by him. Naturally, the articles also contain borrowings from Slavic (mostly), German, Greek, Latin, and other languages. Most words of Slavic origin, for example: liekarſtwa, liekorius, pavietra, rona, smertis and others, were widely used in everyday speech. Most of the Slavisms and Germanisms used in the articles are no longer in use, except for older Slavic loanwords that have become an integral part of Lithuanian vocabulary. Loanwords originating from the classical languages—Greek and Latin—most likely entered the articles through German sources. As the material examined shows, 104 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Keleivio straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai many terms, mostly names of body parts and organs (akis, koja, širdis and others), disease names (drugys, kosulys, maras and others), and terms naming somewhat different medical concepts (gydymas, lavonas, ligonis and others) are old Lithuanian words in this field, attested in early writings and still used today in the language of medical science and practice. Given the considerable variation in Lithuanian spelling in the first half and middle of the nineteenth century, it is natural that the articles contain many spelling variants of terms. There are also numerous synonyms naming the same concept, mostly clinical terms; these are not limited to the group of anatomical nomenclature. This feature was probably due not only to the fact that almost all the health articles were written by non-specialists in medicine, but also to the fact that little was known about many diseases at the time. It is therefore understandable that diseases were not always named precisely and that synonyms were used. Often, descriptive terms or terms used in everyday speech sufficed. It is important to note that some articles have features of scientific texts: specific concepts are named using definite forms of adjectives or participles, and equivalents in other languages (mostly German) are provided alongside the terms. KEY SOURCES Adomas Ein ar as. Pawietra, didyfis Maras, jūdālis Smertis. – Keleiwis. 1879, jan. 28 (Nr. 4), 15–16; febr. 4 (Nr. 5), 18–19. Adomas Ein aras. Apie Maro pradėjimą Rūjūjoje / a-e- – Keleiwis. 1879, febr. 25 (Nr. 8), 30. Adomas Einaras. “Not long ago, a farmer’s wife brought a little child from the Įsrutis district to Königsberg to the doctors...” / e-. – (Apparently a short report). – Keleiwis. 1879, Oct. 14 (No. 41), 168. Adomas Einaras. “A few weeks ago, one patient was admitted to the Healing Home (chirurgische Klinik) in Königsberg,...” / e-. – (Apparently a short report). – Keleiwis. 1880, Feb. 10 (No. 6), 23–24. “The newspapers report that in the Lithuanian border region, especially in the Biauriai district of Prussia, in the place called Nimmerfatt, smallpox has appeared...” – (Apparently a report). – Keleiwis. 1860, Apr. 24 (No. 17), 68. “The Heavenly Lord, as it seems, is now visiting our province anew with his scourges...” – (Apparently a report). – Keleiwis. 1872, Nov. 5 (No. 45), 182. Frydrichas Kuršaitis. Remember to keep the holy day holy! – Author not indicated. – Keleiwis. 1853, Apr. 20 (No. 16), 61–62. Frydrichas Kuršaitis. A word against slander and accusations. – Author not indicated. – Keleiwis. 1855, Jan. 17 (No. 3), 9–11. Frydrichas Kuršaitis. In the hospital of our dear-hearted girl. – Author not indicated. – Keleiwis. 1859, Nov. 8 (No. 45), 178–179. Frydrichas Kuršaitis. Ar Wale Tabako rukyti? – Aut. nenurodytas. – Keleiwis. 1865, mejį 16 (Nr. 20), 78–79. Frydrichas Kuršaitis. Trichynū Liga. – Aut. nenurodytas. – Keleiwis. 1866, febr. 13 (Nr. 7), 26–27. Frydrichas Kuršaitis. Instructions against cholera. – Author not indicated. – Keleiwis. 1866, Aug. 21 (No. 34), 135. Frydrichas Kuršaitis. Obituary / Kuršatis. – No. 34, author not indicated. – Keleiwis. 1870, Aug. 16 (No. 34), 129–130; Sept. 16 (No. 43), 148. Frydrichas Kuršaitis. Pamokinimas prieš Kolerôs Ligą. – K. – Keleiwis. 1873, sept. 16 (Nr. 37), 146. Terminologija | 2011 | 18 1 0 5 Friedrich Kurschat. “Our brother has tested this new remedy...” / K. – (Notices). – Keleiwis. 1874, June 16 (No. 24), 95–96. Frydri̇chas Kuršaitis. Apie Marą. – Aut. nenurodytas. – Keleiwis. 1879, febr. 4 (Nr. 5), 18. “It is reported in the Gumbinnen newspaper that across the border, in Virbalis, the town of Vilnius, and in the vicinity of Vilkaviškis, cholera has appeared...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1871, August 1 (No. 41), 124. “It is reported from Insterburg that in the villages on this side of the border, such as in the Berškėnai parish, in Vanagaučiai and Spraktai, smallpox has been subsiding for several weeks...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1864, June 28 (No. 26), 104. “News has come from Tilsit that since December 21 of last year no one there has yet fallen ill with fresh cholera...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1873, January 14 (No. 2), 8. “Cholera has already carried off some 400 people in Königsberg, but it seems to be ending...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1852, November 17 (No. 47), 188. “We had already begun to hope that cholera would not visit us in Königsberg this year...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1856, October 8 (No. 41), 164. “Cholera is still taking people cruelly in Königsberg, and now it has appeared in Klaipėda and Gumbinnen as well” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1866, September 11 (No. 37), 147. Cholera. – Author not stated. – Keleiwis. 1853, October 5 (No. 40), 160. “Cholera has now reached Sweden as well...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1873, August 5 (No. 31), 124. “Cholera has now appeared in the town of Königsberg...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1871, August 8 (No. 42), 130. “Cholera has now appeared in the town of Königsberg...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1859, October 18 (No. 42), 167. “Cholera has now appeared in Königsberg, and it seems already to have spread far into other parts of the province...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1871, October 17 (No. 52), 169. “Cholera in the town of Königsberg seems now to be spreading rapidly and generally...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1866, October 30 (No. 44), 175. “Cholera in Königsberg has now spread far...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1873, November 4 (No. 44), 176. “Cholera is spreading, it seems, ever farther throughout the world...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1873, July 15 (No. 28), 111. “Cholera is now attacking people mercilessly in Königsberg, and news has come from Insterburg that it has appeared there too...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1866, July 31 (No. 31), 124. “The cholera epidemic in Königsberg is still raging terribly...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1871, Sept. 5 (No. 43), 145. Maro Ligos. –..n. – Tekste: Kaunas, Karaliaučius. – Keleiwis. 1878, aug. 20 (Nr. 34), 149–150. “To my dear Lithuanian brothers I hereby announce this news, that from the 1st of this month [...] I have stocked a large pharmacy with various edible and inedible goods [...]” / John D. Gudat. – (Advertisements). – Keleiwis. 1868, Oct. 20 (No. 42), 168. Motynoms ant Pamokinimo bey Pagrudenimo. – –w–. – Keleiwis. 1876, febr. 15 (Nr. 7), 25–26. “In our city of Königsberg, at this time, many people are suffering greatly...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1871, March 14 (No. 21), 43. “In our Lithuania, in the Priekulė district, according to official reports, smallpox has appeared among the people.” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1861, Feb. 19 (No. 8), 31. “Our Mr. Chief President Eichmann has done that deed...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1854, Sept. 6 (No. 36), 143–144. Household Pharmacy. – –w–. – Keleiwis. 1874, June 2 (No. 22), 86–87; June 9 (No. 23), 89–91. “According to newspaper reports, there was a severe fever or typhus in the town of Tilsit, and it has spread very widely...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1877, March 27 (No. 13), 52. “According to government inquiries, throughout the Gumbinnen district of the Gumbinnen government region, the fever called typhus has so far spread from this very place, where it first broke out...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1868, May 5 (No. 18), 72. Per wiênôs Mußelês Ißgêlima. – –w–. – Keleiwis. 1874, aug. 18 (Nr. 33), 130–131. “The dreadful disease cholera has now appeared in Königsberg as well...” – (Various News). – Keleiwis. 1852, Sept. 8 (No. 37), 148. 106 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Keleivio straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai Pinkus. Beware now of trichinae! [Burblyai] / Kreiplfylikus Dr. Pinkus. – Keleiwis. 1864, July 5 (No. 27), 106–107. Rules of Admission to the Deaconesses’ Office at the Deaconesses’ Institution in the Mieląbirdingylė Hospital in Königsberg. Author not specified. – Keleiwis. 1858, Dec. 29 (No. 52), 206; 1859, Jan. 5 (No. 1), 2–3. “Near us in Königsberg... the smallpox disease has spread terribly...” – (Miscellaneous News). – Keleiwis. 1871, March 14 (No. 21), 43. “This year, smallpox has appeared here and there in our province, namely here in Königsberg, around Tilsit, and also around Įsrutis...” – (Miscellaneous News). – Keleiwis. 1854, March 15 (No. 11), 44. Raupliū arba Kropjū baiſingąjei Ligai. – †. – Keleiwis. 1872, apr. 30 (Nr. 18), 69–70. Beware! – Author not specified. – Keleiwis. 1871, Sept. 5 (No. 43), 145. “Here in Königsberg, the number of sick people is increasing from day to day, especially those suffering from fever, chills, and cough...” – (Miscellaneous News). – Keleiwis. 1870, March 15 (No. 11), 44. “Here in Königsberg, it is said, smallpox has appeared here and there.” – (Miscellaneous News). – Keleiwis. 1862, June 24 (No. 25), 104. “A new royal eye clinic, or eye treatment facility, has been established here in Königsberg and opened on April 1...” – (Miscellaneous News). – Keleiwis. 1877, Apr. 17 (No. 16), 63. “Here in Königsberg, a contagious typhus disease has spread greatly among the people, and it is said that smallpox too has begun to appear here...” – (Miscellaneous News). – Keleiwis. 1862, Dec. 9 (No. 49), 199. “The cholera disease began here in Königsberg a few weeks ago...” – (Miscellaneous News). – Keleiwis. 1857, Sept. 24 (No. 38), 151. “Here in Königsberg, and, as we hear, elsewhere too, smallpox has spread...” – (Miscellaneous News). – Keleiwis. 1862, Apr. 2 (No. 14), 56. “At this time of year, as far as we can tell, both here near Königsberg and throughout the surrounding province, many people are suffering from severe fevers...” – (Miscellaneous News). – Keleiwis. 1865, May 9 (No. 19), 74. “Letters have arrived from Tilsit’s newspapers and also from the corner of Sʒilo-Karcʒiama, reporting...” – (Miscellaneous News). – Keleiwis. 1862, Feb. 11 (No. 6), 24. 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Terminologija | 2011 | 18 107 TERMS OF ARTICLES ON HEALTH IN KELEIVIS The paper deals with terminology in articles on health in the Lithuanian weekly newspaper Keleiwis iß Karaliaucjaus Broliams Lietuwininkams Žinês parneßas (Traveller from Königsberg Bringing News for Lithuanian Brothers) published in Konigsberg from 1849–1880. During the period of 1853–1879 there were nineteen articles on various health issues and their treatment published. These articles on health are important when searching for the beginning of the Lithuanian medical terminology. Medical terms used in these articles are mainly of the Lithuanian origin. Undoubtedly such choice was influenced by the editor of the weekly Frydrichas Kuršaitis (Friedrich Kurschat) who had a good command of Lithuanian and wrote many articles himself. These articles contain some borrowings mainly from Slavic, as well as from German, Greek, Latin and other languages. Many borrowings of Slavic origin, such as liekarstva (drug), liekorius (doctor), rona (wound) were widely used in spoken language. The majority of Slavisms and Germanisms of these articles are no longer used, except for some old Slavic borrowings which took root in the Lithuanian language a long time ago. Borrowings from Greek and Latin most likely made their way into these articles from German sources. Quite a lot of terms, mainly those naming of the parts of the body (akis (eye), koja (leg), širdis (heart), etc.), as well as diseases (drugys (fever), kosulys (cough), maras (plague), etc.) and other medical concepts (gydymas (healing), lavonas (corpse), ligonis (patient), etc.) are old Lithuanian words of this field, which can be found in old writings and are still being used in modern language of medical science and practice. In the middle of the 19th century Lithuanian orthography varied a lot, therefore it is natural that orthographic variants of medical terms in these articles are numerous. Synonyms are also common, especially of clinical terms, except in the group of anatomy nomenclature. Such variations probably are caused by the fact that the majority of articles were not written by specialists of medicine and also because there was a lack of knowledge about some diseases. Thus, the lack of precise naming and abundance of synonymy are understandable. Descriptive terms and folk names were also used. Some articles have features of scientific text – specific concepts were named using definite adjectives or definite participles, some terms came with other language (mainly German) equivalents. Gauta 2011-12-01 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] 108 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Keleivio straipsnių apie sveikatą terminai