Pirmasis Lietuvos medicinos mokslo žurnalas ir lietuviškoji medicinos terminija

142 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | The First Lithuanian Journal of Medical Science | ir lietuviškoji medicinos terminija The first Lithuanian medical science journal and Lithuanian medical terminology PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: medical science journal, Lithuanian medical term, common word, derivative 100th Anniversary of Medicine and Nature INTRODUCTION Journal of the American Medical Association. The emergence of Lithuanian medical periodicals (Karosas 1960: 42–49; Biziulevičius 1989: 34–39; Andriušis 1996: 161–176) was greatly influenced by non-Lithuanian medical periodicals, which were published in Latin, Polish, Russian and had deep traditions in Lithuania (Stakulienė 2001: 220). The first Lithuanian medical periodical, Sveikata (1909–1915, 1920–1928), appeared in the first decade of the 20th century. In the second decade, the journal Medicine and Nature (1913) and the biweekly supplement of the weekly Aušra Gydytojas (1914–1915) were published. They are joined by the fragmentarily published Farmaceutų reikalai (Pharmacists’ Affairs) (Stakulienė 2001: 226) in 1911–1912. In an article in 1910, Kazys Grinius proposed to start publishing a “professional” Lithuanian medical journal. In his opinion, the journal “could contain: 1) scientific articles on medicine, hygiene, medical statistics, veterinary medicine, pharmacy and natural sciences; 2) chronicle of the life of those sciences and staff; 3) information; 4) feljetonai" (Grinius 1910: 1). However, only three years later this idea was realized – in 1913 the Lithuanian journal of medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy and natural sciences Medicine and Nature was published. Its editor and editor was Dr. Stasys Matulaitis. The journal began to be published in 1911 by the Physicians and Surgeons Society, which was founded by the Lithuanian Science Society. 1 It must be said that “in the Lithuanian press of the 20th century all periodical publications were referred to as newspapers. Only later, approximately from the beginning of the period of independence and finally in the 20th and 30th centuries, the term “journal” came into use (Stakulienė 2001: 227). The article therefore uses the magazine term. 143Terminology | 2013 | 20 pharmacists section2 members of doctors Dominykas Bukont, Bronislava Gedminaitė, K. Grinius, Juozas Jarašius, Antanas Vileišis, pharmacists Stasys Bytautas, Jonas Kašinskas, Zenonas Kuzavas, Elena Lukaševičiūtė, Motiejus Nasvytis, Jeronimas Šliogeris, Mato Valeika, Antanas Žukauskas (Aničas 1999: 302–303). So the fine objectives remained unfulfilled. A few words about the structure and content of the magazine’s issues. In the section “From the Editorial Board” of the first issue it is written that “the first 1999: 302) iniciatyva. Išėjus dviem numeriams leidimas nutrūko dėl lėšų Lithuanian language journal of medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy and natural sciences is being published” (MG 1913 1 1). The need for such a joint journal is emphasized: "the largest part of Lithuanian enlightenment is engaged in the mentioned branches of science. We cannot do anything on our own. But when we gather together around our newspaper, we can do a great deal of good for our disciplines, for our profession, and for our country. We have combined all the mentioned branches of science in a purely practical way into one journal. None of these groups would be able to have their own newspaper, as is the case in other nations. Instead, together we will reach our goal" (MG 1913 1 1-2). It is planned to publish a magazine of one and a half pages every two months and to print: “1) original and translated articles, 2) feuilletons from the life of society, 3) reports, 4) reviews of medicines and advice on practice, 5) criticism and bibliography, 6) correspondence and letters to the editorial board, 7) a chronicle, 8) a free vacancy, 9) announcements” (MG 1913 1 2). The price of the magazine is also indicated: “for a year – 4 rub., for half a year – 2 rub., a separate issue – 75 cap.” (MG 1913 1 2). Thus, the first 25-page issue (May-June) of Medicine and Nature (a bimonthly journal of medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy and nature) appeared in 1913 (see figure). In this issue, as it is written in the section “From the Editorial Board”, “most of the material is from medicine, because we did not have suitable material from other branches of science, although we applied and asked for it” (MG 1913 1 2). Inserted three articles: “The spread of trachoma in Lesser and Greater Lithuania” (Dr. P. Avižonis); “Do adenoids have a connection with masturbation?” (Dr. Laumianskis); “From the gynecology department of St. Jacob's Hospital in Vilnius. To the question of stopping the flow of blood from the uterus to the myoma. Read at Pirogov’s Congress in St. Petersburg” (D-r. 2 In the program drawn up by the Section, one of the tasks was the arrangement of the old terminology and the creation of new ones (natural sciences – botany, chemistry, etc.) and special ones (medicine and pharmacy) (cf. Schoolboy 1912: 184. 144 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | The First Lithuanian Journal of Medical Science | ir lietuviškoji medicinos terminija 145Terminologija | 2013 | 20 A. Damaševičius). In the section “Proceedings” are published two articles by S. Matulaitis: “Treatment of epilepsy with bromine” and “Bismutum subnitricum hyperchlorhydrijoj i ulcum ventrikuli”. In the section “Features” is included J. Bagdanavičius’3 article “Doctors’ courses in Berlin”. In the section “This and that” we will find J. Bagdanavičius’ work “Is there many Lithuanians in the soil suffering from drought?”. In the section “Bibliography” are presented short annotations to popular medical booklets (Health or the straight and short way to health, edited by Dr. L. Graičiūnas; Methods of spreading infectious lymphatic diseases and fighting them, edited by Dr. Graičiūnas) written by the editor of the journal S. Matulaitis. In the section “Practical advice” Dr. Jonas Basanavičius gave some practical advice (“Reduce the temperature of dryers <...>”, “Trachoma and iodine acid”, “From abdominal pain to alcoholic gastritis”). The last page includes a bug fix. In the section "From the Editors" of the second, last issue, disappointment is expressed: "beginning to publish the first jama dėl raštų stokos (dėl šios priežasties šis numeris išėjo pavėluotai). Lithuanian language medical-nature journal we hoped to discover greater interest. But, it seems, we are painfully confined. We have released two numbers anyway, but the third one, if there will continue to be such bring-in, will probably have to appear soon" (MG 1913 1 1). At the end, it appeals to all “who care Support for Medicine and Nature, helping it with whatever you can, some with letters, some with money" (MG 1913 1 2). This issue concludes the continuation of the article of Dr. A. Damaševičius “From the Gynecology Department of St. Jacob's Hospital in Vilnius. To the question of stopping the flow of blood from the gumbo to the miomas. "The Pyrotechnics of St. Petersburg". Three articles by D. Bukantas are published: “Ruptures of the birth canal, transverse position during childbirth”, “Casuistics of urinary tract stones in children”, “Homework pessarium”. S. Matulaitis published an important and significant article “Lithuanian Terminology of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Chemistry”, both with regard to the subject (medicine) and the language and terminology (more on it will be written below). In the section “This and that” is included the article “From medical terminology” by Dr. J. Bagdanavičius. In pseudonyms J. Z. published by the author signed “This and that from the Hygiene Exhibition in St. Petersburg”, and in pseudonyms A. D. – N. A. Kukovierov re3 pseudonym of Dr. Juozas Bagdonas. 146 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | The First Lithuanian Journal of Medical Science | ir lietuviškoji medicinos terminija ferrat "On the use of local anesthesia". S. Matulaitis and J. Basanavičius presented new drugs (Sedobrol, Follikulin kaipo pūrgatyvas, Ristina and scabies, Melubrin). In the section "Practical advice" - J. Basadicina and the section of navičiaus „Nuo haemorrhagia ventriculi“. „Chronikoje“ spausdinama „Menature L. M. Dr. at this year's congress". Lithuanian Medical Terminology: Sources, Problems and Perspectives. The question of the Lithuanianness of medical terms was perhaps first raised by Dr. Mikalojus Kuprevičius in the article “Lithuanian names of diseases” published in the Varpas in 1897. He encouraged doctors to use Lithuanian names of diseases rather than borrowed ones, and he himself presented about 60 of them in his article, adding Latin or Greek equivalents. Susirūpinimą medicinos terminų lietuviškumu vėlei tik po 16 metų išsakė S. Matulaitis 1913 m. Medicinoje ir gamtoje išspausdintame straipsnyje "Lithuanian terminology of anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry". It sets out a number of current problems of medical terminology at the time – the excess of terms and, on the other hand, their lack, the variety of terms for the same concept, the absence of norms, the issues of standardization, approval of terms, the need to involve specialists and linguists in terminology work. The author encouraged doctors to collect words from the living language or create terms based on the grammar rules of the native language. S. Matulaitis emphasized that it is necessary “to have firmly and definitively established terminology: anatomy, physiology, pathology, chemistry and other branches of science, as far as they are related to medicine” (Matulaitis 1913: 9). He criticized the use of "thermal resources" in popular medical textbooks of the time, in which the same term has several names. This, according to the author, is an unjustifiable and harmful thing, awkward for the reader himself. This "mixture of terminology will make scientific writings unserious." Therefore, S. Matulaitis proposed to introduce a special terminology section in the Journal of Medicine and Nature, in which the names of the branches of terminology would be printed. The author had provided guidelines for the further creation and standardization of Lithuanian medical terminology, which are still relevant today: “Others, after reading the names submitted, will give their own more appropriate ones or ones borrowed from people’s language or based on grammar rules. That after finally choosing the most appropriate term from all the terms, next year during the congress of physicians and naturalists we will be able, having called for help from language experts, to finally do this work. After finally adopting the most appropriate terms, we will perhaps squeeze out a separate booklet so that everyone knows and uses the same terminology” (Matulai- 147Terminologija | 2013 | 20 article contains a number of Lithuanian names of tis 1913: 10–11). Šiam sumanymui autorius padarė pradžią, pateikdamas osteology. The object of the article consists of Lithuanian4 language or script words used in the journal Medicine and Nature and words made by means of vienažodžiai medicinos terminai. Siekiama aptarti terminų raišką, t. y. jų sandaros dalykus. Vienažodžiai terminai skirstomi į paprastuosius gyvosios word construction of their own language, the latter are described in more detail according to the way of construction. Where necessary, medical terms are compared with current terms referring to the same concepts. Finally, the issue of the survival of the journal’s Lithuanian medical terms in the current Lithuanian language of medical science is touched. 1. LITHUANIAN MONOWORDS MEDICINE AND NATURE TERMS 1.1. Single-word terms (197 terms). The articles use single-word terms to identify related concepts of anatomy, physiology, clinical, pharmacological sciences. It is possible to distinguish between ordinary words of living language or written words and words made by means of word making in one's own language. 1.1.1. Ordinary words of living language or writing (51 terms). Prie paprastųjų gyvosios kalbos ar raštų žodžių priskirti pirminiai (neišvestiniai) žodžiai. Kazimieras Gaivenis stated that “ready-made Lithuanian words are usually terminated in two ways: 1) by expanding (transferring) the lexical meaning of the word and 2) by narrowing (limiting) the lexical meaning of the word” (Gaivenis 2002: 52). He has observed that medicine was one of the sciences that terminologized the words of the folk language (Gaivenis 1983: 15). “Although a large part of the medical terms are Latin and still form the core of the medical vocabulary that is constantly being supplemented and improved” (Česnys 2002: 55), a number of terms have been borrowed from popular language. Most of the scientific medical terminology is borrowed from the living language for terms of anatomy and clinic, a little bit of physiology. As anatomy terms are terminologized the basic lexical meanings of living language words5: eye MG 1913 1 23 / eyes MG 1913 1 9, see eye 1. ‘organ of vision’ in the ML; ears MG 1913 1 9, see ear 1. ‘organ of hearing’ in LKŽe; bamba MG 1913 1 13, see 1 bamba anat. „duo4 In the article, Lithuanian terms are considered to be medical terms of Lithuanian origin. 5 When determining the popularity of terms, the data of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽe) are used. A term is considered to be popular if the word or its meaning is derived from the living language (this is shown by the abbreviations of dialectal areas). 148 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | The First Lithuanian Journal of Medical Science | ir lietuviškoji medicinos terminija belé v bruchu (umbilicus)” in LKŽe; burna MG 1913 1 8, see burna 1. “void between lips and throat” in LKŽe; teeth MG 1913 2 18, see teeth 1. anat. „bony organ in the mouth or muzzle for chewing food (Dens)“ in LKŽe; head MG 1913 1 9, see head 1. ‘part of the body’ in the LCIe; blood MG 1913 1 12, MG 1913 2 6, see blood “a fluid of red colour circulating in the human or animal body and nourishing tissues” in the CPC; lip MG 1913 1 9, see lip 1. “one of the two edges of the mouth” in LKŽe; nose MG 1913 1 9, see 1 nose 1. ‘smell organ’ in the LCJ; part MG 1913 1 13, MG 1913 2 4, see part 1. ‘the upper layer, shell of the human or animal body’ in the LCGe; plėvė MG 1913 2 7, see plėvė 1. anat. „thin layer of tissue connecting or covering some parts of the body“ in LKŽe; hand MG 1913 2 6, see hand 1. ‘the upper human limb from the shoulder to the fingertips; part of this limb from the wrist to the fingertips’ in LKŽe; stomach – ‘ventriculus’ MG 1913 2 9 / stomach MG 1913 1 21, see stomach 1. anat. ‘human or animal digestive organ – muscular sac, ventricles, abdomen (ventriculus)’ in LCŽe; brain MG 1913 1 9, see brain 1. anat. “the central part of the nervous system, consisting of nerve fibers and cells, located in the ovary and spinal canal of humans and vertebrates” in the LCŽe; strenos MG 1913 1 18, see page 1. ‘lower back below the waist, lumbar’ in the LKŽe; heart MG 1913 1 13, MG 1913 2 2, see heart 1. ‘central circulatory organ located on the left side of the chest’ in the LCGe; face MG 1913 1 9, see face 1. ‘frontal part of the human head’ in the LCGe; laxatives MG 1913 2 20, see laxatives 1. ‘human or animal internal (e.g. digestive) organs’ in the LKŽe; intestines MG 1913 1 17, MG 1913 2 6, see intestine 1. annot. “tube-shaped part of the digestive tract beginning with the stomach (intestinum)” in CPC. In the anatomy terminology, we have also taken words of the living language with a broader meaning, but narrowed their meaning, e.g.: shame – vulva MG 1913 2 12, see shame 2. ‘external genital organs’ in the LKŽe, cf. pudendum femininum – female external genital organs in the MedŽ; tuber (?) – uterus MG 1913 2 12 / tuber MG 1913 2 3, see tuber 6. ‘gimda’ LKŽe; concha – concha MG 1913 2 11, see concha 6. anat. “outer part of the ear” in LKŽe; palpebra MG 1913 2 13, see palpebra 2. ‘eyelid’ in CPC, cf. ‘female genital organ pal peb ra – vokas MedŽ; makštis MG 1913 1 15, žr. 1 makštis 6. anat. (vagina)’ in CPC; shoulder – scapula MG 1913 2 11, see shoulder 1 8. anat. ‘flat triangular bone in the upper back (scapula)’ in LKŽe; turnip – patella MG 1913 2 12, see turnip 7., see turnip 7. 149Terminology | 2013 | 20 mouse 9. ‘knee joint’ in LKŽe, cf. patella – joint in MedŽ; ventricles – ‘ventriculus’ MG 1913 2 9 / ventricles MG 1913 1 17, see box 3. ‘stomach, abdomen’ in LKŽe, cf. ventriculus – 1. stomach in MedŽ; sheiva – fibula MG 1913 2 12, see sheiva 5. ‘calf bone’ in LKŽe, cf. fibula – tibial bone in MedŽ; varpa – penis MG 1913 2 12, see varpa 2. anat. „male sex organ (penis)“ in LKŽe; envelope (palpebra) MG 1913 2 13, see envelope 2. ‘blinking eye cover’ / envelope MG 1913 1 23, see envelope 1, see envelope 1 2. "blinking eye cover" in LKŽe. According to the dictionary, all of the above mentioned words, except for the words tuber, shell, vagina, are fixed in the living language in medical terms. In the article „Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Chemistry of the Lithuanian Genitality System – motė, močia, gumbas (?) – uterus MG 1913 2 12: motė, see 1 motė 6. anat. „gimda“ LKŽe, cf. uterus – gimda MedŽ, only the ka terminologija“ pasiūlyta bent keletas gyvosios kalbos žodžių moters word močia LKŽe is not recorded in the meaning of „uterus“. In the articles of the journal there are words of the living language not only for anatomy, but also for clinical concepts. The first clinical term to be mentioned is disease MG 1913 1 8, MG 1913 2 7 / disease MG 1913 2 15, see 1 disease 1. “disruption of the functioning of the organism, deterioration of health, illness, incapacity” in LKŽe, and the pharmacological term vaistai MG 1913 1 12, MG 1913 2 20 / vaistas MG 1913 1 17, MG 1913 2 21, see 1 drug “medicine” in LKŽe. The basic lexical meanings of living language words are taken from several clinical terms: dičius (on the forehead) – atheroma MG 1913 2 13, see dičius „so a lump (atheroma)“ LKŽe, cf. atheroma – atheroma, fat [lipoid] accumulation MedŽ; salt MG 1913 1 18, see salt 1. ‘a salty mineral compound (sodium chloride) used to protect food from spoilage and to flavour it’ in the LCe; tumor MG 1913 1 13, see tumor 1. ‘solid tumor in any part of the body’ in the LD; pus MG 1913 2 5, see pus „greenish-yellow mass, appearing in wounds, painful“ in LKŽe; water MG 1913 2 15, see water 1. ‘clear colourless, ppr. tasteless and odourless liquid, hydrogen-oxygen compound (H2O)’ in LCŽe; votis MG 1913 1 3, cf. votis med. „tinning with pus, pain, swelling, MG 1913 2 7 / akmuo MG 1913 2 8 / akmenų gen. pl. MG 1913 2 7, see piktvotė“ LKŽe, o vieno žodžio susiaurinta reikšmė: akmens nom. sg. stone 8. ‘concrement in the body’ in the LCJ. 150 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | The First Lithuanian Journal of Medical Science | ir lietuviškoji medicinos terminija Dr. Bagdanavičius6 in his article (more precisely – in the list of words) gave two words of the living language for the same concept of clinic: gramai (sputsum) MG 1913 2 13, sputa (sputsum) MG 1913 2 13, see sputum 1. “mucus recovered from respiratory organs” in LKŽe. The dictionary contains only the word gram, which has no meaning of "sput". Particularly noteworthy are a couple of the above-mentioned noun adjectives7, denoting female diseases: white– fluor ulbus MG 1913 2 12 / whites gen. morragia MG 1913 2 12, in pl. MG 1913 1 14, žr. baltieji 2. žr. baltosios med. „tokia moterų liga (Fluor albus)“ LKŽe, plg. fluor albus – baltosios MedŽ; raudonieji8 – hae LKŽ the red ones are not recorded, only the red rings Ss „monthly“, cf. haemorrhagia – hemorrhage, bleeding MedŽ. 1.1.2. D a r i n i a i (146 terms). More than half of the journal’s Lithuanian mono-word medical terms are derivatives9. In addition, the ability to distinguish between prefixes, suffixes, and suffixes and prepositions. 1.1.2.1. 1997 (97 pp. ) It is the largest group of Vedas. The prevalent derivatives of the suffix -imas (-imai) are mainly action names, which are almost roughly derived from non-prepositional verbs: gimimai MG 1913 2 15, girdėjimas MG 1913 1 10, mirtis MG 1913 2 15, niežėjimas MG 1913 2 22, perpūtimas MG 1913 1 10, perpūtėjimai MG 1913 1 10, plaudimas MG 1913 2 6, plaudimai MG 1913 1 18 / plovimas MG 1913 1 18, plaukimai MG 1913 2 3, skausmas MG 1913 1 22, MG 1913 2 20, sopėjimai MG 1913 1 15, bužimas MG 1913 1 13 and from prepositional verbs: įčirškimai MG 1913 1 14 / įčirškimas MG 1913 1 13, MG 1913 2 19, įleidimas MG 1913 2 19, išėjimas „poilsis“ MG 1913 1 18, nuvargimas MG 1913 2 18, pasiutimas MG 1913 2 16, spaudimai MG 1913 1 15, užsikrėtimas MG 1913 1 15. Some examples of the use of the word include: "to be pleased". – ar6 See footnote 3. 7 "Self-conjugated noun adjectives, denoting the secondary name of the object, which in certain cases can replace the main name of the object, go with its synonym, e.g.: žltá "such a disease, jautrožega", <...>, krvavá "dysentery". <...>. These adjectives are formed by turning the name of a characteristic property of an object into the name of the object itself. They usually appear next to names that are avoided in the language, for example, to name various diseases, <...>. <...>. Substantive nouns are nouns because of their specific meaning. The attribute expressed by the nominative adjective is associated with a certain thing, and therefore the name of the thing itself becomes unnecessary” (LKG I 530). 8 The doctor A. Vileišis in his 1899 book Patarmės moterims, kurios nori buti sveikos (also in the second edition, in 1906) used the term "menstrual" in the meaning of "menstrual". 9 Describing the formations was based on the works of Pranas Skardžys, Vincas Urbutis, Saulius Ambraz, LKG. 157Terminologija | 2013 | 20 2) changed expression, but unchanged meaning: atkrytis – recidyv, cf. recidyvum – relapse MedŽ, whites – fluor ulbus, cf. fluor albus – whites MedŽ, hip bone – os ilei, cf. os ilium – hip bone MedŽ, maumonėlis – rodničok, cf. fonticulus – momenėlis – родничок MedŽ, menstrual, cf. – menstruatio – menstrual MedŽ, sleepiness, cf. somnolentia – sleepiness MedŽ, prietvarius, cf. obstipatio – obstruction MedŽ, strenos, cf. lambas – stern MedŽ, furunculus, cf. furunculus – stern MedŽ, voka, cf. palpebra – envelope MedŽ; 3) unchanged expression, but changed meaning: tuber (?) – uterus, cf. uterus – uterus MedŽ, and tuber – phyma MedŽ, petiole – os humeri, cf. humerus – humerus, and petiole – os acromiale MedŽ, abdomen – „ventriculus“ / stomach (stomachus), cf. abdomen 3. „stomach“ in LKŽe, cf. stomachus see ventriculus – 1. stomach MedŽ, and belly – abdomen, venter MedŽ, growth „growth“, cf. accretio – growth MedŽ; 4) changed expression and meaning: heel – tallius, cf. talus – thighbone MedŽ, and heel – calcaneus MedŽ. CONCLUSIONS The first Lithuanian medical science journal Medicine and Nature, published in 1913, began to raise questions and problems of Lithuanian medical terminology, which have not lost their relevance even today – the excess of terms and, on the other hand, their lack, the diversity of terms for the same concept and the importance of their standardization, the need to involve specialists and linguists in terminology work, concern for the Lithuanianness of medical terms, etc. Physicians are encouraged to collect words from the living language or create terms based on the grammar rules of their native language. The journal contains 197 single-word medical terms of Lithuanian origin. First of all, we mention the simple words of living language or writings (51 term), naming anatomy and some clinical concepts. Their main lexical meanings are usually terminologically defined, although anatomy terminology has taken words with a broader meaning, but their meaning is narrowed. Most of the single-word terms consist of derivatives (146 terms). Prevalent adverbs (-ing; sea bream(s); fur; sown (sown/sowns/sows), sown; cold sores; stirring(s); a) the child(ren); scout(s), scout; jellyfish; the piglet; number; wounds; -ata, jąažis, jąekšlis, jąerė, jąda, jąykla, jąyklai, jąyla, jąylas, jąininė, jąiniai, jąinynai, jąinys, jąininkas, ją(i)ukas, jąlai, jąlė, jąlis (jieliai), jąslė, jąsmai, jąsnis (jieliai), jątas, jątis, jątys, jąuolis (jieliai), jąurys, jąuvis, jąvas) vedic (97 terms). 158 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | The First Lithuanian Journal of Medical Science | ir lietuviškoji medicinos terminija There are only two prefix-derived terms – prefix-anthroponyms and prefix-substantives. Galūnių vedinių, palyginti su priešdėlių, yra gerokai daugiau (17 terminų). Daugiausia galūnių -is, as (ai), -a ir ė vedinių. Kitų galūnių (ys, .ius) occurs one derivative at a time. The second most abundant group of derivatives is the punch (30 terms). The most abundant group of puns are puns of two nouns (25 terms). The nineteen syllables are joined together by the connecting vowels -i-, ňao, ňiao, and the six syllables are joined together without them. The group of verbs with noun conjugations includes two verbs with prepositions between, between and noun. There are only two types of adjectives: adjectives with a noun and adjectives without a noun. More than half of the Lithuanian single-word medical terms have survived and are still used in the current language of medical science. Most of them remain unchanged in expression and meaning. Some of the terms have changed over time, either in their meaning or expression. The enthusiasm and dedication of Lithuanian doctors who wrote in the journal Medicine and Nature, the care for the purity and Lithuanianness of their professional language, the promotion of the living language as the main source of terminology could be a beautiful and attainable example for today’s medical terminology workers. MAIN SOURCES MG 1913 1 – Medicine and Nature (May–June), Vilnius. MG 1913 2 – Medicine and Nature (July–August), Vilnius. AUXILIARY SOURCES LKŽe – Lithuanian Language Dictionary (I–XX, 1941–2002), electronic version, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2005. – www.lkz.lt. MedŽ – V. Astrauskas, St. Biziulevičius, S. Pavilonis, A. Vaitilavičius, A. Vileišis. Dictionary of Medical Terms, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1980. Advice for women who want to be healthy. According to Zielczek, written by Dr. A. V. in Tilžė, 1899. Advice for women who want to be healthy. It was written by Dr. A. Vileišis. 2nd edition, Vilnius, 1906. 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Stakulienė S. 2001: Lietuviškoji medicinos periodika: ištakos ir raida Lietuvoje iki XX a. trečiojo dešimtmečio. – Knygotyra 37, 220–233. Urbutis V. 2009: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. THE FIRST LITHUANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND LITHUANIAN TERMINOLOGY OF MEDICINE This year is the 100th anniversary of the first Lithuanian medical journal Medicina ir gamta (Medicine and nature). This publication started raising issues of medical terminology which are still relevant – lack and excess of terms, variation of terms naming the same concept, unification and approval of terms, the necessity to involve both specialists and linguists in the development of terminology, concern about the “Lithuanianness” of medical terminology, etc. Doctors were encouraged to collect words from the folk language or to create terms following the rules of Lithuanian grammar. The article deals with 197 one-word medical terms of Lithuanian origin found in mainly name the journal. Words of the folk language and words taken from written sources which concepts of anatomy (akis (eye), kraujas (blood), kruoslas (now akies vokas (eyelid)), mentė (shoulder blade), ropė (now kelio girnelė (kneecap)), smegenys (brain), širdis (heart), etc.) and to some extent clinical practice (liga (disease), raudonieji (now hemoragija (haemorrhage)), vaistas (medication), etc.) are researched. Generally their main lexical meanings were terminologized; words with broader meanings were used as well, especially as terms of anatomy, but their meanings have been narrowed. The majority of one-word terms are word-formations (74% of researched terms). In this group suffixal derivatives (with suffixes -imas; sea bream(s); fur; sows (ei/eiiai/aiys), sows; cold sores; stirring(s); a) the child(ren); scout(s), scout; jellyfish; the piglet; number; wounds; -ata, jąažis, ėekšlis, ėerė, onda, ėykla, ėyklai, ėyla, ėylas, ėinė, ėiniai, ėinynai, ėinys, ėininkas, ė(i)ukas, ėlai, ėlė, ėlis (lėliai), ėslė, ėsmai, ėsnis (ėssniai), ėtas, ėtis, ėtys, ėuolis (žuuoliai), ėurys, ėuvis, ėvas) prevail (66% of all word-formations), for example, dušavimas (now kvėpavimas (breathing)), gydymas (treating), raktas (now raktikaulis (collarbone)), silpnumas (weakness), maumonėlis (now fontanelle)), gydytojas (doctor), gyvybė (life), kosulys (cough), sveikata 160 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | The First Lithuanian Journal of Medical Science | ir lietuviškoji medicinos terminija (health), pollenas (now spuogas (acne)), degylas (now oxygen (oxygen)), krūtinė (chest), kiaušinynai (now kiaušidės (ovaries)), džiovininkas (hectic), akytė (now ląstelė (cell)), pūslė (blister), kumerys (now akies kampas (corner of the eye)). Prefixal derivatives are rare (1% of all word-formations): pakūnė (now šunvotė (furuncle)). Ending derivatives comprise 12% of all word-formations. Ending -is (degis (now deguonis (oxygen)), karštis (fever), ėjas (ahai) (miegas (sleap), niežai (scabies)), ėja (džiova (tuberculosis), ištrauka (extract) and ėė (sopė (pain)) derivatives are most common. The second largest group of word-formations are compounds (21% of all wordformations). Compounds made of two nouns are the most common in this group. Their components are connected directly (hospital, rib) or by a conjunctive vowels ij or a(i)aj (jaw, blood vessel, nasopharynx). Compounds made of prepositions and nouns are infrequent: tarpkojis (now tarpvietė (perineum)). Compounds with verbal components (made of nouns and verbs) are very rare: rūgštdaris (now deguonis (oxygen)), rūgštgamis (now deguonis (oxygen)). More than a half of Lithuanian one-word medical terms used in this periodical survived until the current day and still are used in the modern language of medical science. The majority of them have the same meaning and expression, for example, alkūnaulis (ulna), džiova (tuberculosis), galva (head), mentė (shoulder blade), skrandis either in their (stomach), sloga (cold), tvinksis (beat), žaizda (wound). Some terms had changes expression, for example, baltieji – now baltosios (vaginal discharge), klubi kaulis – now klubakaulis (hipbone), šunavotė – now šunvotė (furuncle), or in their meaning, for example, os humeri was called petikaulis and now humerus is žastikaulis now stomachus and os acromiale became petikaulis; stomachus and ventriculus were both called pilvas, is skrandis, ventriculus is skilvelis, and abdomen – pilvas. The enthusiasm, commitment and concern about the purity of the professional language shown by the Lithuanian doctors who wrote for Medicina ir gamta, their attempts to look for Lithuanian equivalents and turning towards the folk language as the source for terminology could be a good example for the creators of modern medical terminology to follow. Retrieved 2013-07-11. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]