Terminologijos komisijos (1921–1926) vaidmuo lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminijos istorijoje

172 Asta Mitkevičienė | The Role of the Terminology Commission (1921–1926) | lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminijos istorijoje The Role of the Terminology Commission (1921–1926) in the History of Lithuanian Literary Science Terminology ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: Terminology Commission, literary science terms, poetry terms, stylistic means names, synonymy of terms In March 1921, a Terminology Commission was established in Lithuania at the Ministry of Education – an official start of organized terminology work (for more details see Keinys 1967: 38–41; Auksoriūtė 2011). The article reviews the activities of this commission in the field of terminology of literary science, some of the discussed terms are compared with 19th century terms and with the terms of Kazis Bizauskas’ textbook of literary theory (1922). The Terminology Commission, as can be seen from its minutes, already in its first year of work – in October 1921 – entrusted prose writer, literary historian and critic Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas with the task of forming a subcommission on literary terms. It was proposed to invite the writers Liudas Giras and Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius (TKP No. 13). At the next meeting, the commission submitted a list of literary science terms compiled by K. Bizauskas, the author of the first Lithuanian textbook on literary theory, which was reviewed by J. Tumas-Vaižgantas. These deadlines were discussed at seven meetings in October and November of the same year. It should be noted that Jonas Jablonskis participated in all these meetings and Kazimieras Būga in five. Antanas Smetona chaired the six meetings, Antanas Vireliūnas was the secretary. The meetings were also attended by the permanent members of the Terminology Commission Pranas Mašiotas (6 meetings), Aleksandras Dambrauskas-Adomas Jakštas (5), J. Tumas-Vaižgantas (3), Pranas Dovydaitis (3), Adomas Varnas (2) and the invited “collaborator” V. Krėvė-Mickevičius (3). The term provider K. Bizauskas himself was only a participant in one meeting. Unfortunately, the Terminology Commission has not published a separate list of the decisions on literary science terms, unlike those on law, roads, geography, etc. The consideration of literary terms in the Terminology Commission 173Terminologija | 2013 | 20 na terminų sąrašo rengėjas K. Bizauskas Literatūros teorijos 1922 m. leidimo Prakalboje, written in June of the same year. The author claims that he has submitted literary terms to the Terminology Commission, which "by way of "observing the comments of the Terminology są eilę posėdžių juos svarstė, bet dar galutinai jų nenustatė“, tad vadovėlį Commission" allows BizL 3. On the other hand, in his opinion, the Terminology Commission will now be able to “see how the terms it considers are applied in practice and how they can be acquired” (ibid.). He is especially grateful to K. Būga and J. Jablonskis for their advice. In the preface of the last edition of this textbook, which came out in 1923, K. Bizauskas mentions that the same terms have been kept in it, because the Terminology Commission has not yet made a final decision on them. However, in the minutes of the Terminology Commission, before each list of discussed terms, the following is noted: “it was decided to use the sub-term”, “these literary terms were discussed and established”, “it was decided to use”, “it is decided to use”, “it was agreed that it is possible to use certain terms and expressions” or “it is suggested [,] that these terms may be used in a certain place” (TCP No. 14–21). It should be said that the order of the terms of literary science recorded in the protocols of the Terminology Commission corresponds more or less to the thematic division of K. Bizauskas’s Literary Theory of 1922 and the layout of the textbook material. General terms of literary science were discussed at the meetings, e.g.: idea, work, literature, plan, theme, content, rhythm, etc., names of stylistic means, e.g.: ellipse, figure, metaphor, permanent epithet, questioning, parallelism, synecdoche, tropes, etc., terms of poetry, e.g.: alexandrian verses, choreas, dactyl, line, metric, octave, foot, rhythm, terce, etc., names of literary genres and other units of classification, e.g.: short story, ballad, song, heroic epic, hymn, humoresque, historical novel, novel, ode, fairy tale, pastoral, poem, image, etc., names of characteristics, e.g.: gracefulness, proportionality, rhyme imagery; sounding, regularity, accuracy, typicity, etc., names of actions, events and states, e.g.: description, lecture, expression of thoughts, reasoning, representation, etc. The protocols contain not only terms of literary science, but also general terms of science, e.g.: definition and definition (!), criterion, method, scientific work of science //1, process, system, decision, thesis, etc., rhetorical terms, e.g.: gesture, motto, oratory works (cases), the religious commandment “religious eloquence”, etc., 1 Here and hereafter the authors of the article in diagonals. 174 Asta Mitkevičienė | The Role of the Terminology Commission (1921–1926) | lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminijos istorijoje Figure 1. Protocol No. 16 of the Terminology Commission 175Terminology | 2013 | 20 terms from different fields of art, e.g. architecture, sculpture, etc. It should be noted that K. Bizauskas and subsequent authors of interwar literary theory works adhered to a broad concept of literature (the subject of literary science is not only fiction, but also subjective texts, public speeches), and accordingly the boundaries of the terminology of literary science itself are wider. Most of the terms listed here are easily recognizable today, and most of them are still used today. In total, the protocols of the Terminology Commission (see the example of the protocol in Figure 1) contain about 450 terms – not only nouns and noun combinations, but also adjectives, several verbs with which composite literary science terms can be formed, e.g.: dramatinis, -ė, draminis, -ė; in a row; exciting, exciting "emotional"; chronic, poetic, chronic; picturesque, picturesque; systematic, systematic, systematic; personalize, personalize, personalize, personalize, etc. It is possible that at that time they were also considered terms. Another word taken separately would not even be assigned to the terminology, e.g.: mišras, -a; internal, external; sincere and so on. For some terms, the protocols provide Russian equivalents, and also somewhere else mentions the usage or meaning of the terms, for example: “Literature must mean the same concept as that word means in foreign languages.” “A spoken and written work, a spoken and written work, the gender of which is required by the rules of language.” “Proportionality, or equivalence. The work is proportionate, even, all parts of which are developed with moderation, equally, neither too much nor too little” (TKP No. 14, underlined in the minutes). Let us focus on a few significant groups of terms, especially those of poetry. The Lithuanian terminology of poetry (quite systematic) has discussed pagrindai padėti dar XIX a. gale. V. Kudirka 1898 m. Varpe išspausdino Tiesas eilėms rašyti. Tai pirmoji lietuviška poetika. Terminologijos komirelatively few poetry terms. The commission recorded the international terms rhyme (V. Kudirka used the reference Vrp 1898 1 14), caesura (V. Kudirka’s cut Vrp 1898 1 14, caesura Vrp 1898 2 28), and in the protocols of the Belarusian verse used by V. Kudirka and other authors of the 19th century, there is also a string. The latter, according to the LKŽ, was proposed by J. Jablonski, but never became widespread (in K. Bizauskas’ Literatūros teorija (1922) – verse 91 and stanza 91). V. Kudirka used the terms metric // tonic // syllabic verse Vrp 1898 1 14, with almost the same species elements of mixed origin formed and the terms 176 Asta Mitkevičienė | The Role of the Terminology Commission (1921–1926) | lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminijos istorijoje of the Terminology Commission metric // tonic // syllabic verse. The aforementioned Bizauskas textbook contains metric poetry BizL 82, syllabic poetry BizL 81 and synonyms tonic poetry BizL 82 and vocal poetry BizL 82. The terminology commission has recorded three single-word terms for the same concept of “poetry” – verse, verse and versification, although from previous examples it is clear that the compound terms have the emphasis on verse. K. Bizauskas mainly used the BizL 78 verse, although the BizL 78 versification was also used (in the previous edition – the BizR 54 verse and the BizR 52 versification). The order did not survive. In the protocols of the terminology commission synonyms logikaos // loginis kirtis, baltosios // berimės eilės are recorded (cf. V. Kudirkos baltos / baltosios eilės Vrp 1898 3 40), in K. Bizausko textbook only logikas kirtis BizL 79, baltosios eilės BizL 91. Thus, K. Bizauskas did not take everything from the decisions of the Terminology Commission, although, it should be noted, he participated in the very meeting in which the terms of the poem were discussed. It is also useful to compare the names of the stylistic means with the corresponding terms of Kazimieras Macius’ article on folk songs, published in Žinytis in 1900. In that article, most of the names of the stylistic tools were used in Lithuanian for the first time. It should be said that in it and in the protocols of the Terminology Commission some terms coincide, e.g. irony, metonymy, tropes, others are phonetic or morphological variants, e.g. K. Macius used antithesis Žnč 1900 1 80, figure Žnč 1900 1 72, hyperbole Žnč 1900 1 78, synecdoche Žnč 1900 1 82, while in the protocols of the Terminology Commission we find antithesis, figure, hyperbole, synecdoche, etc. K. Macius called the ellipse release Žnč 1900 1 82, the Terminology Commission provided synonyms ellipse and release, K. Macius used zatylėjimas Žnč 1900 1 82 in the meaning of “silence”, and the Commission – unrecognized interruption. In the article of K. Macius we find the term atkartojimas Žnč 1900 1 79, in the protocols of the commission recorded repetition, repetition. K. Macius also used the terms call Znč 1900 1 72, gradation Znč 1900 1 82, apostrophe / apostropa, or turning back Znč 1900 1 43. The terminology commission wrote slogan, shouting, for rhetorical exclamation, and rise, for graduation? (gradation) (compare Latin gradatio – gradual rise), and apostrophes – address, apostrophe. K. Bizauskas again did not blindly follow the Terminology Commission: he used the variant hyperbola and ascribed to it the Lithuanian term perdėjimas BizL 68, he chose the terms nutylėjimas BizL 76, and 177Terminology | 2013 | 20 synonyms gradation BizL 74 (see reinforcement or ne nutrūkimas, pakartojimas BizL 71, sušukimas BizL 77, taip pat vartojo gradation BizR 49), addressing, or apostrophe BizL 70. The discussed terms show that the Terminology Commission did not avoid the abundance of compound terms. For example, fiction // fictional novel "fiction novel?"; dailus nų sinonimijos. Greta terminologijoje pateisinamos lietuviškų ir tarptautinių terminų sinonimijos, dėmesį patraukia nemotyvuota sinoniminių // dailusis // beautiful story; didactic // didactic novel (there is also an educational novel); great // first // senior character – герой; connective // connective period; myths // mythical epic; a fairy tale about animals and a fairy tale of animals; prose // prose // prose work; romantic // romantic poem; family // family romance, etc. The protocols also recorded synonymous terms of Lithuanian origin, e.g.: apsakymas and pasakas; diary and journal (now separated); smell and inhalation; instruction and tutoring; confession, statement and account; [period] decline and fall, etc. Does this mean that users of literary terms are given a choice? Or did the Commission itself not agree completely on some of the terms discussed? Most likely these terms, as K. Bizauskas wrote in the aforementioned preamble, are from the period of consideration. It is useful to look at which of the listed synonyms were included in K. Bizauskas’ textbook. In some cases, the author of the first textbook of literary theory chose one synonym (usually more terminological and/or more correct from a contemporary point of view), e.g.: fictional novel BizL 163, fictional narrative BizL 101, educational novel BizL 163, animal tale BizL 141, mythical epic BizL 139, romantic poem BizL 145, [period] decline BizL 34, etc. In other cases, the text contains synonyms, but not necessarily coinciding with all the ones provided by the Terminology Commission, e.g.: prose work BizL 32, prose work BizL 95 and another prose work BizL 48, family novel BizL 197, family novel BizL 163 and another family novel BizL 163, etc., or the corresponding concepts are named by other terms, e.g.: hero BizL 181, senior character BizL 196, senior subject BizL 147; connecting period BizL 35, etc. The terms chosen by K. Bizauskas are still in use today: apysaka BizL 164, diary BizL 102, inspiracija BizL 134, išpažintis BizL 106, pamokymas BizL 157. 178 Asta Mitkevičienė | The Role of the Terminology Commission (1921–1926) | lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminijos istorijoje CONCLUSIONS 1. In 1921, the Terminology Commission held seven meetings and discussed about 450 terms from literature and related fields, as well as general scientific terms (mainly nouns and noun combinations, as well as adjectives and several verbs) submitted by K. Bizauskas. Mr. Jablonski participated in all the deliberations. 2.Comparing the terms of the Terminology Commission with those used by V. Kudirka (1898) and K. Macius (1900), we can see both the change of terms (creation instead of response, slogan and shouting instead of shouting) and the tradition of use (verse, release “elipses”). The protocols of the terminology commission also contain unfamiliar terms, for example, the word order "poem". 3. The Protocols are rich in synonymous terms. In some cases K. Bizauskas chose one synonym, in other cases his textbook also contains synonyms (same or different) or the term is named differently. Although the list of literary science terms discussed by the Terminology Commission was not published separately in the press, it can still be said that the discussion of literary science terms in the Terminology Commission was not in vain. A large part of these terms immediately came into use through K. Bizauskas’s 1922 textbook of literary theory, from which later authors of literary works learned and probably used. Thus, the role of the Terminology Commission in the history of literary science terminology is indirect. LITTERACY AND SOURCES Auksoriūtė A. 2011: Overview of the activities of the Terminology Commission (1921–1926). – Terminologija 18, 80–91. 1923: Theory of Literature. 4th ed., Kaunas. BizL – Bizauskas K. Theory of literature. 3rd ed., 1922, Kaunas. BizR – Bizauskas K. Writing and literary theory. The First Part, Kaunas, 1918. Keinys St. 1967: Overview of the development of Lithuanian terminology (up to 1940). – Development of Lithuanian Terminology, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2012, 29–56. LKŽe – Lithuanian Language Dictionary (I–XX, 1941–2002), electronic version, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2005. – www.lkz.lt. TKP – Protokoll der Terminologiekommission (Nr. 13–21), 1921. The Lithuanian Language Institute. 2002: Interlex. Computerized dictionary of international words. Ats. red. A. Kinderys, Vilnius (e. authorization). Vrp – V. K. [V. Kudirka]. Tiesos eilėms rašyti. – Varpas, 1898, Nr. 1, 14–15; Nr. 2, 28–30; Nr. 3, 40–42. The crop – Samogita [K. Macius]. Meaning and beauty of Lithuanian songs. – Journal of the Royal Society, 1900, No. 1, 33–84. THE ROLE OF THE TERMINOLOGY COMMISSION (1921–1926) IN THE HISTORY OF LITHUANIAN LITERARY TERMINOLOGY In 1921 in Lithuania the Terminologijos komisija (Terminology Commission) was established under the Ministry of Education. The sub-commission of literary terms was constituted in October 1921. At the very next meeting of the Terminology 179Terminologija | 2013 | 20 Commission the sub-commission presented the set of literary terms (and terms of related domains and basic science terms as well) compiled by Kazys Bizauskas, author of the first Lithuanian textbook on literary theory. These terms were discussed in seven subsequent meetings with the participation of the greatest Lithuanian linguists Jonas Jablonskis and Kazimieras Būga. The Terminology Commission discussed about 450 terms: basic literary terms (turinys “content”), names of stylistic devices (elipsė “ellipsis”), terms of versification (pėda “foot”), names of genres (istorinis romanas “historical novel”), names of features related to literature (rimo vaizdingumas “imagery of rhyme”), names of actions related to literature and literary work (aprašymas “description”) etc. In comparison with the chosen 19th century sources of literary terms certain terms were changed and for other terms traditional usage was maintained. Some of the terms discussed were not established, for example sruoga “strophe” (now posmas, strofa). In the records of the Terminology Commission there are quite many synonyms of terms. It seems likely that terms were recorded at the discussion stage. Although the list of terms discussed was not published in the press, the work of the Terminology Commission in the field of literary terms was helpful. The majority of the terms came into usage through Kazys Bizauskas’ textbook Literatūros teorija (Literary Theory) (1922), although he did not follow all the recommendations of the Terminology Committee. Commission. Retrieved 2013-10-22. Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]