Nuo „nuriebalinimo“ iki „nuprasminimo“: teikyba ir vartosena

120 Alvydas Umbrasas From degreasing to meaningfulness: teikyba ir vartosena Nuo nuriebalinimo iki nuprasminimo: teikyba ir vartosena ALVYDAS UMBRASAS Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: word formation, meaning of deletion, language standardization, usage, error The article deals with deletion of prefix nu and suffix -inti (-inimas). Such vedas certain thing (it is shown by the root) at least some of them are abundant in use, so it have already a considerable tradition of correction, but those vedas, which denote a was decided to examine the history of correction and provision and the current situation. The aim is to show the opinions of linguists on the issue of these vedas, the development of norms in dictionaries and to review the current usage, its (non-)harmonization with codification, to draw attention to possible changes in codification. The most suitable source for collecting data on current usage is the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook (CLT) compiled by the Computer Linguistics Centre of Vytautas Magnus University. It includes over 140 million words used in texts from various fields (scientific, specialist, non-fiction, etc.) from the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century (approximately from 1991 to 2008). Since these are published texts, it is likely that they have been edited or at least minimally edited. Thus, it was decided to use the DLKT as a basis for the study, since this dataset can show the average level of the current written language at the turn of the century (data from the second decade of this century are not yet included). The collected data (a total of about 80 verbs of the concern model or their abstracts were found in the DLKT, with a total number of uses of about 3500) were then compared with the usage on one of the most popular news websites lrytas.lt (there were found over 2600 publications with words nėra techninių galimybių sužinoti bendrą žodžių pavartojimo skaičių, tačiau selected from the DLKT; it is clear that one publication does not necessarily contain one case of use). Svetainė veikia nuo 2006 m., taigi iš dalies parodo pastarųjų dešimties me- 121Terminology | 2016 | 23 the language of those online media (some articles published on the website are reprinted from other media publications; where necessary, some examples from other sources are also inserted in the article). Using the DLKT search possibilities, we tried to collect as many different data for the study and look for both semantic and / or structural and quantitative patterns. REGULATORY DEVELOPMENT Prieš pusšimtį metų Kazimieras Gaivenis buvo bene pirmasis, kuris prakalbo apie tuos atvejus, kai „veiksmažodžių ir veiksmažodinių daiktathe noun prefix does not attempt to give a generalized meaning of the removal of the substance marked by the root of the word” (Gaivenis 1964: 29). apie darybinių afiksų terminologizaciją jis apgailestavo, kad šalinimo reikšWhile writing me from the scientific press into several dictionaries of the time got degreasing, degreasing. He argued as follows: "The abstract degreasing of the verb is made from the verb degrease, and the latter from the adjective greasy. For such adjective verb, the prefix usually gives the meaning of excess of the action expressed in the unprepositioned form (e.g. nutorinti, nutirštinti, deacidifišti, i.e. make too much (= too much) thick, thick, acidic)” (ibid.). Thus, degreasing should mean “making too greasy” rather than “removing fat”. At the same time, K. Gaivenis pointed out that “the translation of the terms обезжиривание, Entfettung or degreasing as degreasing (according to similar “fashionable” new products nuanglinimas, nusilicinimas, nusierinimas, degreasing, etc.) is also questionable” (Gaivenis 1964: 29–30). He suggested that in the sense of removal, it is best to use compounds with the word remove (e.g., remove sulfur, remove ash) or, if available, special verbs (e.g., not wash, but bald). A few years later and Antanas Balašaitis обезволашивание proposed to translate not washing, but hair removal, instead of self-decontamination of the soil proposed to provide soil purification. At the same time, he explained that “in Russian to ‘make обезболивание nereikia versti nuskausminimu, nes pagal veiksmažodį apmanumb, numb’ we have the usual expressions anesthesia of the patient before surgery, local or general anesthesia, anesthetic drugs1” (Balašaitis 1969: 9–10). It is argued that "in each language, new words are created according to the laws of word formation of that language" and that "the word formation tendencies of the Lithuanian language must be observed" (ibid.). 1 The original does not have italics or thinning. 122 Alvydas Umbrasas Nuo nuriebalinimo iki nuprasminimo: teikyba ir vartosena Soon afterwards, Albertas Rosinas continued the examination of derivatives with the meaning of removing a substance or characteristic: “The opinion that such derivatives (e.g., dešarminti, dehidratinti, nuskausminti, etc.) do not contradict the laws of word formation of the Lithuanian language and are understandable to everyone, apparently, is not unquestionable. They are impeccable from a functional (syntactic) point of view. However, the rules of construction alone are not enough to form a new word; it is necessary to take into account the lexical functions of the elements of that word” (Rosinas 1971: nevykęs vertinys, kad gyvojoje kalboje priešdėlis nubūdvardiniams veiks15). Based on K. Gaivenis, he also stated that degreasing in the sense of fat removal is to give the small words the meaning of excess (nukarti „to make too hard“) or in some cases (nuaštrinti, nugražinti) as if giving the meaning of deprivation of the property, but “means the opposite of the strength, intensity and effect of the action (without wanting to make sharp, beautiful, „pašalinti plaukus“, nudruskinti „pašalinti druską“, nužievinti „pašalinti žiesharpened so much or so much that it became completely dull, completely kad gyvojoje kalboje daiktavardiniai veiksmažodžiai su nuturi kitokių unsightly)” (ibid.). He also calls the verbs nuplaukti vę", nukalkinti "to remove lime" "fashionable" and says, regarding the meanings (nuaulinti "to color with gold color", nuspalvinti "to paint", nuthiedrinti "to paint with chips") that, "if the German verb enthaupten is translated into Russian as обезглавить, it does not mean that in Lithuanian it should be translated as "to decapitate" rather than "to cut off the head". According to such ‘principles’ of translation, the Russian words (with the prefix обес-) обессилить should be translated as ‘to weaken’, not ‘to undermine the strength, to weaken’, обесцветить – ‘to color’, not ‘to fade, to make colorless’, and so on.” (Rosinas 1971: 15–16). The main object of A. Rosinas’ article is the word dehumanize (man), which is used in the meaning of “to take away humanity”, but, according to the author, could mean “to make man more human, to add humanity to man”. Instead of this verb and its abstract with suffix -imas, it is proposed to use the international words dehumanizuoti, dehumanizavimas, dehumanizacija, as well as to use another word next to it – (su)barbarinti žmogų (which should mean “to make barbaric, cruel”), human (su)barbarinimas (Rosinas 1971: 14–17). From the specific examples presented here, the first edition of the Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language already provided analgesic "to remove pain" (DLKŽ1 1954). There were, for example, and unmentioned depersonalized "1. take away personal responsibility. 2. to deprive them of personal qualities, independence”, to impoverish “in the period of collectivization – to deprive the peasants, the rural bourgeoisie, of land, means of production in order to liquidate them as a class”, but the eighth 123Terminology | 2016 | The second edition of the dictionary (DLKŽ2 1972), which appeared at the beginning of the 23rd century after the aforementioned articles, did not attempt to remove these words, but – on the contrary – the existing interpretations were slightly corrected2 and a number of new ones were added: desaliniuoti „to remove salt“, degazninti „to remove gas“, dekalcinuoti „to remove lime“, dekonksminti „to make harmless“, degreasing „to remove fat“, nusakyti „to drain sakus“, dehidratinti „to remove water, daugumos jų (išskyrus nuasmeninti, nubuožinti, nusakinti) pridėta pažyma moisture“. At the spec. Shortly after the dictionary’s publication, one of its rių Jonas Paulauskas kalbėdamas apie žodyno problemas sakė, kad jame editors’ college found that some words were “marked with abbreviations spec. or knyg., meaning that although the word is not a recent work (or has an unusual meaning), it is used in certain fields, where there are no or unpopular equivalents of a more regular work” (Paulauskas 1974: 42). Among other examples, he mentions desalination, degassing, dehydration and says that, “in further lexical standardization, more acceptable equivalents should be found for such words” (ibid.). By saying "more acceptable equivalents" one might have expected means of expression of single words, since the correctors' proposals coincided with the dictionary's interpretations of the meaning. By ne abejojo ir Vitas Labutis, sakė, kad aprobuojant gerai neištirtą kalbinį decontamination, degreasing, etc. of the word phenomenon, the language can probably be harmed more than by holding back its spread from tradition (Labutis 1973: 75). Nevertheless, the work of the dictionary was done, and its norms could not fail to affect usage. Although the second edition of the Modern Lithuanian Language Dictionary provided a number of words of the model under consideration, they were further corrected in the works of linguists. In the first edition of the Language Practice Advices, it is stated in the prefix references that it is better to use a “word of another root, meaning loss of something” (KPP1 1976: 159). A provision was formulated for the change of the root, but in concrete examples the root is often not changed, mainly the use of word combinations with the same root words was proposed: desalinate (– to remove salt), decontaminate (– to make harmless, pasteurize), wash (– to remove hair), degrease (– to remove ashes), degrease, degrease (– to remove fat, blur), dehydrate (– to remove water, make dry), dehumanize (– to dehumanize, (with) barbarize). Some of these corrected words are also accompanied by a certificate of work., meaning2 Depersonalize "1. take away personal responsibility. 2. to deprive of personal characteristics, to assimilate’; impoverish “during the period of collectivization – to take away the means of production and land from the peasants” (DLKŽ2 1972). 124 Alvydas Umbrasas From degreasing to meaninglessness: ti, that this is an teikyba ir vartosena artificial word. It is only at the cutting machine that it is not said that it is better not to use it, but it is corrected strictly (n. dirbt. – artificial word not teikiama žievės lupamosios, žievialupės staklės, žievialupė3 (KPP1 1976: to be used), 159–163). In the second edition of the advice, which appeared about a decade later, the same things were basically repeated, except that the word „nupelinti“ (perhaps considered obsolete) was removed, but „numėsti“ (– to remove the meat, to pin) was added4 (KPP2 1985: 171–176). The words are not corrected strictly, but with a mark, perhaps because they were allowed to be used by the then-current Lithuanian language dictionary. Some correctors, although they discussed the words of the model in question, tinėje vartosenoje yra šio tipo žodžių ir neįtrauktų į DLKŽ, bet jie visai tomis pačiomis teisėmis ten galėtų būti. Pavyzdžiui, nužievinti nėra, bet classifying them as non-normative, said at the same time that “now it is the same as salting”, and explained, reminded that “there is such an agreement of linguists – strictly not to correct what is presented as the norm in the grammar and dictionaries of the current language” (Paulauskienė, Tarvydaitė 1986: 31). There have been opinions that language practice advice confuses users when correcting the words presented in the DLKŽ, so that it is not clear on what to rely, and it has been suggested that when making recommendations “the presumption of correctness should be observed: all language matters legalized in previous normative publications must be tiką atsakyta, kad ir DLKŽ normų keitimai „niekur nebuvo viešai įroconsidered correct until their defectiveness is publicly and unquestionably proved” (Girdenis, Rosinas 1977: 70). "The 1978-1979 season" (PDF) (1978-1979). The arguments for the derivative correction of the model in question are formulated differently. It is mainly criticized for its semantics and the influence of other languages. This can be seen from the quotes of K. Gaivenis and A. Rosinas, which have already been presented, and other linguists have spoken about this when correcting derivatives of the wrong prefix – “the prefix gives a meaning that cannot express the concept that is meant to be expressed by that word. These are all translational words, to which the prefix has been added according to the laws of construction of other languages”, words “not used in dialects, they do not have a stronger tradition in the writings of a better language” (Pupkis 1980: 124). Noted mode3 Propositions proposed by Jonas Klimavičius (see Klimavičius 1974: 19). Instead of the debarking machine, a bark trimmer was later offered (Gerulaitis, Lukėnas 1983: 35). 4 A separate article had appeared in the language culture, in which it was discussed how to name the operation performed when working on skins and furs, during which meat, fat residues and the entire subcutaneous layer are removed. Instead of the words numėsti, mėzdruoti in the usage, it was proposed to provide kašti, next to which would be kaišiklis, kaišenos, kaišumas, kaišykla, etc. (Kinderys 1982: 47–49). 125Terminologija | 2016 | 23 the formal structure of the word – “most of these words are not used lio sistemiškumas: „Tai ne kas kita, kaip vertiniai, atsiradę dėl rusų kalbos analogijos. Veikiant tokiai darybinei analogijai, vertiniai dažnai sudaromi serijomis, t. y. kalkiuojamas ne atskiras žodis, bet tam tikras darybos tipas“ (Kaulakienė 1992: 9). Nurodytas kai kurių veiksmažodžių, pavyzdžiui, nukalkinti, dviprasmiškumas (Kinderys 1982: 48). Kreiptas dėmesys ir į without a prefix (e.g., there is no word harmful), so they are not suitable with the prefix nu- <...>: instead of them, word combinations should be used” (Piročkinas 1990: 70). Mixed forms were considered undesirable: "It is unusual to form verbs from nouns by adding a compound form (prefix and suffix together). <...> If there were verbs *salstinti, *skievinti, *vandeninti5, it would be understood that the prefix is used properly (cf. vilkti – nuvilkti, lupti – nupelti). But they are not. That is to say, to dehydrate means to peel, to desalt with salt, to dehydrate with water. And from nouns, verbs with prepositions are not made. Thus, it is obvious that nužievinti has the prefix nu and the suffix -inti added immediately, making the noun a verb” (Paulauskienė, Tarvydaitė 1986: 30–31). Sometimes it is simply reproached for artificiality: “Because the words dehydration, dehydrated are artificial, the term dried meat is better suited for dehydrated meat” (Montvilienė 1978: 38). The length of the means of expression was evaluated: “One word is more convenient than two, but if it is done wrong, then two are better than one” (Nemickaitė, Paulauskienė 1984: 22). It has been argued that "a foreign word is better than a badly struck "own" (Būda 1973: 164). Ironic visual arguments are also used, for example, that the barber shop is not a point of washing or shaving (Kinderys 1982: 49). Looking at the publications of linguists of the 1970s and 1980s, a certain uncertainty is sometimes visible regarding the subjects under consideration. Kniūkšta says that “being standard and easily applicable to various fields, the model has proved to be useful and cheerful and gradually begins to take root in the scientific style and terminology” (Kniūkšta 1980: 29), and later, looking at the publications of Language Culture, he summarizes: “The word combinations proposed by linguists for this purpose (remove fat, etc.) did not satisfy the users of those Vedic texts. nu- + -inti (-inimas) vedinių. Pranas Kniūkšta vedinių vertinti nesiima ir be to, palaikomas rusų kalbos modelio su обез-, naujasis žodžių darybos 126 Alvydas Umbrasas From bold to meaningless: even the old ways of teikyba ir vartosena pateikti lingvistiniai argumentai nepaveikė. Jų jaučiamo naujojo poreikio expression defended by linguists do not succeed in harmonizing smoothly. As a solution to the problem, international words are sought: depersonalize – zuoti, nuskausminti – anestezuoti, yra dar ir degazacija, degazuoti, bet iš dehumanise, they do not solve the problem. In a word, there is a struggle in which linguists are forced to shoot themselves from the trenches of defence (so that the prefix occupies new areas)” (Kniūkšta 1986: 33). Arnoldas Piročkinas corrects the words of the model under consideration, for example, nuplaukti (= to remove hair, to shave, to cut hair), nužieviti (= to remove, to peel the bark), dežmonginti (= to dehumanize, to turn into a non-human being), but at the same time adds that “linguists still have to thoroughly study the status of this group of verbs in BK [common language]: there are too many of them, they are often necessary for the language, and finally perhaps there would be some linguistic argument justifying their use. But until that is done, the public should avoid using them” (Piročkin 1990: 70). Angelė Kaulakienė neutrally assigns the technical terms nuance (Russian: обезуглероживание, German: Kohlenstoffentziehung), degreasing (Russian: обезжиривание, German: Entfetung) and so on to the values that are adequate in terms of production and most often adequate in terms of semantics (Kaulakienė 1979: 147), later says that they are non-normative and must be replaced by more acceptable equivalents (Kaulakienė 1985: 71), but dartiški ir lengvai pritaikomi, padėjo atsirasti naujam darybos tipui, kuris admits that they, being useful, are “slowly beginning to take root not only in the terminology of physics, but also in other fields of science. However, the convenience of this type could be partly justified only by flexible stability, because otherwise such a type of work can hardly be semantically motivated” (Kaulakienė 1988: 132). A reference is given to a source where flexible stability is interpreted as “functionally motivated, purposeful change geriausiai prisitaikyti prie visuomenės poreikių ir tikslų“ (Pupkis 1980: 24). Taigi, viena vertus, aptariamo modelio žodžiai taisyti, kita vertus, of norms, the constant ability of the norm to adapt itself to the changing circumstances.” Taking into account the various published corrections, the terminologists of the Lithuanian Language Institute did not overlook the nu- + -inimas vedas when collectively preparing the Terminology corrections, which appeared at the beginning of the restored independence. Decalcification, washing, degreasing, degreasing, deserring are marked as valuables and strictly corrected by compounds with the word (pa)šalinimas (TT 1992). Alongside some Vedic corrections with no one right- 127Terminology | 2016 | 23 deninimas (= 1. water (pa)removal; 2. water kiniu: nuskausminimas (= anestezavimas, skausmo (pa)šalinimas), nuvanseparation, dehydration), debarking (= 1. peeling of the bark; 2. shaving of the bark). Also added for forestry, agriculture relevant deceleration (= counting of falls), decelerator (= falls counting). A significant step in standardizing the derivatives of the model under rengiant trečiąjį Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno leidimą (DLKŽ3 1993), consideration was made, to which the terminologists contributed a lot. It vartojamų nu- + -inti vedinių beveik trijų dešimtmečių taisymo patirtis ir summarizes the significance of disposal MRL2 1972 added derivatives desalinated, fumigated, decontaminated, degreased, dehydrated, dehydrated were removed. It was also the first single from 1954's 1954 Tour. Descaled remained, but the meaning was changed: instead of “to remove lime” was inserted “to sprinkle with lime”, also the word deacidified was inserted with the meaning “to make too acidic” (the second meaning in the LKŽ is “to remove acid”). There was no more of the 1954 DLKŽ1, but it acquired a different form – the prefix was changed, as historicism inserted “to take away the means of production and the land from the wealthy farmers”. The verb to depersonalize is still retained. This situation has been maintained in subsequent paper and electronic editions of the MRLs, so it can be said that the third edition was the most decisive. The nu- + -inti (-inimas) derivatives in question were found in a special usage. Looking through the old dictionaries of terms you can see derivatives not mentioned by the correctors, apparently in the Soviet period, e.g.: отмучивание „deposition of sludge particles” MTŽ 1960 (the derivative is also in GFGTŽ 1956; ChŽ 1960), denitration ALKPŽ 1958, nuclining6 (Russian. обесклеивание) RLKPŽ 1959, nusluoksninimo plyšiai (rus. трещины отслаивания) GFGTŽ 1956, numiškinti (angl. deforest) ALKŽŪTŽ 1977. The dictionaries do not necessarily provide the vedic terms alone, but provide synonyms (Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian) for them, e.g.: debark – debark, peel the bark ALKŽŪTŽ 1977, disbark – disbark, peel the bark ALKŽŪTŽ 1977, deforest – deforest, cut down forests, destroy ALKŽŪTŽ 1977, denitration – denitrify, denitrification ALKPŽ 1958, dewatering – dewatering, dehydration ALKŽŪTŽ 1977, обезвоживание – dehydration, water removal RLKŽŪTŽ 1971, обезвоживание – dehydration, dehid6 The terminology corrections are not included, but in a publication published in the same year one of the co-authors of those corrections, A. Kaulakienė, mentions the vedic terms nudrumzlinimas, nudumblinimas, desensibilizavimas, nuklijinimas, nuorinimas, nuvarnalėšinimas, dar prideda ir veiksmažodį nukailinti (Kaulakienė 1992: 9). 128 Alvydas Umbrasas From degreasing to desensitization: raving RLKMTŽ teikyba ir vartosena 1975, обезболивание – analgesia, anesthesia RLKŽŪTŽ 1971, обезжиривание – degreasing, fat removal RLKMTŽ 1975. It should be noted that in the same dictionaries there are a number of articles of terms in which derivatives of nu- + -inti (-inimas) are not given in similar situations, e.g.: defoliate – remove leaves ALKŽŪTŽ 1977, degrease – remove fat ALKŽŪTŽ 1977, dehorn – remove, cut horns ALKŽŪTŽ 1977, deplume – (un)pesh feathers ALKŽŪTŽ 1977, dewool – remove hair ALKPŽ 1958, обезвоживание – dehydration, water removal RLKŽŪTŽ 1971, обезволашивание – washing RLKŽŪTŽ 1971, обеззоливание – lime removal RLKŽŪTŽ 1971, обезлесение – deforestation, eradication RLKŽŪTŽ kų pašalinimas RLKŽŪTŽ 1971, обезжиривание – riebalų pašalinimas 1971, обезлиствление – removal of leaves, defoliation RLKŽŪTŽ 1971. The inequality of supply is now difficult to explain. By the way, in old dictionaries of terms, where you can find various derivatives of nu- + -inti (-inimas), you can sometimes see an entry that the dictionary terms were reviewed by the Terminology Commission of the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, mentioning the names of Jon Kruopa and / or K. Gaivenis. It is unclear whether the language has ever been spoken in the area. Even if they did, it is likely that the Vedas were defended by specialists in the subject. However, if we look at the dictionaries of the same field published at different times, we see that the use of nu- + -inti (-ing) in Vedic dictionaries gradually decreased. For example, the 1959 Polytechnic Dictionary of Terms (RLKPZ 1959) provides: обезвоживание – dehydration, обезволашивание – washing, обезгаживание – degassing, degassing, обезжиривание – degreasing, обеззоливание – decalcification, обез углероживание – nuance, обесклеивание – denuclearization, desulfurization, обескремнивание – decalcification, обеспыливание – dusting, обессеривание – desulfurization. After a quarter of a century of Siskian terms even more, but the Lithuanian equivalents leistame politechnikos terminų žodyne (RLKPŽ 1984) to paties tipo ruchanged according to the remarks of language normists: обезвоживание – water removal, dehydratation, balinimas, обезвреживание – making harmless, обезвоздушивание – oro šalinimas, обезволашивание – plaukų šalinimas, обезгаживание – gas removal, degassing, обезжелезивание – iron removal, обезжиривание – fat removal, обеззоливание – ash removal, обезуглероживание – carbon removal, обезфторивание – fluoride removal, обесклеивание – glue removal, обескремнивание – silicon removal, обеспыление, 135Terminology | 2016 | 23 Table 2. Adjective derivatives with non-Lithuanian roots, meaning the elimination of a Nu- + -inti Plg. Pavyzdžiai nuabsoparticularity, are used to unify the solidified values, Leskaitis announces crises in various suabsoliutinti „Užsibrėžęs nuabsoliutinti XIX amžiuje suabareas of life <...>.“ (Works and Days, 2003) nuindivisuindividualinti “The technification of man is first and foremost his betrayaldualizationdeindividualizationswelling, depersonalization and deindividualization.” (Arvydas Šliogeris, 1996) “<...> the body individualizes and concretizes the soul, attaching it to the living present and sensual proximity <...>.” (Arvydas Šliogeris, 1999) “In metaphysics, man is not so much zuotas, socializuotas ir anonimiškas kaip moksle.“ (Problemos, 1996) deconcretize “The goodness) means to attempt to deconcretize it, i.e. to denationalize evil (or mystify it.” (Romualdas Ozolas, 2003) “It would be possible to specify such a streamlined conclusion, for example, a quotation from a recent economist’s paper <...>.” (Book carrier, 1995) “The content of the East Slavic edition itself has been partially affected by the deconcretization of historical details.” (Darius Baronas, 2000) foresees materialization “Banal objects, jeans, flattened, as if derealized diena, 2002) materialize “No matter what the materialized materialized, and thus enhanced the individual view of the creator of religious by the faith of others, influenced by the effect of decorative dematerialization.” (Kauno dematerialize(s) it, the creation is also influenced materialized imagery of faith.” 2003) 2003 “Therefore, after one cycle of materialization-dematerialization of the divine origin, prasidėti naujas ciklas.“ (Mindaugas Tomonis, 1995) „<...> pridėję jutimine ar socialine empirika pawe will have a supported perception, and after breaking it down, we have a result that cannot be verbalized, much less materialized.” (7 art days, 2007-07-06) „<...> Everything in the world is becoming more and more virtual and dematerialized, and as a result a completely new virtual non-hierarchical community is emerging <...>.“ (Atgimimas, 19/01/2007) “Using such technologies, the house is dematerialized.” (Kauno diena, 1995) 136 Alvydas Umbrasas From degreasing to meaningfulness: teikyba ir vartosena Nu- + -inti Plg. Pavyzdžiai nurealinti surealinti derealizuoti „<...> visais šitais atvejais erotinė situacija nurea linama ir nebėra jau tiek svarbu, ar draugas bus Ji, ar Jis, kadangi akcentuojamas dvasinis ryšys.“ (Saulius Žukas, 1995) “A moment of uncertainty that makes the world real.” (Vytautas Rubavičius, 1997) “The reality of dreams is altered, derealized, we can call it poetic.” (Laima, 1997) desacralizeddesacralized “Today in Lithuania “Poetry turns the world into a cup, sacrifies it.” there is a tendency to desacralize and desacralize the priesthood.” (Dienovidis, 1996) (Springfield, 1996) “Television desacralizes the political process and its actors [...].” (Žygintas Pečiulis, 2007) In addition to derivatives with non-Lithuanian roots, analogous derivatives with Lithuanian roots also appear, for example, the pair desacralized – sacralized (cf. desacralized, sacralized) with an additional pair sanctified – sanctified (a). Similarly, next to moralize – demoralize, there appears sudurrini – nudorini (b), and next to sensibilize – desensibilize, there begins to be used sujauutrinti, įjautėti rinti – nujautrinti (c), e.g. : a) “We see how in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas there is a still hidden, but clearly felt desacralization of the world, its desacralization and deification, which in the new ages has become the basic norm of human relations with the world” (Arvydas Šliogeris, 1996); “<...> I consider the sanctification of the name of Lithuania to be an išlaikymo ir stiprinimo sovietinės okupacijos sąlygomis veiksniu <...>“ (lrytas.lt 2016-04-13); b) „<...> tokia mokykla, iš kurios išvarytas Dievas, nėra neutrali – ji skleidžia beextremely important deity of Lithuanianness and sanctifies the youth” (Soter, 2000); “Cosmopolitanism is an attempt to moralize egoism, an attempt to reconcile immorality through its ideologization” (Kultūros barai, 1997); “The denial of moral principles kills creativity and has a demoralizing effect on the whole nation” (Juozas Keliuotis, 1997); c) “<...> a foot specialist or dermatologist should be consulted, who will remove the ingrown nail corner after desensitizing the area” (Cosmopolitan, 2004); maža” (Caritas, 1996); „<...> negalima pamiršti ankstesniųjų alergenų, jų reikia vengti visą gyvenimą, nes savaiminio nusijautrinimo (desensibilizacijos) tikimybė labai “When allergens enter the body for the first time, they do not įjautrina, sensibilizuoja (alergizuoja), t. y. pradeda gaminti antikūnų“ (Sveikata, 1995); 137Terminology | 2016 | 23 ‘... the formation of the body image is the result of sensitisation of sensory fields; they are sensitized by the acoustic waves emitted during phonation” (Psychology, 2002). According to the same model, derivatives of noun origin are also made, for example, numinti – sumitinti (cf. demytologizuoti, mythologizuoti): „Istoriography emerges as a tool of demythification and demaskation of poetic imagination, separation from reality“ (Arūnas Sverdiolas, 1996); “Lithuanian history is over-romantized, and the unconscious of many Lithuanians is filled with a complex of megalomania” (Philosophy and Sociology, 1997); “The process of demythology of historical events conditions a more rational approach to history <...>” (Valentinas Brandišauskas, 1995). Interestingly, for the same purpose, there is also the use of sumitology, numitology, demitology: “Emilija Pliaterytė, who is not from this branch of the Pliater family, but mitologinta, žinoma kaip 1831 m. sukilimo dalyvė, vadinasi, politinė veikėfrom another, perhaps has some connections” (Meilė Lukšienė, 2000); <...> he sincerely believed that the New Testament is full of mythological images and therefore he must be a numitologist” (Česlovas Kavaliauskas, 1998); “Therefore, the negative pathos of contemporary literature is partly determined by the attempt to mythologize the life of society <...>” (Vytautas 1997). Kartais ne visai aišku, ar nelietuvišką šaknį turintys nu- + -inti (-inimas) vediniai yra daiktavardinės ar būdvardinės kilmės, nes vedinyje kaRubavičius, mienas dezintegruojamas11. For example, a newly made object, deeroti, may be associated with eroticism and with erotic, eroticas („to remove the signs of eroticism“, „to make it not erotic, erotic“), decommunisti can have working relationships with komunistas, komunizmas, komunistinis, komunistiškas (for more examples and microsystems see table 3). Even in the case of constructive connections with nouns, the meaning of removing the attribute is still visible here, only that attribute comes from the noun, which is associated with it. At the same time, it can be seen that the Lithuanian prefix zuoti. Visų minėtų deir nuanalogijų radimasis rodo, kad dėl susidaransystem, which functions alongside the oppositional pairs of deerotized, decommunist non-Lithuanian words (with and without this prefix), is under pressure to have analogous pairs, and this is sometimes realized by nuir suopposition. 11 For disintegration, see Urbutis 1978: 125–128, 198–208. 138 Alvydas Umbrasas From degreasing to meaningfulness: teikyba ir vartosena Table 3. Derivatives of noun or adjective origin with non-Lithuanian root neirotinti serotinti “The imagined and Nu- + -inti Plg. Pavyzdžiai appropriated right of the intellectual to deerotise neirotinti the nation means his attempt to re-emphasize his role as the guardian of the nation’s chastity.” (Culture Bars, 1997) "<...> my heroine in Dawson's Creek was sexy, serrated..." (lrytas.lt 2012-01-20) "<...) obvious tendency to deerotise Ašenbach’s and Tadzio’s relationships, taking advantage of returns to the past <...>.“ (7 art 2005-03-04) days, decommunistized withcommunistized “All episode of the decommunistization problem of the more so because, perhaps, this is only one the large Lithuanian society to be decommunistized, and it would be necessary to deal with these issues in a complex way.” (LRS, 1991) “Therefore, the secret liquidation operation was prepared only by the highest officials of the communist security department.” (Lietuvos Aidas, 1997) "We can become the first decommunist country <...>." (Vytautas Landsbergis, 2000) depoliticize regime to politicize part of society managed to interest in state affairs <...>” (Philosophy and politicize “<...> the long delay of the Vadist depoliticize, to push away from depoliticize the depoliticize sociology, 1995) “Korsakov’s sociological interpretation of literature, which at the time was particularly politicized and ideologized, was completely foreign to Mykolaitis.” 2000) „Net regioniniai, subetniniai judesiai, kaip, For example, attempts to politicize the Zemgalių jie irgi gali būti interpretuoti, kaip savyje turintys movement the burden of the interests of the people of the province." lt 2008-04-17) “The creation of a European identity is inevitably accompanied by a subtle depoliticisation and deconstruction of the European nations.” (lrytas.lt 2016-01-19) „Under the guise of depoliticizing the school, patriotic education of young people is disturbed.“ Zinkevičius, 1999) 139Terminologija | 2016 | 23 Nu- + -inti Plg. Pavyzdžiai (Zigmas nureliginti sureliginti „The place of God in technology. But even religion itself avoided (Philosophy and Sociology, 1996) “It is not for the world of many modern people is taken by de-religionizing, de-sacralizing interpretation.” nothing that the philosophical systems of India, born from a long-standing mythological tradition, are so quickly religiousized, merge with old beliefs or give birth to new ones.” (Romualdas Ozolas, 1997) “Secularism, in turn, is not a straightforward dereligiousization, but a contradictory development, as becomes clearer every time, experiencing a crisis, exhausting its possibilities.” (Philosophy and Sociology, 1996) “We live in a time when society pays dearly for the previous denigration, sanctification, rejection of faith.” (Sigitas Geda, 1999) deromantinti suromantinti "The postmodernist epoch is pathological deromantized personality, but also by characterized by the deromantization of the the liberation and realization of these, good and bad, visiškas žmogaus galių - destruktyvių ir kurianin art." (The School, 1996) „<...> V. Mykolaitis-Putinas yra gerokai kritiškey in terms of the universal surromantization of Lithuanian literature.” (Lituanistica, 2003) “Turned on the path of deromantization, even desacralization of love, decapitation.” (A review of the DLKT and lrytas.lt sources shows that there is a relatively large variety of noun origins in 1995) current usage. + -ing data will be provided later), others – very narrowly. They are usually made under one another, sometimes expanding into considerable (-inimas) vedinių, reiškiančių ypatybės ar kokio kito nematerialaus, abstraktaus dalyko šalinimą. Vieni jų vartojami gana plačiai (dažnumo microsystems. For example, we already have the usual MRL codified microsystem of words value, evaluate, evaluate, devalue, devalue, devalue (as mentioned earlier, devalue is not included in the MRL, but in this system the word is necessary (MRL is)). It is likely that under the influence of this analogy, a similar microsystem of very narrow usage has been created for meaning, reikšminti, įreikšminti, sureikšminti, išreikšminti, dereikšminti, dereikšmėti, desemantizuoti, e.g. : 140 Alvydas Umbrasas From degreasing to meaningfulness: teikyba ir vartosena “Each compositional figure, showing the speaker’s mastery, strengthens and signifies the information <...>” (Regina Koženiauskienė, 2001); “When sadness and despair are culturally expressed, they no longer become disease, depression” (Vytautas Kavolis, 1996); “For by emphasizing only the sensual cosmos, the sophists also emphasized the thoughtful cosmos, which had been highlighted by the previous philosophy, but which was not yet separated from the sensual cosmos, and therefore was problematized <...>” (Problemos, 2003); „<...> if we believe the above-mentioned reasoning about the relationship between out-expression and meaning, by out-expressing we de-meaning rather than with-meaning or in-meaning“ (Darbai ir dienos, 1999); “<...> is usually said in a derogatory way. And in the poem, the creation of such a mythology leads to the simplest truth, the “expressing” of poetic meanings and meanings (bernardinai.lt 2007-05-16); “<...> because of this circumstance, the emotional side of religion can sometimes become too important” (Gintaras Beresnevičius, 1997); “Thus, the hill is de-emphasized, de-signified as a mythical and sacral object” (Giedrius Viliūnas, 2001). Although they are somewhat different in terms of action (between value and evaluate it would be possible to see a mutual measurement of action, and meaning is clearly the verb meaning meaning, meaning, meaninglessness, meaninglessness (a), as well as essence, essence12, meaning, meaning, meaninglessness, meaninglessness, meaninglessness, minti pamatinis žodis, nes perimama priesaga -m-), vertė ir reikšmė yra to paties semantinio lauko žodžiai. Į šią gretą dar pridedama ir prasmė, meaninglessness (b), e.g. : a) “<...> she diligently embodied his vision, no doubt, he had found a piece of dream: the dust of sleep, which “meant” his daily life” (Viktoras Katilius, 1996); “In this case, the opposition between “before” and “now” becomes apparent: earlier aesthetics gave meaning to reality, now – demeaning it” (Literatūra, 2003); “This is why faith should be regarded as the opposite of meaningfulness; that is why faith is a burst of meaning” (Arvydas Šliogeris, 1999); b) “Even more significant for them is the creation of thoughts, concepts and the declaration of their wishes in life, to create [themselves] with them, to embody them, that is, to create the will” (Vydūnas 2013: 23–24); “<...> it distances him ‘from Aristotelism-Thomism, these essentially ‘essential’ philosophies, but also from Platonism, which, having established the kingdom of ideas beyond it, de-essentialized the world, transferring the essence of things beyond them” (Respectus Philologicus, 2001); “And the greatest task set before us, human beings, is to save being” (Peteris Wustas, 2000); „<...> every seeing and not seeing, every doing and not doing, every emphasizing and emphasizing out, every creation and destruction12 The verb esminti is not found in DLKT, but the example of Vydūnas is found. 141Terminologija | 2016 | 23 nimas vyksta čia, ant kalvos keteros, tarp juslumo ir antjuslumo“ (Arvydas Šliogeris, 1999); „Šitaip žvelgiant kultas yra nepaprastos svarbos gyvenimo veiksnys žmogui išvengti nuesmėjimo ir sulėkštėjimo <...>“ (Vincas Vyčinas, 2001). Pateikti žodžiai daugiausia randami filosofijos, literatūrologijos ir pan. in texts. Vedic meaning, meaning, and essence are used more with prepositions. In general, it seems that the unprepositioned forms of such nouns are sometimes made later than the prepositioned ones. The opposition of active and spontaneous action is visible (devaluate – devaluate, devaluate – devaluate, devaluate – devaluate, not found only devaluate next to devaluate), as well as the opposition of attributes, content giving and removing. The latter opposition is obtained by opposing derivatives with the prefixes su-, inwith those with the prefixes nu-, iz- (sureikšminti, įreikšminti – dereikšminti, išreikšminti; įprasminti – deprasminti, išprasminti; sueminti, įesminti – deesminti, išesminti). Although one could expect oppositions su- – nuir į- – iš-, the examples show that the pairs are confused, for example, the well-known opposition appraise – devalue („<...> we tend to doubt ourselves, we devalue ourselves more than we appreciate ourselves“ (bernardinai.lt 2008-01-13); “In a beautiful work there is overestimation, devaluation and appreciation” (Literatūra, 2003). In LKŽ the verb išvertinti is identified with įvertinti "to recognize someone's value, to cherish, to respect", but evaluati has not been found in the researched sources. In current usage there are common oppositions with different prefixes, e.g. (words from DLKŽ6 2006): sumontuoti – dismontuoti, sutuokti – ištuokti, įregistruoti – deregistruoti, įjungti – išjungti, čia paminėtina and sunacionalinti – denacionalizuoti; prepositions are also used to express opposition with different roots, e.g.: sutankinti – ištirpinti, sutaupyti – išnaudoti, įmirkyti – išdžiovinti, sužadinti – nuraminti. They were electrified "to give an electric charge" – deelectricized "to eliminate the body's electrical ti magnetic properties" (DLKŽ6 2006). Since there are a lot of su-, į- – oppositions in the language, it seems that it was considered that the expression iš- + -inti is more Lithuanian than nu- + -inti, so the verb nubuožinti DLKŽ3 1993 was changed to išbuožinti13, although in modifying the meaning of elimination 13 This change may have been contributed by the fact that the Russian equivalent is not with the elimination suffix обез- (обес-), but with the suffix раз- (рас-), which denotes the cancellation of the result of the previous action, i.e. раскулачить. Also see demagnetization – размагничивание, sealing – разгерметизация (RTŽ kodifikuotos daiktavardinės kilmės veiksmažodžių naujadarų opozicijos 2000). krūvį“, įmagnetinti „suteikti magneto savybių“ – išmagnetinti „panaikin- 142 Alvydas Umbrasas Nuo nuriebalinimo iki nuprasminimo: teikyba ir vartosena nu- + -inti derivatives were sometimes corrected and de- + -inti new forms were used, for example, instead of izsovietinti it was suggested to use 1993: 13), vietoj išpolitinti – depolitizuoti (KK 2003: 84). Pastarasis siūlymas desovietizuoti (Rudaitienė argued that it is not supolitinti, although in fact such a word has already appeared in the usage, and if necessary it is also made into politti (see table 3). By the way, the word iz- + -iti is not usually used in the meaning of material removal, but in the ATTŽ 2001, izvarnaléšnenie is found as “removal of plant contaminants from wool” (обезрепеивание), izvarnaléšnění machine – “machine for mechanically removing plant contaminants from wool” (обезрепеивающая машина). Obviously, this corrected the error. J. Klimavičius said that the machine for drawing the lines sounds anecdotal, but he did not propose a proposal (Klimavičius 1974: 19). Changing the prefix in the dictionary looks strange. Apparently, it was necessary to look for other solutions (the definitions do not clearly indicate this, but perhaps it could simply be burdock removal, burdock removal machine). "Recovery of the 1984 crash" (PDF). Strange looks and occasionally used deforestation, for example, "This is not deforestation, not forest destruction, but small, responsible forest thinning in places <...>" (lrytas.lt 2016-04-24). As already mentioned, during the preparation of MRL3 1993, a number of de- + -ini derivatives of elimination significance were abandoned, but de-personalization was left. The argument that “we have nothing to tina, kad argumentas palikti šį žodį žodyne buvo tas, kad greta teikta ir replace such a structure” (Paulauskienė 2001: 95), as well as the tradition of consumption14, may have contributed to the belief in personalization. It is true that some specialty language teachers correct and depersonalize according to the model of correction of analogous derivatives, suggesting the use of the compound to make it impersonal (Kazlauskienė et al. 2010: 62; Bielinskienė et al. 2014: 187), but the probability that this may affect the use of this long-standing word is low. Another tendency is more apparent – if the use of depersonalization is allowed, consumers are not prevented from using and dehumanizing, even seną yra menka, juoba kad žodis vartojamas gana gausiai (žr. 5 lentelę), yra terminų žodynuose (pvz., nuasmeninimas SŽ 1993, nuasmenintasis though these words are often used in similar contexts or quite close together (e.g., 14 The word has been used already in the times of the first independence, e.g.: “Capitalism, seeking profit by all means, depersonalized work, depersonalized man and at the same time depersonalized life” (Naujoji Romuva, 1937, No. 29–30), “<...> the creation of the nation is based on a conscious assembly of strong personalities, not a forced crowd of depersonalized people” (XX amžius, 1939-03-31). 143Terminologija | 2016 | 23 „Su siaubu galvoju apie uždaro tipo kolektyvines įstaigas. Jos nužmoprotects, depersonalizes” (Tėviškės žinios, 1996)). The microsystems of the same semantic field words (they also have international equivalents depersonalizuoti, dehumanizuoti) are developed very similarly: deasmeninti, suasmeninti, įasmeninti, susmenėti, deasmenėti and e.g. dežmoginti, sužmoginti, įžmoginti, išžmoginti, dežmogėti (for examples of usage see 4 lenužmoginti). If telėje). Dalis šių žodžių yra fiksuota ir LKŽe. Straipsnyje minėta, kad you can dehumanize, you can dehumanize. The Language Consultation Bank of se galima rasti, kad nužmogėti15 nepeikiama (KK 2003: 137), gretinama the State Lithuanian Language Commission already says that both words are possible, based on the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (BLKŽ), but in this dictionary the letter N is not published, these words are only included in the heading, which will still be edited. The BLKŽ heading includes and the words associated with individuals: wangalikinti, nukriščioniti (both are in LKŽe). Although it is not abundant, the use indicates that groups of words are made when necessary: konvertuoti, sukristinti, įkristinti, sukrikščioti, konvertuoti. In LKŽ is recorded vangalikėti, sukatalikėti, but in the investigated sources was found only vangalikti, sukatalikinti (see table 4). Similarly, in usage, other new forms are sometimes made that show the oppositions of active and spontaneous action, e.g.: decašnytinti – nukažnytėti, nudspiriti – nudspirėti, depilietiti – depilietiti, devalstybinti – nuvalstybėti. DLKŽ6 2006 captures the cultured – cultured, found in usage and decultured – decultured, made and incultured, decultured. The oppositions of active and spontaneous action are sometimes seen in both derivatives with prefixes suand prefixes nu-, but if the prefix izis chosen for the meaning of removal, spontaneous action is usually not present, for example, quite often izvalstybinti is used, but izvalstybėti is not seen. It is true that there is another use of the word “deculturizing” – “deculturizing”. The LKŽ records ištautinti – ištautėti, ištauti, but in the usage only one other time used ištautinti, usual denationalizuoti. By the way, the opposition denationalize – denationalize encourages rastis and delitvinti – nulietuvėti (see also table 4 for examples of these and other similar words). 15 Since the international word dehumanize was proposed instead of dehumanizing, there were proposals to use degrading instead of dehumanizing (Balčienė 1979: 15). 144 Alvydas Umbrasas From degreasing to meaningfulness: teikyba ir vartosena Table 4. "In one of Mieželaitis' poems, there is a resentment of being Nu- + -inti Plg. Pavyzdžiai personalised because of the encounter with such anonymous, unidentified to create customized products, to send personalized messages to each user authorities, who have only a coded name to personalise, etc. <...>." individually.“ (Arvydas Bakanauskas and Vytautas Liesionis, 2008) (Literatūra, 2001) depersonali-„<...> the Internet has provided the opportunity „<...> abstract, intangible things – in this case, the life tautos dvasia – personifikuojami, įasmeninami konstory of a craftsman, i.e. a book carrier.“ (Nemunas, 2004) “And here, according to the philosopher, the most important thing is not to depersonalize (which is especially easy when trapped in the crowd), but to personalize.” (Dienovidis, 1996) "<...> in the first case we have a sort of personalization of the moral source, and in the second - various standards of behavior and stereotypes are depersonalized, objectified." (Problemos, 1995) “From the times of the Reformation until the first half of the 19th century, (Works and Days, 2003) “A characteristic feature of such a ‘crucification’ of the visible church was the this period appears – the dehumanization of [...].” (Soter, 2003) “Already with King Mindaugas’s dominant church-making policy throughout Europe.” marriage. The Church began to regulate marriages baptism narrowly, and with Lithuanians’ universal baptism broadly, Lithuanian language was baptized.” (Terminologija, 2003) „Dėl nubažnytėjimo ir tikėjimo susvetimėjimo It is not secularization, but rather the Church itself, which is unable to adapt to the new society, which is to blame for a large part. Information that has reached nės.“ (Naujasis židinys, 1996) us: decapitation of cows. That's it." (Galina Dauguvietytė, 2002) “Our family was hopeless work in the kolkhozes would accompany the silence – “The nation is subjugated, the government imposed unbearable obligations.” (Stasė Kiselienė, gradually being silenced. It was possible to resist the forced imposition of Russian. 2002) “It seemed that the black memories of deportations, exiles, collectivization, In prestigious life and in institutions, there is no way to resist English: you choose yourself.” (Romualdas Ozolas, 2003) “And I knew people who, afraid of previous doctors’ recommendations, had switched to decaffeinated coffee, although they really liked coffee with caffeine, and so they drank that expensive and foul erzacas for twelve long years, and paid even more expensive, because it costs more to harvest coffee than to produce natural coffee.” (bernardinai.lt mus visą gyvenimą.“ (Dienovidis, 1996) 151Terminologija | 2016 | 23 2006-06-21) deliteratūrinti – „<...> we can easily identify as characteristic of postmodernism the deliteratūrinimas.“ (Nemunas, 1996) to make us think – “<...> the USA, which poisoned and killed everyone, created such an ideology of ‘thinking’, of making us feel, that no one reflects even what they see and experience.” (bernardinai.lt 2007-05-16) deparadoxing – “Luhmann describes religion as a system of forms that society creates in order to ‘deparadox the world’.” (Robert Wuthnow, 1996) to globalize – “On the other hand, the comrades of the Lithuanian Front can be suggested to distance themselves from a complete “non-globalization” and talk about “real democracy”, in which political activity nio kūrinio savybes. kaip ir eilėraščių nevientisumą, išcentrinę struktūrą ar apswould be globalized (reducing the influence of worldview on activity). This ‘world-viewing’ should not only be in culture, but also in the economy.” (Dienovidis, 1995) to declassify – “There is still a whole field of non-church, non-institutional religion. Or with rationalistic enigmatization (Antzauberung)?” (Philosophy and Sociology, 1996) to point out – “<...> refers no longer to a specific bird into which the deceased is incarnated, but to a ghost that maintains the essence and self-consciousness of that deceased, the truth, appearing in the form of a bird. This form could have been a bit of a hindrance in later times, apparently there was some physical ‘exaltation’ of the ancestor <...>.” (Gintaras Beresnevičius, 2004) portraits of girls with a clear graphic oval line of the face.” (Kauno diena, 2001) nusipoetinti – "Open and suppressed self-irony. <...>. Even quite risky crowning, poeticization. Deheroization." (Dienovidis, 1995) brainwashing – “And to enter into an open confrontation with the system we no longer had the strength or faith – here all the brainwashing mechanisms worked beautifully.” (Valentinas Sventickas, 2008) nužiovulinti – “The stylistic parody of the Maironian description of the woodworking process – ‘nužiovulinti’ <...>.” (Darbai ir dienos, 2003) Obviously, such structures can deliberately break the rules in order to achieve originality or effectiveness (sometimes justifying themselves with quotation marks), but both those with extended microsystems and the occasional structures only confirm nurakauskinti – „Kitas sąmoningas R.Rakausko „nurakauskinimas“ - jokių mergaičių, nuogų kūnų kulto, stiliaus blikų ir blyksnių, žymių ir nelabai the fact that the nu- + -inti vedic in the usage de facto have the meaning of elimination, the text creators believe that the readers will understand them. Vedic can be replaced by words 152 Alvydas Umbrasas From degreasing to meaninglessness: detoxication and analgesia teikyba ir vartosena junginiais, prielinksninėmis konstrukcijomis su be, bet ne visada išliktų veiksmo akcentavimas, o ir sakinius kartais tektų gerokai performuluoti. Tarp nekodifikuotų nu- + -inti (-inimas) vedinių, reiškiančių ypatybės ar kito nematerialaus, abstraktaus dalyko šalinimą, vartosenos dažnumu are the most common derivatives (the most common derivatives are presented in Table 516 (the frequency of all other derivatives referring to the removal of an immaterial thing mentioned in the article is lower in the sources examined); The DLKT column indicates the number of used words, including verb forms (includes also conjunctives, since they are not as programmatically separated), abstract with -imas, and the lrytas.lt column indicates the number of publications that contain the word in the text). In adjective terms, they can be associated with the nouns harms, pain, although the connection with the adjectives harmful, painful (trunk disintegrated) is not to be ruled out. Without the prefix, the vedic is usually not used (the LKŽ is presented), although it sometimes occurs, e.g.: „<...> he followed me and always said: „Broly, press more here, let go of the brush here, so that the line ‘vibrates’, so that it is ‘alive’, so that it ‘hurts’ (Kauno diena, 1995); “The mayor promises that this will save Vilnius residents hundreds of hours in traffic jams, and officials intend to punish the misunderstanding with fines” (lrytas.lt 2015-08-21). Table 5. Most common derivatives denoting the removal of a characteristic or other immaterial thing DLKT lrytas.lt de- + -inti DLKT lrytas.lt devaluate 1349 1281 devaluate 29 13 devaluate 557 331 devaluate 21 2 devaluate 453 683 dehumanize 19 1 depersonalize 235 80 dehumanize 18 1 denationalize 225 70 dehumanize 16 2 dehumanize 37 6 dehumanize 10 1 nužmoginti 187 58 nubūtinti 13 1 Daugiau panašių vedinių, kuriuos būtų galima sieti su abstrakčios reikšmės nouns with suffixes -smas, -mas, in broader usage is not17. It is a very rare case, but it is not uncommon," he said. "I've seen 16 of these, and they're all very rare. 17 Sometimes derivatives are made from nouns with the suffix -mė, for example, nugrėsminti – “Man as a monkey’s branch is the result of a reflection on the greatly deteriorated conditions of life and the need to overcome them (overcoming the threat, “ungrazing” that threat with himself, with the warmth of his inner self)” (Romualdas Ozolas, 1997). 153Terminology | 2016 | 23 accentuated laser projections, kinetic scenography and įdomus, poleminis gamtos deenergizacijos, jos nuveiksminimo procesas plėtojantis Europos civilizacijai“ (Baltos lankos, 1996); „<...> kiek per daug digital image. However, this only further accentuated the absolute senselessness and accidentally made noise, e.g.: "<...> I have a very old Soviet record collection with meninimo įspūdį“ (bernardinai.lt 2007-10-17). Čia galima paminėti ir tursuch works as Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto. "What's in a Name?" (2005-12-02). It seems that depoisoning does not have oppositions, but with other vedic words it becomes, for example, inpausminti, įjauminti, įveiksminti (the latter is the most common), e.g.: „If we all understood the Word at once, if we did not find in it paradoxes, secret meanings that hurt our mind, it would only be a human, but not God’s will expressed“ (Donaldas Kajokas, 2007); “Therefore it [the act of perception] always includes what is given and what is not given (transcendental in this sense). It is immediately emotional” (Problemos, 1996); “It is quite obvious that the human effort that overcomes the thought and defines the activity can, without greater danger, dispel the sadness of the atoning service and overcome the fear of the supposedly silent language” (Algimantas Valantiejus, 1997). There have been proposals to use international words pasteurize, anesthetize instead of detoxify, anaesthetize, because “there is no need to replace international words established in the language with our own. Sometimes even if you want to give up some international word, it is not possible to do so, because the Lithuanian new word is where Lithuanian compounds are proposed to make harmless and remove, soothe pain. It is interesting that in 1987-1989 a study was conducted and almost 100 prastesnis už tarptautinį atitikmenį“ (Rudaitienė 1993: 13). Žinoma, daug people working in the field of science were interviewed (most of them had degrees and titles). When asked what they consume, 60 respondents chose to decontaminate, 11 to pasteurize and 7 to make harmless. Accordingly, analgesia was chosen by 53 persons, anesthesia – 19, anesthesia – 12, we would not be surprised if according to the surveys, analgesia would continue to prevail. Both words are heard in spoken language, as evidenced by the data collected for this study, and o anestezacijos nepasirinko nė vienas (lietuviško junginio anketoje nesiūlyta) (Rudaitienė 1991: 35–36). Dabartinių tokių apklausų nėra, bet turbūt they are abundant in current written sources. Analgesia along with anesthesia, anesthesia was previously provided in some dictionaries (e.g., RLKŽŪTŽ 1971; MTŽ 1980, the latter included desensitization18 along with desensitization). One of the reasons18 Instead of desensitizing, it was suggested to remove sensitivity, to make anesthetic (Kaulakienė 1992: 9). 154 Alvydas Umbrasas Nuo nuriebalinimo iki nuprasminimo: žasčių, palaikanti teikyba ir vartosena vartosenoje nuskausminimą, yra ta, kad patogu dalyviu išreikšti vaistus apibūdinantį pažyminį, kuris dažnai vartojamas daiktavardiškai (pvz., „Tik Skausmo centre pacientui gali būti atlikta invazinė nuskausminimo procedūra. During it, analgesics are injected directly into the focus that provokes the pain” (Lietuvos rytas, 2001), drugs “Betalok-Zok” and “Cardace” with „Nesuprantu, kaip geriau gydys, jeigu visiems skiriami beveik vienodi sedatives and analgesics are used to treat the pain, and the term maisiais“ (Filomena Taunytė, 2004)). Nuskausminimas yra sveikatos “detoxification” is used in various contexts, and sometimes derivative words are made (e.g., “If your car has a diesel detoxification device, you cannot fill gasoline with lead impurities, because after several thousand kilometers the detoxification device will crash” (Mokslas ir technika, 1995)). The DLKT shows that the environment, soil, pollutants, microorganisms, clothing, cargo, weapons, persons, etc. are decontaminated in the process. The word is quite common in military and public security contexts, referring to the decontamination of mines, bombs and other explosives. Military dictionaries used to include, for example, decontamination (специальная обработка), ammunition decontamination (обезвреживание боеприпасов), degassing machine (дегазационная машина) (KTZ 1993), but later the term ammunition correction was introduced: “giving ammunition a state in which accidental explosion is impossible. The correction is carried out in various ways – the ammunition is detonated, the charges or explosives are removed, the explosives are set to the fuse position, etc.” (rendering safe, deactivation, neutralization of ammunition) (KŽ 1995). In dictionaries not checked by linguists, defuse, disarm, deactivate are still seen; defuse/deactivate a bomb (ALKTŽ 2004), sometimes overlooked by linguists, e.g. decontaminate, although in the same dictionary there is deactivate; make harmless – neutralize (LAKKTŽ 2015). In the current edited dictionaries, the removal of harmfulness is usually expressed by word combinations, e.g.: disarm – 1. disarming, 2. making harmless; switch (mine, weapon) to safe help; fix (a mine); decontaminate – 1. clean; degassing; deactivate; deactivate – 1. deactivate, 2. make harmless (mine, etc.); deactivation – 1. deactivation, 2. making harmless (mines, etc.); defuse – to make harmless; 2013). However, it must be admitted that there has been more than once a double verb requiring justification. For example, Aldona Paulauskienė classifies the verbs to depersonalize and detoxicate as šalinti sprogdiklį; defuse a bom – padaryti bombą nekenksmingą (ALKKTŽ those that we have nothing to change (Paulauskienė 2001: 95). Speaking about konstrukcija daryti nekenksmingą terminuose yra nepatogi, dabar teikiami 155Terminology | 2016 | 23 such terms as: ammunition disposal, explosive ordnance disposal procedure (ECJ 2008), explosive ordnance disposal, explosive ordnance disposal incident, explosive ordnance disposal procedure (NATO 2006). Looking at these terms, it does not seem strange why consumers do not want to give up decontamination. Kalbininkų darbuose užuominų, kad nukenksminti, nuskausminti reikėthe fact that the Vedic model of the elimination meaning of nu- + -inti is poorly suited to the Lithuanian prepositional norms, she hopes that a few more words will come to life, first of all nuskausminti (Paulauskienė 2004: 262). When she says “prigis”, she probably means “the linguists will allow”, because there is no need to acquire this word in the language, it has long been acquired. Jonas Šukys also cautiously says that “exceptions should perhaps be made only for very convenient, constantly used” words to be decontaminated, depersonalized (Šukys 2006: 75). Use shows that, although criticized by linguists, derivatives with the elimination meaning de- + -ed are still used, and new ones are made. Although not recognized, a de facto model exists. Since the BLKŽ is being prepared, it is appropriate for its organizers to re-evaluate these words. First of all, it is necessary to distinguish between those words that denote the removal of a material or any other material thing (degrease, de-iron, etc.). In the past, such words were the main focus of criticism of the model of production. These words do not have developed microsystems, there are usually no words that Taisymo tradiciją galima išlaikyti. Atskirai reikėtų žiūrėti į žodžius, kuriais form oppositions. means the removal of a feature or some other intangible, abstract thing. The usage suggests that these words often have developed Net ir pripažįstant šio modelio žodžių radimąsi dėl kitų kalbų poveikio, microsystems. the inclusion of some of them in the CCC may be considered in the light of usage trends, even though a number of such words are now codified or were codified earlier but the codification has been altered. The argument repeatedly made by the correctors that it should mean excess rather than elimination of a characteristic does not work very well with the words of the model in question, as if readers could be misled, but the authors of the text believe that they will be understood correctly. Of course, the 156 Alvydas Umbrasas Nuo nuriebalinimo iki nuprasminimo: teikyba ir vartosena context is important. In addition, there are already codified verbs in the language, to which the same prefix gives opposite meanings, for example, nudebiti "1. very nicely decorated" and "2. to remove jewels", to crown "1. remove the crown” and “2. "The 100 Greatest Songs of All Time" (2006). CONCLUSIONS The derivatives of the meaning of removal nu- + -inti (-inimas) began to be corrected by linguists half a century ago. Terminologist K. Gaivenis was probably the first to draw attention to their use in the press of the time, presentation in dictionaries and proposed correction. The adjective derivative degrebinti, which is otherwise a new word (such as kalboje reiškia „padaryti per riebų“, taisytojų pereita prie daiktavardinių degrebinti) and it is argued that they could also only mean excess. In the works, sometimes such a construction was criticized in general, because it was found on the basis of the example of other languages (mostly Russian), noun verbs made without prefix are usually not used, so the construction was considered mixed (immediately adding the prefix nu and suffix -inti). In the first edition of the Modern Lithuanian Dictionary, only a few words of the model in question were presented, but in the second edition a considerable number of them were included, although the Vedic texts had already begun to be corrected. Perhaps the fact that the Vedic texts were not only widely used in the press, but also provided in the dictionaries of the time, was taken into account. However, the norm of the dictionary was still disputed, linguists did not stop correcting these words and almost all the Vedic words were removed from the third edition of the Modern Lithuanian Language Dictionary (subsequent editions did not change anything on the issue). In addition, the language was gradually abandoned in the dictionaries, mainly by providing compounds with the word removal. While the second edition of the Modern Lithuanian Language Dictionary was used, the elimination-deprecated + -ing derivatives could spread, because the provision was observed not to strictly modify what was published in the dictionary. In aptariamo modelio vedinių vertinimo. Kalbama, kad vediniai jau leidžia šaknis mokslo terminijoje, kad jie kalbai reikalingi, kad nepavyksta sudelinguistic publications published even before the third edition of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary, there is sometimes uncertainty about the needs of the young linguists and those Vedic users. And in the current works of linguists it is sometimes cautiously said that some nu- + -inti vedas should be made an exception, because there is nothing to replace them conveniently. Most of the derivatives discussed in this article are of noun origin and refer to the removal of a specific thing, usually a substance. After analyzing the current usage, 157Terminology | 2016 | 23 Removal of abstract object. Some of them are remiantis Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynu ir populiaria naujienų svetaine lrytas.lt, matyti, kad kai kurie anksčiau taisyti vediniai jau gali būti nebeaktualūs, kai kurie tebevartojami. Kartu matyti, kad dabartinėje vartosenoje yra įvairių aptariamo modelio vedinių, kurie kalbos taisytojų darbuose neminimi. Jais reiškiamas ypatybės ar kokio kito nematerialaus, associated with adjectives, others with nouns, often with a doubtful interpretation. Their emergence can now be encouraged not by the Russian language, but by international words with sandu de-, and also by the principle of analogy, because some nu- + -in Vedic have developed microsystems, according to which other microsystems of words are created. The desire to express the oppositions of giving and removing a certain content in derivatives of the same root may be one of the most important reasons why it is necessary to de- + -en new creations. The model of resistance is particularly popular in philosophical, literary and similar texts of a thoughtful nature, in which much attention is paid to the novelty and unusualness of the means of language expression. In addition, in these and other texts the oppositions of active (nu- + -inti) and spontaneous (nuoj + ėėti) action are relevant, the latter in the case refers not to removal but to spontaneous loss. In preparing the General Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language it is necessary to evaluate the results of half a century of correction of vedic + -inti and usage tendencies. For reasons of stability of the standards, non-coding of derivatives of material removal values may be maintained, but derivatives of property or other intangible removal values should be treated separately. Codifying some of them would bring the norm closer to reality. The difference between norm and usage is especially clearly seen in the prevalence of the words detoxicate, analgesize and dehumanize. ŠALTINIAI ALKKTŽ 2013: Kisinas E. Anglų–lietuvių kalbų karo technikos žodynas, Vilnius: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija. ALKPŽ 1958: Novodvorskis A. Anglų–lietuvių kalbų politechninis žodynas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. ALKTŽ 2004: Laugalienė G., Mironaitė M. Lietuvių–anglų kalbų karybos žodynas: eksperimentinis leidinys, Vilnius: Generolo J. Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija. ALKŽŪTŽ 1977: Anglų–lietuvių kalbų žemės ūkio terminų žodynas. Sudarė D. Čeponienė, R. Gelūnienė, J. Kazėnas, R. Kelbauskienė (atsak. redaktorė), Vilnius: Mokslas. ATTŽ 2001: Čiukas R., Katunskis J., Kaulakienė A. ir kt. Aiškinamasis tekstilės terminų žodynas: su vokiečių, anglų, prancūzų ir rusų kalbų atitikmenimis, Kaunas: Technologija. BLKŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyr. red. D. Liutkevičienė. Prieiga per internetą: http://bkz.lki.lt. ChAŽ 1997: Daukšas K., Barkauskas J., Daukšas V. ir kt. Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. ChŽ 1960: Daukšas K. Chemijos žodynas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. 158 Alvydas Umbrasas Nuo nuriebalinimo iki nuprasminimo: teikyba ir vartosena DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas, sud. Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Kompiuterinės lingvistikos centras. Prieiga per internetą: http://donelaitis.vdu.lt. DLKŽ1 1954: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Ats. red. J. Kruopas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. DLKŽ2 1972: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 2-asis papild. leid. Ats. red. J. Kruopas, Vilnius: Mintis. DLKŽ3 1993: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 3-iasis patais. ir papild. leid. Vyr. red. St. Keinys, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. DLKŽ5 2003: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 5-asis (2-asis elektroninis) patais. ir papild. leid. Vyr. red. St. Keinys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. DLKŽ6 2006: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 6-asis (3-iasis elektroninis) leid. Vyr. red. St. Keinys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. EKŽ 2008: Čiočys P. A., Janukevičius J., Jasiulionis E. ir kt. Enciklopedinis karybos žodynas, Vilnius: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija. FTŽ 2007: Palenskis V., Valiukėnas V., Žalkauskas V., Žilinskas P. J. Fizikos terminų žodynas: lietuvių, anglų, prancūzų, vokiečių ir rusų kalbomis. 2-asis patais. ir papild. leid., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. GFGTŽ 1956: Gudelis V. Geologijos ir fizinės geografijos terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. ITŽ 1997: Informatika: lietuvių–anglų–rusų–vokiečių kalbų terminų žodynas. Parengė Z. Kudirka ir kt., Vilnius: Matematikos ir informatikos institutas. KTŽ 1993: Rusų–lietuvių ir lietuvių–rusų kalbų karybos terminų žodynėlis. Parengė A. Smetona, Vilnius: Valstybinis leidybos centras. KŽ 1995: Smetona A. Karybos žodynas, Vilnius: Lietuvos karo akademija. LAKKTŽ 2015: Kisinas E. Lietuvių–anglų kalbų karo technikos žodynas, Vilnius: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002): elektroninis variantas. Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lkz.lt. LRTB – Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas. Prieiga per internetą: http://terminai.vlkk.lt. MTŽ 1960: Čeičys J. Melioracijos terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. MTŽ 1980: Astrauskas V., Biziulevičius S., Pavilonis S. ir kt. Medicinos terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas. NATO 2006: NATO terminų aiškinamasis žodynas. 3-iasis patais. leid. Ats. redaktorius J. Norgėla, Vilnius: Lietuvos Respublikos krašto apsaugos ministerijos Generalinė inspekcija. RLKMTŽ 1975: Mikalajūnas M. Rusų–lietuvių kalbų meteorologijos terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Mintis. RLKPŽ 1959: Rusų–lietuvių kalbų politechninis žodynas. Red. kolegijos pirmininkas A. Novodvorskis, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. RLKPŽ 1984: Rusų–lietuvių kalbų politechnikos žodynas. Sudarė G. Daugėla, Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. RLKŽŪTŽ 1971: Anskaitis V., Kilas M. Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žemės ūkio terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Mintis. RTŽ 2000: Gaivenis K., Juška G., Kalesinskas V. Radioelektronikos terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Litimo. SŽ 1993: Leonavičius J. Sociologijos žodynas, Vilnius: Academia. Vydūnas 2013: Asmenybė ir sveikata. Parengė R. Palijanskaitė, Kaunas: Vydūno draugija. LITERATŪRA Balašaitis A. 1969: Kaip verčiame terminus. – Lietuvių kalbos sekcijos sąsiuvinis 10. Terminų kūrimo principai, 9–10. Balčienė B. 1979: Po kelerių metų. – Mūsų kalba 3, 14–20. Bielinskienė A., Kazlauskienė A., Rimkutė E., Tamošiūnaitė A. 2014: Lietuvių bendrinė kalba: normos ir vartosena. Vadovėlis aukštųjų mokyklų studentams, Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas. Būda V. 1973: Ilgai lauktas žodyno leidimas. – Pergalė 7, 161–166. Gaivenis K. 1964: Keletas pastabų dėl mokslo veikalų kalbos. – Kalbos kultūra 7, 26–30. Gerulaitis V., Lukėnas S. 1983: Terminų darybos standartizacija ir specializacija. – Kalbos kultūra 44, 26–37. Girdenis A., Rosinas A. 1977: Pastabos „Kalbos praktikos patarimų“ paraštėse. – Kultūros barai 11, 69–70. 159Terminologija | 2016 | 23 Kaulakienė A. 1979: Priešdėliniai ir priesaginiai darybiniai vertiniai lietuviškoje politechnikos terminijoje. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 19. Socialinės lingvistikos problemos, 143–153. Kaulakienė A. 1988: Terminų daryba pagal analogijos principą. – Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai. A serija 1, 128–133. Kaulakienė A. 1985: Словообразовательное калькирование как способ образования современных литовских физико-технических терминов. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 24. 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Rudaitienė V. 1991: Apie priešdėlinių žodžių vartojimą. – Kalbos kultūra 61, 35–39. Rudaitienė V. 1993: Svetimų žodžių vartojimas spaudoje. – Kalbos kultūra 64, 12–20. Šukys J. 2006: Kalbos kultūra visiems. Papildytas leidimas, Kaunas: Šviesa. TT 1992: Terminologijos taisymai. Parengė K. Gaivenis, A. Kaulakienė, St. Keinys, J. Klimavičius, Vilnius: Mokslas. Urbutis V. 1978: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius: Mokslas. FROM NURIEBALINIMAS TO NUPRASMINIMAS: CODIFICATION AND USAGE The paper deals with derivatives with the prefix nuand the suffix -inti (-inimas) which express the elimination of something (which is indicated by the root of the word). There is quite an old tradition of correcting such derivatives, but in spite of this some of these derivatives are still widely used, therefore the history of correction and codification as well as the current situation are researched. The paper shows the opinions of the Lithuanian linguists in regard to these derivatives, the development of norms in dictionaries and overviews the current usage, its (non-)compliance with codification and points out possible changes in codification. About fifty years ago Lithuanian linguists started correcting derivatives having the structure of nu- + -inti (-inimas) and meaning the elimination of something. The 160 Alvydas Umbrasas Nuo nuriebalinimo iki nuprasminimo: teikyba ir vartosena word-formation of such derivatives was criticized because it emerged by the analogy with other languages (mainly Russian). In the first edition of Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian) (1954) there were very few words of that kind, but in the second edition (1972) their number increased quite a lot in spite of attempts to correct them. Lithuanian linguists insisted on correcting them, therefore nearly all of such derivatives were removed from the third edition of Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (1993) and in terminological dictionaries they were gradually substituted with complex terms containing word šalinimas (elimination). In the papers of Lithuanian linguists published a few decades ago one could sometimes see uncertainty about the evaluation of this derivational model. There are some observations that such derivatives are starting to become established in the scientific terminology and that they might be necessary for the language. In the current works of linguists there are sometimes cautious suggestions to make an exception about some nu- + -inti (-inimas) derivatives and to allow their usage, because there are no convenient substitutes. The majority of corrected derivatives are made from nouns and mean the elimin ation of a certain thing, usually a material. The research of the current usage based on data from Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas (Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language) Language) and the popular news website lrytas.lt shows that some of the previously suggests that some of the corrected derivatives have lost their topicality and some of them are still being used. At the same time it can be seen that there are various derivatives of this particular derivational model which have not been mentioned in the works of language standardizers. They express the elimination of a characteristic or of some immaterial, abstract thing and are derived from adjectives or nouns. The appearance of such derivatives is probably caused not by equivalents in Russian, but by international words with the prefix deas well as the principle of analogy, because some of these derivatives have developed microsystems, which participate in the creation of other microsystems. The wish to express the oppositions between acquisition and elimination of a particular content using words with the same root could be one of the main reasons for using new nu- + -inti (-inimas) formations. It is necessary to evaluate the results of the correction which lasted about fifty years and tendencies of the usage of researched derivatives, because currently Bendrosios lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian) is being compiled. In order to maintain the stability of the norm the restriction on usage of these derivatives can be retained, but derivatives with the meaning of eliminating a characteristic or an immaterial thing ought to be evaluated separately. The codification of some of these derivatives would bring the norm closer to the actual usage. Retrieved 2016-11-21. Alvydas Umbrasas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]