Geroji terminologinė bibliotekų patirtis

196 Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | Good terminological practice in libraries Good terminological practice in libraries Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė University of Vilnius KEY WORDS: library terminology, bibliographic terminology, terminography, dictionaries of terms, usage of terms The 20th anniversary of the dictionary of terms of librarianship and and bibliography terms, published four later - BBTŽ). For the entire decade, the terminology was managed by the Terminology Group of the Scientific Research bibliography (i.e., the last two decades were intensively managed librarianship Department of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. Between 1990 and 1999, 2239 terms were standardized in the BBTŽ notebooks, thanks to the cooperation of specialists from the library and other institutions and the assistance of Dr. Stasys Keinas, a linguist and terminologus from the Department of Terminology of the Lithuanian Language Institute of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Specialists and scientists from Vilnius University and the Lithuanian Standardization Office (now the Lithuanian Standardization Department) were also involved in the preparation of the BBTŽ, having been invited to participate in the editorial board. The aim of the article is to discuss the structure and characteristic features of the Library and Bibliographic Terms Dictionary and to examine the significance of this source for the terminology of librarianship and bibliography in the early 21st century. The article analyzes and compares the BBTZ terms with the terms presented in two large-volume collective textbooks of communication and information sciences, discusses the terms used in the standards and legislation of the field under consideration. LIBRARY SERVICE In thematic BBTŽ notebooks, the terms are arranged in alphabetical order, numbered and pronounced, the definitions of the terms are provided, the equivalents of the terms in three languages. A systematic index of terms and alphabetical 197Terminology | 2016 | 23-cell index of Russian, English and German equivalents. The BBTŽ textbooks include several categories of terms, i.e., to be provided (without any marking), not to be provided (marked with the abbreviation ntk.), historical (ist.) and obsolete (psn.). The BBTZ is the first attempt at a coherent management of terms, and therefore the non-presentable, historical and obsolete terms included in it account for about 20% of all terms. In preparation for the large-scale terminographic work – the preparation and publication of the multilingual explanatory BBTŽ, a historiographical analysis of the development and organization of Lithuanian terms was carried out (LBTRT 1989). It is the first and to this day the only comprehensive research work on the development and organization of Lithuanian library terminology. Individual articles have been published in the professional journal Tarp knygų (Between books), in continuing scientific publications Knygotyra, Bibliotekininkystė, Bibliografija. This terminological work is also reflected in the Journal of Native Languages. The first booklet of the Dictionary of Librarianship and Bibliography Terms (BBTŽ 1990) is devoted to the concepts of catalogs and repositories, their system and cataloging process. The BBTŽ includes terms that identify even the smallest cataloging concepts, but avoids borrowed, valuable and other inappropriate terms. Preference is given to regular Lithuanian words. If an international term is regular and commonly used, it is presented in the WTG as a basic term or synonym. This booklet, published by the WIPO in 1990, contained 518 terms. A year later, in 1991, the second BBT notebook (BBTZ 1991) was published, containing 561 terms. This figure includes non-presentable terms of technical means of printing and printing production with references to normative terms. Terms cover the entire production cycle of a publication, which consists of three stages. In the first – the way of the manuscript to the publishing house, in the second – the transformation of the manuscript into a publication and the process of manuscript publication together with all polygraphy works, its equipment, means and methods. The third – types of publications, selecting concepts in terms of external characteristics and synchronous types. In this notebook we will also find terms of the history of the book, but the literary relationship of the types of works, the writer and the text or the reader and the text is not developed. 340 bibliographical terms, describing types of bibliography, bibliographical practices and fields of science, and terms in these fields, were collected in the third BBTZ booklet and published in 1994 (BBTZ 1994). In order to create a consistent system of bibliographic terminology, the author identified in the afterword the difficulties related to the diversity of perception of terms and contradictions between them. The uniqueness of this BBTŽ handbook can be 198 Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | Good terminological practice of libraries in science communication and practical activities. Therefore, the aim of the terminology of bibliography was to reduce unnecessary borrowings and valuables from other languages and to form a consistent system of bibliographic terms according to the laws and requirements of Lithuanian language terms creation. Thus, in this booklet we will find often used in the language of specialists substitutable terms with a reference to those to be provided. In order to reflect the terminology system of the bibliography of the equivalents provided in foreign languages, some of them are marked with an asterisk. Such marking of equivalents means to the user of the terms that they have not been found in the terminology dictionaries, standards or other terminology resources, and their translation is approved by the BSCI foreign language consultants. Two stars indicate terms in other languages whose meaning does not fully correspond to the definition of the Lithuanian term due to differences in bibliographic work in different countries. Due to this particularity of terminology, the most commonly used terms in scientific and practical bibliographical work can be used while maintaining their system, without introducing native values. considered the “Word for the User of Bibliographic Terms” (Keinys 1994: 9–14) by the terminologist St. Keinis. It describes in detail the stages of the preparation of the BBTŽ and the organization of the terminology management, the course of the consideration of bibliographic terms in the editorial board meetings. Terminology users are briefly introduced to the characteristics of terminology work, the basic principles of terminology. The terminological work related to language issues and the content of the BBTZ are revealed. Attention is drawn to the requirement of Lithuanianness of terminology, typical examples of replacing foreign language words with Lithuanian are given. In both the practical and scientific field of bibliography, it was customary to express the relationship of belonging or purpose in a polyword term, one of the elements of which is “bibliographical”. St. Keinys emphasizes that such relationships are expressed by an adjective in Slavic and Germanic languages, but in Lithuanian the noun originator must be used. Therefore, the terms bibliographic publication, bibliographic work, bibliographic guide, bibliographic index, bibliographic culture, etc. were included in the normative BBTŽ and supplemented the general bibliographic terminology system. The terms of bibliographic work and types of bibliographic publications, bibliographic search and bibliographic service and bibliography, bibliographic information, bibliographic science and bibliographic culture have been used in practice, in the scientific work of bibliography and in the documents governing this work. 199Terminologija | 2016 | 23 This was a turning point in the usage of terms, which was determined, according to St. Keinis, by the requirements of his (Lithuanian) language and the need to rely on “a living language that best shows and reflects the spirit of the nation” (Keinys 1994: 13). „Having clear Lithuanian terms conformity, suitability (faith), service are not necessary to borrow relevance or relevance, relevance or relevance, service, where description is appropriate, unnecessary characteristics, etc., etc.“ (Keinys 1994: 12–13). A number of debtors who “have a suitable word of their own or can do so” have been designated as unconsumable (Keinys 1994: 12). The fourth, published in 1999, BBTŽ handbook Bibliotekos fondai (BBTŽ 1999) includes 820 terms, naming the types of library collections, the concepts of collection formation (compilation, organization and protection) and its use and collection research. This number includes not only terms to be submitted and their synonyms with references to preferential terms, but also rarely used, historical terms, as well as non-submissible terms with references to the submission. The aforementioned BBTŽ notebook includes certain phenomena that have no longer existed in libraries, terms naming them, for example, special fund, union book exchange, union mandatory copy, etc. Such terms, which were actively used in the recent past, but have become obsolete due to political, social, economic and other changes, are marked as historical by the BBTŽ, although they were previously widely used in professional language, frequent in the press of the time, etc. There were also terms that were marked as obsolete and not available, for example, passporting of the fund. What is new in this workbook is that there are more and more varied reference links than in the other three. In addition, the definitions of the terms in the definitions are linked by marks. Most of the terms in the textbook are polynomials, so the parentheses indicate the part of the compound term that may be omitted when using the term. The theory and practice of fund formation differs from one country to another, so it was not possible to identify the equivalents of some terms in other languages. There are a number of terms in the GHS that do not have a Russian equivalent and are marked with a dash instead. However, there are also English and German equivalents marked with an asterisk, the translation of which, sometimes with a slightly broader definition of the term, has been revised by specialists in those languages. For the first time, the standard BBTZ provides all the basic terminology of library collections. The terms that describe the types of collections, the actions of creation and use of the library collection, clearly and accurately reveal the content of the concepts and agree with the rules of the Lithuanian language and the principles of terminology. 200 Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | Good terminological practice in libraries It is now impossible to imagine how it would be possible to call the list of organized subject rubrics otherwise than rubric, the used term rubricator has been declared unpresentable. Re-catalogization has a new name, re-catalogization, the machine-readable directory is called the machine directory, and the data touching the header is called the subheader data. In 1990, the electronic catalogue was declared inaccessible, the reference is given to the term machine catalogue, included in the BBTZ, but in practical use the term catalog propaganda is rare. One of the fields of the bibliographic description responsibility data is marked here as a non-required term with a reference to editors data. These are just a few examples of terms from the normative CBT that are not used in professional language after several decades. Each library has an electronic catalogue, and the responsibility data is one of the areas of the bibliographic description. In 1991, the standardized terminology of publishing processes, book structure, and types of publications sought to abolish some terms, e.g.: pagination is changed to page numbering, editors’ board to editorial board, praislist and pre-scanner to price list, countertitle to front page, coloncifra to page number, watermark to watermark, forcas to front page, and asterisk to star, adequate translation to accurate translation, peipebekas to soft cover. We can observe a tendency to replace the so-called international book structure terms and English borrowings from English into the professional language with terms to be provided. Among the terms that have not been adopted or have found their way more difficultly, we can mention published document and unpublished document (it has not given up its position to synonyms published and unpublished document), audiovisual document is marked as a non-relevant term and it is proposed to use audiovisual document, and instead of audio document – audio document. After the fourth BBTŽ notebook was published, the results of terminology management were actively presented at scientific conferences and professional seminars, lectures were given to Lithuanian library specialists on terminology changes and they were introduced to the normative terminology of library collections and encouraged to include completely new or proposed terms in this field. The fourth BBTŽ notebook The library’s holdings have expanded even more the scope of normative Lithuanian terminology. Unpresentable terms alkova keitė viduje, document repair – document correction, label – stamped, dynamics of the fund – change of the fund, circulation of the fund – turnover of the fund, formation of the fund – creation of the fund, proportion of the fund – harmony of the fund, relevance of the fund 201Terminology | 2016 | 23 mas – fund compliance, fund statics – fund stability, horizontal storage – single-storey storage, ideal fund model – exemplary fund model, jarusinė storage – multi-storey storage, local compilation coordination – local compilation coordination, fund displacement – fund layout, fund exemplarity – fund exemplary linearity, fund completeness – fund completeness, lakūna – fund gap, etc. (BBTŽ 1999). It is possible to name other normative terms that have become commonplace, e.g.: reserve fund replaced reserve fund, fund accounting unit – storage unit, unit (fund) accounting – individual accounting, inventory book – inventory book. The terms library mark, document sin, lost document, document replacement, fund outpouring, fund decay, fund harmony, document gain, document circulation, document decay, (document) fate, document loss, document replacement, fund waste were more difficult to settle in. At this stage of terminology management in libraries, most of the new terms that have never been used in the special language have been proposed, which have successfully been adopted and used not only in spoken and written language, but have also been transferred to Lithuanian standards and normative documents of libraries and accounting documents of library activities. LIBRARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY USE OF TERMS IN THE 21ST CENTURY In 2005, Vilnius University published the Library and Information Studies Manual (LISM 2009) – the result of more than two years of joint work of lecturers and practitioners of the Faculty of Communication of Vilnius University. As noted in the preface of the study guide, it aims to show “a wide range of subjects of library and information sciences”, but it also draws attention to the fact that “this book is like a mosaic of different teaching styles; This was determined by the specificity of the individual subjects and the individuality of the authors’ expression, which was not aimed at standardizing” (BISV 2009: 14). Apparently, this can justify the use of non-normative terms in the study manual. For example, in the section on the deletion of documents, the non-normative term fondų valymas and a free translation of the English word „weeding“ are used (BISV 2009: 470), although the English word mentioned in one of the BBTŽ notebooks published in 1999 is the equivalent of the Lithuanian term dokumento šalinimas in English, and the term fondų valymas should not be used in the sense of document deletion. However, 202 Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | The good terminological practice of libraries is also reflected in the textbook’s literal definitions of some terms, for example, the definition of open collection (BISV 2009: 476). The manual uses normative documents and collections layout terms, such as: formal document layout, thematic document layout, subject document layout, chronological document layout, geographical document layout, linguistic document layout, formatted document layout, numerical document layout. The text does not decide to use the normative variant of the term strict document layout, it is presented in the text after the slash as a variant of the non-presentable term criminal layout (BISV 2009: 475–478). When naming the principles of stock-building in the text, some normative terms are presented in brackets, e.g.: profiling (targeting), coordination (coordinated stock-building), although the BBTŽ naming form of the species focus is coordinated stock-building (BISV 2009: 452). The normative terms circulation of documents and circulation of documents are confused, as we can see from the English equivalent text (BISV 2009: 470). Another large-scale educational publication on communication and information sciences, Knygotyra, was published in 2006, and its second edition appeared in 2007. In the preface to the textbook it is emphasized that the aim is to “introduce to scientific and professional terminology” (Knygotyra 2006: 21) and that “here are taught <...> important for professional training terminology <...> issues <...>”. (2006: 22). In almost every chapter we find explanations of concepts. However, in keeping with the promise to pay attention to terminology, a whole second chapter of the textbook is devoted exclusively to terminology in book studies. It discusses the development of Lithuanian terminology in librarianship, separate sections are devoted to dictionaries of terms, creation and usage of librarianship terms and definitions of librarianship terms. The textbook is enriched with an explanatory glossary of terms (Knygotyra 2006: 347–397). The first two BBTŽ notebooks are mentioned as significant for the terminology of book studies (Knygotyra 2006: 59). The glossary of the textbook contains the normative terms of the aforementioned notebooks. The terms used in the legislation should be reviewed separately. In the 4th BBTZ notebook, the term “fund movement” was replaced by “normative fund change”. This term, together with other normative terms, e.g.: reserve fund, general fund accounting book, is used in orders of the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania (LRKMĮ 2005; LRKMĮ 2006; LRKMĮ 2010), and from them the mentioned terms are transferred to the descriptions of the working procedures of individual libraries or the rules of accounting and protection of the fund. It is one of the official ways to establish and use normative terminology. 203Terminology | 2016 | 23 For many years, the term general accounting of the library and the general book of the library was replaced by the new term general (library) accounting and general (library) book of accounting, these terms were applied at the highest level, i.e. included in the orders of the Minister of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania on the protection of library collections and the accounting regulations of library collections. (LRKMII 2006; LRKMII 2010). It should be noted that the naming of some types of documents has also become established in the legislation. In the new version of the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania of 8 June 2016 on the number of mandatory copies of documents and their transfer to libraries, as in the previous version prepared ten years ago, the terms audio, visual documents and audio-visual documents are used (LRV 2016). Equally important is the translation of normative terms into standards. The first stage was the preparation of the original Lithuanian standards based on the GOST. During four years, from 1994 to 1998, seven original Lithuanian terminology standards were prepared, which included 663 terms, their definitions and equivalents in foreign languages. The terminology standards covered the terms of types of publications and authorship and publication, as well as the terms for compiling and cataloguing bibliographical records, three standards were related to the terminology of the library fund. The original terminology standards, which contained over 600 terms, expired in 2008, but the library and bibliographic terms that had already become normative were included in the standard LST ISO 5127:2008 Information and documentation. Explanatory dictionary. A completely new term issue, which is understood as a statistical indicator and defined as the number of documents issued over a certain period of time, quickly changed the issue of documents, thus separating the concepts of statistical indicator and work process became a term established in Lithuanian standards (LST ISO 5127:2008; LST ISO 2789:2013). 1090 terms of the Lithuanian version of the only international terminology standard in this field (LST ISO 5127:2008) have been approved by the State Lithuanian Language Commission. The terminology system for libraries and related fields has been supplemented with other terms presented in the Lithuanian versions of the standards of the International Organization for Standardization. Between 2000 and 2015, Lithuanian versions of 23 international standards in the field of information and documentation were prepared, in which 1678 terms were included. The constant changes in this field are also shown by the proliferation of terms in different standards on the same topic, such as the standard 204 Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė | Good terminological practice of libraries is exemplified by ISO 2789. During the period under review, three editions of the standard for international library statistics were developed. In each edition of this standard, the terms have increased steadily. In 2003 there were 93 terms, in 2006 – 105, and in 2013 – 159, the latter’s Lithuanian version was adopted in 2015 (LST ISO 2789:2013). Thus, the Lithuanian standard can be a useful resource of Lithuanian terms and their equivalents in foreign languages. CONCLUSIONS The systematic terminology of librarianship and bibliography was developed in the 1980s and 1990s. During this period, the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, in cooperation with the terminologist Stasys Keinis, specialists in foreign languages and other fields, prepared and published four volumes of the normative multilingual Dictionary of Librarianship and Bibliography Terms. Thematic notebooks standardize over two thousand Lithuanian terms for publications and types of documents, as well as terms for cataloging, bibliography and the entire cycle of building the library collection and its protection and types of collections. This stage of terminology management in librarianship and bibliography was an example of successful interinstitutional cooperation – standardized terms already in use, as well as new ones proposed for use, are provided not only on the basis of terminology principles, but also taking into account the peculiarities of library practice. The four BBTŽ notebooks made it possible to take other methods of management – standardization of terms. In the 1990s, seven original Lithuanian terminology standards were prepared, which expired in 2008. After analysing the Lithuanian versions of international standards prepared in the 21st century, it was determined that they contain over one and a half thousand terms, which supplemented the existing terminology system of library and bibliography. The use of normative terms is encouraged by their inclusion in legislation, standards and publications for studies. In this way, it is ensured that normative terms are incorporated into the professional language of librarians, in documents governing library activities and in scientific communication. After analyzing the terms of the basic textbooks of communication and information sciences, it is clear that the study publications include many normative terms, but there are also those that need to be corrected. Most of the terms have become familiar and are included in active use. It should be emphasized that only a small part of Lithuanian librarianship and bibliography