Kazimieras Gaivenis – žmogus ir mokslininkas

218 Jonas Klimavičius | Kazimieras Gaivenis – a man and a scientist Kazimieras Gaivenis – a man and a scientist (1934) 180 pp., ill-printed. – 2003 07 11 Vilnius, Lazdynai) A man – a Lithuanian (very patriotic) eastern Highlander from Utena (without a more pronounced open-heartedness, without a stronger regional and dialectal patriotism). A linguist is a linguist, a terminologist (in a broad sense), a lexicologist (with the addition of -grafas to both), a diligent worker of language culture, a language educator and educator. We have come from this as a country. The universally known truth of the French humanist Antoine de Saint Exupéry of the 20th century is able to be turned and expanded in Lithuanian – from his nation, its history, his land, his homeland, from his parents’ squeeze, from his mother’s squeeze and that childhood, and all of us. The young Jonas Basanavičius, then a child of a weakened, exhausted, but resistant nation, from his native Kušliakalnis wide “regračio <...> with a sight <...> even <...> beyond <...> Vilkaviškis”, looking where “smoke from a car on the railway, <...>, unspeakable feelings in my heart moving” and the desire to see a wider world (Basanavičius 1997: 36-37). Having seen Lithuania, Prussia, Russia, Bulgaria, Europe, America in general, he already shouted wide, wide and deep – to antiquity! – saw his homeland: “My homeland lies in the village of Ožkabaliai, <...>. The fields of this village extend on. t.v. The northern edge of the Valdai-Pajūrio mountain range,<...> to the west <...> towards Prussia goes. <...> northward <...> to the banks of the Nemunas, <...>. "Southeast Asia: From the Middle East to the Middle East" (PDF) (1997). And so 11 pages. until your infancy! So is not this awakener and inspiration of patriotism, the patriarch of the reborn nation, also a great universalist – a man of world universality? His tiny home is in the vast universe! Kazimieras Gaivenis Tauragnai with Stučiai street to his – Stučiai village, which was on the border of the Romani seals and later Lithuanianized them vigorous Lithuanians, with the baptised assigned to them Molėtai, 219Terminology | 2014 | 21 years and Labanóru, at least the eighth century – since the Taurus age – in the forested hillside of Eastern Aukštaitija – lake with Taurapili, church, manor, almost all burned in 1944, only the remaining parish house, soon given to the school. Kazimiero’s feelings in the environment of his hometown, nature, family and neighbors, vividly expressed in stories and excursions for children, are very gently and impressively conveyed by his daughter (Gaivenytė-Butler 2004: 15–25). It remained the same in the city of Utena. In the case of one of his classmates’ “youthful stupidity”, which resulted in a reduction in their behaviour grade, the silent Gaiveniokas “said with regret that we would bring good news to his parents” (Šimkūnas 2004: 46). The beloved of the parents – loves the parents. Does it not remind us, linguists, of something? The 12-year-old son of the Jablonski family was the most afraid of drowning, “how his mother would feel sorry for him and cry” (Balčikonis 1932: XIII). The same evening, wounded J. Basanavičius writes “perhaps for the last time” “Dearest Mother!” (Basanavičius 1970: 744), because she was “very accustomed to pampering and loving” him, her firstborn and only son, who had to be “born in asphyxia, only revived after an hour” (Basanavičius 1997: 17, 12). An 18-year-old man, who had been burying his “unspeakably beautiful” and “infinitely loving” sister Marutė for 6 years, was so “terribly upset” that he nearly collapsed (Basanavičius 1997: 12). The sad lyricist, the great neo-romanticist, the resilient Lithuanian Jonas Aistis, left in France without the dear and placeless Homeland, asleep on the floor of the Lyon station from tiredness, wakes up to “a heavy dream: a dry pond or lake, full of half-thirsty Breguet fish and other grotesquely disgusting creatures, beyond the mud and water, on the other slope, my father desperately asks me to go home. And so for several years, from night to night..." (Aistis 1991: 354). That was it!.. – our, humanitarian, strain, left such a legacy. And – thank God! – we are not alone. Only one notable example is the great warlord of Theban democracy Epaminondas, in the opinion of Michel de Montaigne, of the “three most famous men” “the third and, <...>, the most famous”, for whom “no man knew more and spoke less than he” [as little as he did], but “what he said, no one could say better than he” (Montenis 1983: 130), who always before battles offered a peaceful settlement, after them always – only without weapons – released prisoners, but the greatest joy of his life was not the greatest, decisive victory – the Battle of Leuctra (he himself died of his wounds), but the joy of his parents at it (Montaine 1979: 672). Everywhere in the world there are always people of the heart. But almost always too little... 220 Jonas Klimavičius | Kazimieras Gaivenis – a man and a scientist That is K. Gaivenis. “Gabus artistas” (Ivonis 2004: 59), “a man of a poetic spirit” (Keinys 2004: 38), at the University – perhaps not without the influence of the respected professor Juozas Balčikonis – he leans towards language – towards the native dialect (Gaivenis 2004: 71), although he also takes an interest in the morphological dialects of Konstantinas Sirvydas, an Easterner from Anykščiai (Gaivenis 2004: 67). Life is "uniform but not boring" (Gaivenis 2004: 67). The first-year student’s statement in a letter to a school friend – “I am becoming a pessimist and a materialist <...> skeptic” (Gaivenis 2004: 65) – is rather just a broader sense of life, and therefore of its dark side, among other things, and of the strengthening of the weaker sex. It is also more versatile – there are also “secretly sent glances” (Gaivenis 2004: 69), and – after a year and a half, when you finish your studies: “the past is not returned, and the present does not promise anything good in this field” – you remain in the company of “Clover Five-leaf”. (2004: 72). After finishing his studies in 1959 and starting his research work at the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature, he briefly served as a nomenclator (onomatist) – this also left a mark, but soon he became a terminologist and forever – an inclusionist. After taking up the subject of termination of affixes (1964), he began publishing articles on compound terms in 1963, and in 1969 he defended a very independently written dissertation on this subject (the most detailed dissertation articles were published in 1968 and after the defence in 1975 and even in 1998). Quickly sick, long well. After returning to science, he worked even more and in different directions. His candidate minimum language exam, passed very well, was marked among the very best. Having educated himself in the theory and practice of his scientific research, having tasted all kinds of acid bread of creating and correcting terminology in endless meetings and consultations of terminology deliberations, having acquainted himself with the theory of terminology of Stasys Šalkauskas (1983), as well as with many Russian, Latvian and some Western terminology works, brought from the journal Logos by Jon Kruop, he himself prepared to create the theory of Lithuanian terminology. But not only consistently focused on this one main work, but also alongside – not before and not after – and even in conjunction with a very extensive, almost daily scientific practical work on the creation, standardization, education of terminology and its theoretical foundation and evaluation, and in the years of independence – also on the subjects of terminography, term standardization, term bank. The great guideline was always in sight, but K. Gaivenis went from far and wide – he was concerned with various theoretical subjects of the whole language of science – and the non-specific expression of modality (1986), an attempt to choose one of two professionalisms 221Terminology | 2014 | 21 concepts and to shed light on their relationship with terminology and jargons (1985), as well as the imagery of terms (1991) and anthropomorphic terms (1989), antonyms of terms (1989) and their pragmatics (2000). It did not go without a look at the folk special lexicon (1983) and its connections – termination and determination (1997). It was a long and varied, but in many respects thorough research, based on international experience. This is how we came to the principles – the article “General principles of creating and standardizing Lithuanian terminology” (1979) – the first attempts to create them, modern international and modern Lithuanian. In two articles he supports the linguistic and logical requirements of terms – regularity, accuracy, practical convenience (1994) and two principles of terminology – purity and consistency (1996) and adds extralinguistic – purity, authority, efficiency, or effectiveness, systematicity and prevalence (statistical) (1996, with Angele Kaulakiene). The theory of terminology expanded its horizons through its history. A little earlier than the already mentioned discussion of the theory of S. Šalkauskas published the article "J. "The History of the Terminology Commissions" (1982). The extensive and successful term renovation of J. Jablonski himself was not noticed, studied (by others) and underestimated by K. Gaivenis. To raise S. Šalkauskas above J. Jablonskis, in my opinion, is purely formalistic – J. Jablonskis did not write the theory. But he had it, he used it himself, and he researched it. S. Šalkauskas’ theory lay in the Logos, now in the volumes of his writings, and will probably remain in history. The formal assessments are unfounded and unjustified. And K. Gaivenis himself very correctly notes: “S. Šalkauskas’ practical activities in terms management in many cases contradict his declared theoretical principles of terminology” (Gaivenis 1983: 136), and after reviewing his dictionaries – of philosophy (1983) and pedagogy (1996) he states not only that many of his new works are not his own, but that there were also “blank works” (Gaivenis 1996: 90). K. Gaivenis does not do, as many primitives do – did not live, then it was bad, but he does not even think that sometimes it is only because the needs were immature, unconscious (for example, the view revived maybe half a century later and was well established in more than one sense). But K. Gaivenis also noticed a certain formalism in S. Šalkauskas, although he did not use that word – he “named artificial concepts” (Gaivenis 1996: 90). K. Gaivenis never did that – his terminology theory and practice went hand in hand. In addition to S. Šalkauskas, K. Gaivenis raised the serious terminology principles of Ramūnas Bytautas, the folk and scientific terminology of Jurgis Elison. 222 Jonas Klimavičius | Kazimieras Gaivenis – man and scientist Interesting and unexpected article “Vydūnas and the terminology of physics” (1993). Variety of terminology was found in the work of Vincas Kudirka, Vaižgantas, Zigmantas Žemaitis, Tadas Ivanauskas (2000). The terminology works of Paulius Slavėnas, Kazis Daukšas, Leonas Mulevičius and his teacher Jonas Kruopa were noted and appreciated. And the monograph Lithuanian terminology: theory and arrangement outline was published after the author had finished all other works – only in 2002 section I “Term characteristics and requirements” (13–49), compared with the articles, there are new topics, section “Term arrangement methods” (63–87) and subsections “Term structure” (10–12) appeared. In “Computerized terminology management”, see “Principles and rules of terminology creation and standardization” (89–108), they are already divided into general (like all common languages) and special – principles and rules. The contentious section “Terminology directions, schools and prominent researchers” (110–135) is entirely new. Some of the articles in the monograph have been replaced with other articles, sometimes, in my opinion, unnecessarily and unreasonably. Between the dissertation and the monograph, a lot of different terminology and quite a lot of different linguistics has been written. You can’t count everything, you have to read the Selected Writings well to evaluate everything. We can only highlight what already at that time seemed very characteristic of K. Gaivenis and really significant for Lithuanian terminology. He did not have to investigate – in a dissertation or study – the term work. However, he was the one who, from the small group of terminologists, was always interested mainly in neology (new words) and modernization (he clearly distinguished between these two things) – he collected from dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc., presented lists of selected ones – several hundred in all, corrected or rejected the incorrect ones: “Modernization is not equal to modernization” (1974). He regularly published various topical mixed articles, almost always with at least some theoretical background, for example, „Terminologijos ugdymo vingiai: – A couple of common terminology features. – What is allowed and what is not allowed in terminology. – Pluses and minuses of affix specialization” (1973). Looking at the terminology of individual fields, almost everywhere we see first or mainly the terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis, but the most extensively and consistently he supported natural history. These include plant systematic innovations (1985), names of genera and species (1985), notes on systematic terminology – plants and insects (2001), insects (1979) and fishes (1995). The technical terminology has been examined in several cases and from several perspectives (1972, 1975, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020). 223Terminologija | 2014 | 21 1981, 1990, 1994). And where is physics, chemistry, warfare, music...? When translating the fifth part of the Dictionary of Philosophy (1975, p. 488), he undoubtedly looked through the eyes of an already experienced terminologist. K. Gaivenis searched for terminology everywhere and found terminology problems everywhere, for example, even in the writings of Kazimieras Būga and Ernst Fraenkel. In writing his dissertation, he also wrote a special terminological review “On the presentation and definitions of composite terms in the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary” (1966). In the 1972 edition of this dictionary, "K. G aive n i s corrected, completed and read the entire text". In the deviating 1969 International Dictionary of Words, criticized and justified by reviewers, K. Gaivenis did not find 100 necessary words (1981). He has published a book of non-fiction titled The Shadows (1993). They even looked at how the terms were presented in bilingual dictionaries. He wrote many reviews, not only of dictionaries of terms (sometimes consulted by him), but also of two volumes of the Lithuanian language dictionary, synonyms, comparative dictionaries, linguistic bibliography... In the language culture, Mūsų kalba, Gimtoji kalba, special (Science and Technology, Agriculture, Our Nature...) and general periodicals, he wrote more than a hundred terms – Lithuanian and international – meanings, forms, construction, syntax corrections and proposals, as well as more general remarks and advice, nearly a hundred specific things and things of general language, a number of humorous, playful language curiosities. K. Gaivenis’s articles are characterized by a clear, but not straightforward, but rather nuanced presentation, stylistics, logic – he even wrote an article “Say it logically and in Lithuanian” (1987). A good composition – consistency, subsections, conclusions, frequent epigraphs – is like a key to both the article and the broader horizon. There are also a lot of different terminography works by K. Gaivenis himself, some of which are very large. The most famous – on the scale of all Lithuanian linguistics – dictionary of terms of his own science – Linguistics (1990, 280 pp.: K. Gaivenis – 10–121, St. Keinis – 121–243), prepared together with Stasys Keinis, published by “Šviesa”, thus for the school. The first was published in 1971 in Pennsylvania for students by William R. Schmalstieg and Antanas Klima – in Lithuanian-English – 116 pages (large format). The school was more scientific. A positive review was also written by W. R. Schmalstiegas. Dictionary about 1800 224 Jonas Klimavičius | Kazimieras Gaivenis – man and scientist of terms. 2007 Valodniecības pamatterminu skaidrojošā vārdnīca (624 pages) by a group of seven linguists led by Valentina Skujiņa – about 2000 terms. K. Gaivenis devoted a great deal of time and energy to dictionaries, glossaries, collections, reference books of terms from other fields, for which he worked as a compiler, consultant, corrector, standardiser, reviewer, but perhaps only in three cases, far from being marked on the title page as consulted or reviewed by K. Gaivenis, but several dozen times – reviewed by the LKLI Terminology Commission (later – group, section), agreed with the Terminology Commission, discussed in the Terminology Commission (in one case arbitrarily written – approved: the Institute group did not have such right). That was the order... Perhaps in some cases K. Gaivenis himself was not wanted – due to the collective tangle of organizers or deliberations, it was impossible to achieve linguistic quality. It is quite easy to imagine how much “in addition to the authors, <...>, the responsible editor of the <...> Terminology Commission, K. G a ive ni s, was very actively involved” when the Institute of Forensic Research was preparing the Short Criminalist’s Handbook (1970, 184 pp., 243 drawings, each of which contained from a few to several dozen terms). In the 1979 Physics Terms Dictionary (edited by Prof. P. Brazdžiūnas) K. Gaivenis was named among the 15 members of the commission. The Laser Physics Terms Dictionary (1984, 2nd ed. 1990) and the Scientific and Technical Information Terms Dictionary (1983) were also edited by the College. Only in the years of independence of the Radioelectronics Terms Dictionary (2000, 1342 pages, 19000 terms) Among the 12 authors – the linguist Kazimieras Gaivenis, the first in the alphabetical order (and two other linguists – the absolute majority of terminologists!) – with the copyright mark. Terminologijas pataisymai (1992), in which four correctors in corpore of the time have put together the long years of hard work, compiled mainly by A. Kaulakienė, but intended, it seems, by K. Gaivenis, and blessed by him, although without a separate editor. By the way, some reviewers have appeared to have no understanding of terminology. After the dictionarist Antanas Lyberis invited the terminologist K. Gaivenas, and then with the contribution of the Russist Vytautas Šernus, in 1985 they compiled a School Lithuanian-Russian Dictionary, titled Trumpas (instead of school), which was published in 1989 and 2002. He was a member of the editorial board of Lithuanian linguistics issues terminology, special lexicon and scientific language volumes (vols. 16, 22, 24), editor (vols. 29), editor of terminology (vols. 2-7), editor of language culture. 225Terminology | 2014 | 21 member of the board (pages 36–74), he wrote a lot about it, in 50 pages he found about 110 articles and articles, he also published an overview “Terminų tvarkymo ir norminimo klausimai „Kalbos kultūroje“ (1986). The bar of work, which cannot be measured exactly – neither in hours nor in the number of deadlines – was the consideration of deadlines – less Institute, more outgoing, even outgoing. Extended over more than 40 years. By the way, then they are recorded, but only the accepted deadlines are recorded. And what about the terminology interested people who come and call, send letters. And not just terminology. To a very methodical lady, who had come to edit some paper, he nevertheless, albeit politely, said: – I feel that the letter will come to me (through the directorate of the Institute)… Most were satisfied, thankful, many gathered to say goodbye, a few wrote grateful (Trečiokaitė 2004: 48–49; Dudlauskienė 2004: 26–32), even one of the young terminologists (Zemlevičiūtė 2004: 56–58). But there has been everything – once the restrained, patient Kazimierz, paraphrasing Edward Murphy’s law, wrote: “If everyone curses – it’s terminology.” Twenty years later, I would add – and the whole community speaks. He was the first full-time terminologist at the Institute, for a long time he was the only one, then he was the head of the group and finally the head of the department. There was a soul of terminology – the first one, both as a worker, did not like to be sent, and as a leader – to work, to cold water and fire, and the last one – only to withdraw from storms and devils. Time was also taken from the rest days and hours. Nevertheless, from the refreshing crafts she made a cute, attractive booklet Margas žodžių pasaulis (1987), her daughter also provided a considerable collection for children Nuostabioji žodžio šviesa (2014). I picture K. Gaivenis and all his activities as a large, very fragile mosaic, in which a few well-centred, bright, unblemished stones are visible, and through the fragility, however, the consistency is felt and an indelible picture of a determined, devoted pursuer of the truth of science emerges. Maybe he was even a hero of science? Decide each one, I will only say the 2 criteria raised by J. Aistis in 1935: 1. "A hero needs sacrifice." 2. “The hero must break through the crust of routine” (Aistis 1991: 165). Isn't it? But J. Aisčio essay is not without reason titled "Way to the Hero!" and says: 1. “It’s hard to be an unexpected hero.” 2. "We should clear the way for heroes". 3. “The hero must be seen alive” (Aistis 1991: 165). He lived among us, and we lived with him. This was our, humanitarians, strain, this is the legacy left by K. Gaivenis and we are leaving. For 12 years with K. Gaivenis casting 226 Jonas Klimavičius | Kazimieras Gaivenis – man and scientist nimis. It’s not difficult to see some scrap or flake, but isn’t the weft, the fabric the most important thing – are they not needed anymore? Not to mention the weave. How many more years until a new fabric of terminology theory? Will the dissertations on the history of terminology, the articles on terminology, the pragmatics of terminography and term banks be enough? Who now of the post-Soviet generation has such a strong, close connection between theory and practice? For 24 years with the Kalbotyros terminų žodynas. All six jokes of both numbers are challenged every day, and this particular one is not a challenge? When is the response? Questions for you, neoterminologists! Doctors and doctoral candidates! And the workers of language culture, already left without language culture – since the difficult years of dependence in 1961, so more than 50 years later. This is us and you – the first line of linguistics’ live contact with society, the nation. The 25th anniversary of independence, the 14th year of the new millennium of all freedoms, rights and goods is coming to an end. Virgil knew well and forever said what happens then: - - - Yeah, all destiny It pulls you in the wrong direction and makes you just step back. Will postterminology and postculture of postlanguage not come – with dried roots, dried branches? Enough words and questions! Time for bigger work! Šaltiniai Gaivenis K., Lyberis A., Šernas V. Mokyklinis lietuvių–rusų kalbų žodynas, Kaunas: Šviesa, 1985. Gaivenis K., Lyberis A., Šernas V. Trumpas lietuvių–rusų kalbų žodynas, Kaunas: Šviesa, 1989; 2002. Gaivenis K. Margas žodžių pasaulis, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1987. Gaivenis K., Keinys St. Kalbotyros terminų žodynas, Kaunas: Šviesa, 1990. Terminologijos taisymai. Parengė K. Gaivenis, A. Kaulakienė, St. Keinys, J. Klimavičius, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1992. Gaivenis K. Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 2002. Kazimieras Gaivenis. Bibliografijos rodyklė. Sudarė A. Noreikaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 2003. Iš Kazimiero Gaivenio laiškų klasės draugui Jonui Ivoniui. – Terminologijos istorijos ir dabarties problemos, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 2004, 62–74. Gaivenis K. Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 2014 (naudotasi redaguojamu rankraščiu). Gaivenis K. Nuostabioji žodžio šviesa, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 2014. literatūra (tik cituota) Aistis J. 1991: Dievai ir smūtkeliai. Apie laiką ir žmones. Milfordo gatvės elegijos, Vilnius: Lietuvos rašytojų sąjunga. Balčikonis J. 1932: Trumpas gyvenimo aprašymas. – Jablonskio raštai 1. Red. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas: Švietimo ministerijos leidinys, XI–XXVIII.