Structural and Semantic Analysis of Economic Terminology in Computer Forums on Economics

2 1Te minologija | 2016 | 23 S uc u al and Seman ic Analysis o Economic Te minology in Compu e Fo ums on Economics ElEna loguno a Kalining ad S a e Technical Uni e si y KEYWORDS: economic compu e discou se, s uc u al and seman ic analysis, bina y e mi- nological models, one wo d e ms, seman ic de i a ion, composi ion models, mul icom- ponen e ms The a icle is de o ed o s uc u al and seman ic analysis o eco- nomic e minology in compu e o ums on economy. I e lec s he ypes o e ms o economic o ums and he main s uc u al ways o hei nomina ion. The au ho also analyses he s uc u e o o ums and he main lexical uni s and compu e signs o economic discou se. The compu e discou se ep esen s he communica ion which is unde - s ood as in e ac ion o pa icipan s o communica ion who exchange hei opinions, di e en in o ma ion and emo ions by means o compu e ech- nologies and he In e ne . In ou esea ch we conside an economic o um (elec onic con e ence) as a mac o-uni . The o um as a mac o-uni consis s o sub- o ums which e lec he mos ac ual componen s o a conc e e mac o-uni . Sub- o ums a e ep esen ed by discussion o subjec s. The subjec , as a ule, is a con- cep ual co e o discussion and is ealized in s a emen s/messages. Lexical uni s o a compu e discou se and speci ic compu e signs (g aph- ic and icon signs) belong o he main uni s o he s a emen (message). Lexical uni s a e ep esen ed by e ms, p o essionalisms, eponyms, ja - gon (“lexicon o he educed s yle”), abb e ia ions and he non- e mino- logical lexicon consis ing o gene al scien i ic wo ds and common lexicon. In he p ocess o he analysis o compu e o ums on economics he ollowing ypes o e ms we e e ealed: – Economic e ms: asse s, liabili ies, in es o capi al, accoun abili y, a - ge ma ke , g ow h cycle, expense, liquidi y, inancial managemen , a ge 2 2 Elena Loguno a | S uc u al and Seman ic Analysis o Economic Te minology | in Compu e Fo ums on Economics ma ke , balance shee , income, easu y secu i ies, c edi , s ock ma ke , sha e, ade de ici , co po a e managemen , und, in es men policy, economy sys em, di idend, clea ing bank, ax, g oss p o i , join en u e, cash low, s akeholde , alue added ax, e c. – Te ms o legal sphe e: plain i , lawsui , li iga ion ma e , sanc ion, im- p isonmen , judgmen , c ime, legisla ion, pending li iga ion, iducia y du y, egula ion, pac , copy igh s, pi acy, in ellec ual p ope y, e c. – Te ms o social sphe e: in e pe sonal communica ion, popula ion, cul u e, public, social sys em, demog aphy, bi h a e, labo uni s, s ike, beha io , su i al a e, gende gap, e c. – Te ms o echnical sphe e: machine, ool, engine, equipmen , semi- conduc o , aile -moun ed sys em, e c. – Te ms o poli ical science: democ acy, socialism, communism, 21s cen- u y capi alism, poli ical con es , democ acy, seismic poli ical change, e c. – Te ms o educa ional sphe e: g adua e, s uden , p o ession, educa ion, p epa a o y school, mid-le el ins i u ion, acul y, nu se-educa o , ui ion, ma hema ics, diploma, school, acul y, e c. As a esul o he selec ion which has been ca ied ou on ou si es and 104 sub o ums p esen ed he e, we disco e ed he ollowing pe cen - age o e ms in compa ison wi h non- e minological ocabula ies in di - e en o ums: – 65% o e ms in “The Business Fo um Online”, – 46% o e ms in “Global Business Ne wo k”, – 45% o e ms in “Aa d a k Business Fo um”, – 40% o e ms in “Know-How Business Fo um”. As ex s o o ums ep esen o al language, a discou se o he o ums which a e ealized in he dialogue mode (“Aa d a k Business Fo um”, “Know-How Business Fo um”, “Global Business Ne wo k”) is ep esen - ed in ques ion-answe o m and has a highe p opo ion o is mo e sa u - a ed wi h non- e minological ocabula ies which is also caused by pa - icipa ion in such o ums a la ge numbe o use s wi h di e en le els o knowledge in economics. In u n, “The Business Fo um Online” ep e- sen ed by monological speech, o mo e han 60% consis s o e ms. The majo i y o e ms o he “Business Fo um Online” a e e ms o econom- ics and his na ows he numbe o use s o his si e o a ci cle o p o es- sionals wi h a good knowledge o economic science. 2 3Te minologija | 2016 | 23 The ma e ial o 1800 lexical uni s which was p e iously selec ed using me hod o con inuous selec ion was subjec ed by us o he s uc u al and seman ic analysis, as a esul o which ypical s uc u al ways o he nom- ina ion we e alloca ed: A ixal wo d- o ma ion models: – he p e ixa ion models: econcilia ion, eassignmen , eimbu semen , es a emen , una ailabili y, un unded, unbalance, undiscoun ed, unde - paymen , mul ibuye , mul icu ency, inpaymen , incon e ibili y, co-c ed- i o , co-deb o , coope a ion, ex-di idend, exchange, hype ma ke , hype - in la ion e c. P e ixes play an impo an ole in de i a ion o he s udied e minol- ogy, hey a e used o speci ying he ini ial s uc u e, o example, o a nega i e ca ego y “ he phenomena and concep s”: unemploymen ( he model bea s alue o “lack o wo k”), nonpaymen ( he model bea s alue o “lack o paymen ”). Applica ion o he p e ix co- is ound in wo d- o ma ion models o de- i a i e wo ds, o example, in he a ea o managemen : coope a ion, coo d- ina ion, co-managemen ; i has a meaning o join implemen a ion o ac ion. The p e ix e- is a he o en used and exp esses epea ed ac ion ( e- s a emen – epea ed submission o inancial s a emen s, econcilia ion – coo dina ion, e i ica ion o accoun s; eimbu semen – compensa ion). Mul i- means “ olume, plu ali y” (mul ina ional – mul ina ional company). Un- exp esses nega i e alue “a sho coming, o absence o some hing”: una ailabili y –absence o a ailabili y; unbalance – disc epancy. – The models o med by means o su ixes: se lemen , in es o , accoun - ing, accoun abili y, ma ke ing, managemen , inancial, planne , discoun - e , compe i i eness, ec ui ing, co po a ion, epo ing, economis , manage - ial, economic, en ep eneu ial, o ganiza ional, monopolis ic, compensa ion, nego ia ion, e c. The mos common su ixes used in o ming he s udied e minology a e he ollowing: -e /o (discoun e , dis ibu o ), -ion (commodiza ion, co po a ion), -ing (accoun ing), -ic (economic), -an (accoun an ), -men (managemen ), -able (ma ke able), -i e (compe i i e), -al (en ep eneu ial, bene icial), -ship (pa ne ship). The analysis has also shown he exis ence o he whole de i a ional amilies o wo ds: manage, manage , managemen , manage ial; in es , in es- 2 4 Elena Loguno a | S uc u al and Seman ic Analysis o Economic Te minology | in Compu e Fo ums on Economics o , in es men ; accoun , accoun an , accoun abili y, accoun ing, e c. Seman- ics o such de i a i es and compound e ms is composi e, and e lec s a ious p o essional ca ego ies, o example: manage – ca ego y o man- agemen p ocess, manage – ca ego y o he subjec , managemen – ca - ego y o economic a ea. Composi ion models: c oss-ma ke ing, ma ke place, wo ld-changing, s ake- holde , isk-managemen , salespeople, headqua e , adema k, businessman, union-managemen , communi y-based o ganiza ion, home-based business, e c. Composi ion models whe e he basic componen is equal o an inde- penden wo d, is a p oduc i e way o e m o ma ion and i allows concep s o di e en sphe es o knowledge o be combined in one e m. The ph ases in economic e minology a e o med on he ollowing models: N+N; Adj+N; Ving +N; (Adj, V-ing)+N. The g ea es numbe o e ms in economic discou se is cons i u ed by bina y e m ph ases (1126 uni s): ins i u ional in es o , inancial manage- men , inancial s a e, consume loyal y, consume acquisi ion, consume de en- ion, selling inno a ions, p ac ice o business ela ions, selling skills, he a - ge ma ke , he con ol ool, managemen ins i u ion, ma ke s a is ic, junk bond, mul ina ional co po a ion, economic o ces, en ep eneu ial leade , eco- nomic wo ld, na ional economy, economic powe , economic game, se ice sales, comme cial isk, le e o c edi , anspa en expo , in e na ional ade, co - po a e en i y, balance o paymen , annual g ow h, ma ke esea ch, p ima y business, speci ic ma ke , manu ac u ing ans e , join en u e, o sho e pa - ne , labo sho age, independen business, leading i m, ading i m, eco- nomic de elopmen , business communi y, economic mo i a ion, en ep eneu - ial ins i u ion, expo s a egy, ea men managemen , o ganiza ional manage- men , expo oppo uni y, consume esou ces, bene i package, deal b eake , supplie pa ne ship, con ac ul illmen , pu chasing depa men s, manu ac- u ing/deli e y p ocess, ma ke ing oppo uni y, de elopmen cos s, non-com- pe i i e plan , p oduc line, inancial image, b oke age house, inancial oun- da ion, iscal yea , cash leaks, business o ma ion, e c. Such e minological ph ases ha e mo e oppo uni ies o exp ession o he concep ual con en s han one wo d e ms. The ollowing po ion – 173 e minological uni s – consis s o mul i- componen e ms ( h ee wo d e ms and e ms consis ing o ou wo ds and mo e). 2 5Te minologija | 2016 | 23 Mul icomponen e ms a e dis ibu ed acco ding o he ollowing s uc- u al models: 1) Adj +N + N ( ec ui ing boom cycle, inancial se ice i m, mu ual und owne , absolu e cos ad an age, o e all ma ke s a egy, ac ual p oduc pe o mance, cu en business c unch); 2) Adj + Adj +N (unipola economic wo ld, subs an ial seconda y ma - ke , low di ec expenses, se e e economic p essu e); 3) N+N+N (exchange a e gua an ees, endo selec ion p ocess, bed-and- b eak as en u e, p oduc de elopmen g oup, job sha e eam, da abase managemen sys em, non-p o i subsidia y co po a ion); 4) Adj + (Adj, V-ing) +N ( inancial epo ing pe iod, collabo a i e wo k- ing pa ne ship, ideal ma ke ing s a egy, daily ading limi ); 5) Adj+ N +N+N (common ma ke en y s a egy, acc ual basis income s a emen ); 6) (V-ed, Adj)+(V-ing, Adj)+N (non-employed wo king s yle, sel -em- ployed wo king s yle); 7) (V-ed, Adj)+Adj+(V-ing, Adj)+N (de ailed ealis ic ma ke ing plan); 8) (V-ed, Adj) +N + Adj (acc ued axes payable); 9) Adj +N+ Adj + N +N (global ne wo k disc imina o y ax policy); 10) Adj + Adj + N +N (s a egic inancial managemen issues); 11) Adj + Adj + Adj +N (chie s a egic inancial planne ); 12) N o N +(V-ing, Adj)+N ( ace- o- ace wo king mee ing). Value o wo, h ee and mo e componen e ms e lec s he alue o each o he componen s making a nomina i e complex no simply he sum o alues, bu he esul o in eg a ion o he cogni i e p ocesses happening while o ming such composi e meaning (Новодранова, Лейчик 2002: 59). I is necessa y o add ha abb e ia ions (95 uni s) play an impo an ole in economic compu e discou se, and hey can be di ided in o 2 g oups: 1. Te minological abb e ia ions. Fo example: GAAT (Gene al Ag eemen on Ta i s and T ade), WTO ( he Wo ld T ade O ganiza ion), NASA (News- pape Ad e ising Sales Associa ion), UAW (Uni ed Au o Wo ke s), GM (Gene al Mo o s), SBA (Small Business Adminis a ion), OEM (O iginal Equipmen Manu ac u e ), e c. 2. Gene al abb e ia ions, such as ASAP (as soon as possible), IMHO (in my humble/hones opinion), e c. 2 6 Elena Loguno a | S uc u al and Seman ic Analysis o Economic Te minology | in Compu e Fo ums on Economics The use o abb e ia ions in economic compu e o ums, besides he pu pose o language economy, pu sues he aim o economy o place and ime o egis a ion o a message and s aying in ne wo k. Ano he speci ic cha ac e is ic o e m o ma ion in economic com- pu e discou se is he seman ic de i a ion. Seman ic de i a ion can be ea ed as he p ocess and esul o seconda y nomina ion co e ing he whole lexical sys em o language and e lec ing he dynamics o i s con- inuous de elopmen and change as e lec ion o di icul men al, asso- cia i e, cogni i e p ocesses o people’s hinking. Seman ic de i a i es a e o med as a esul o using common wo ds as e ms by means o seman ic ans o ma ion. I should be no ed ha he lexical meaning o a wo d can coincide wi h he e minological meaning, bu can di e om i due o he discou se whe e i is used (Гусева 2004: 104). Fo example, a wo d “u ili y” in economic compu e discou se means “bonds o he en e p ises”; “ eedback” in he ield o ma ke ing means “communica ion wi h consume s, in o ma ion om consume s”, in he ield o managemen “ egula epo s o pe o me s on he cu en ac i i y, in o ma ion on esul s o ce ain ac ions o amending u u e decisions” e c. CONCLUSIONS The ca ied-ou analysis o lexical componen s o an economic com- pu e discou se showed ha he mos commonly used a e he bina y models – 62%. They a e mos ly o med using he ollowing models: Adj. + N ( inancial managemen ), N+N (s ock ma ke ), V-ing + N (pu chasing depa men ). – One wo d e ms ake he second place – 23%. – Mul icomponen e ms – 9,6%. – Abb e ia ions – 5,3%. The analysis showed a numbe o lexical uni s which, depending on he communica i e en i onmen hey a e used in and he ole hey need o play he e, may be e ms o o dina y wo ds. The analysis e ealed ha he bigges pa o e ms o economic dis- cou se o o ums belong o economic e ms which e lec basic concep s and ca ego ies o economy (ma ke ing, managemen , accoun ing, e c.). A he end i is necessa y o add ha non- e minological lexicon along wi h e ms o a ious scien i ic a eas also plays an impo an ole in eco- nomic discou se. Non- e minological uni s help o c ea e a discou se, unc- 2 7Te minologija | 2016 | 23 ion as a o m o add ess (as you ha e no iced, e c.), o m he logical s uc u e o a discou se ( i s ly, ne e heless e c.). Such uni s ul ill hose unc ions which a e inaccessible o e ms bu which a e needed o o ming and de elopmen o success ul communica i e ac , e balized in a discou se. SOURCES Aa d a k Business Fo um [Elec onic esou ce]. – Mode o access: h p://www.aa d a kbusiness.ne . Global Business Ne wo k Online [Elec onic esou ce]. – Mode o access: h p://www.business o um.ne . Know-How Business Fo um Online [Elec onic esou ce]. – Mode o access: h p://www.businessknowhow.com. The Business Fo um Online [Elec onic esou ce]. – Mode o access: h p://www.business o um.com. REFERENCES Ga es B. 2000: Business @ he Speed o Though , New Yo k: Wa ne Books. 440 p. Jackendo R. 1993: Seman ics and Cogni ion, Camb idge, Mass, London: The MIT P ess. 283 p. Jackendo R. 1995: Languages o he mind. – Essays on Men al Rep esen a ion, Camb idge, London: The MIT P ess. 195 p. Langacke R. W. 1991: Concep , image and symbol: The Cogni i e basis o g amma , N.Y.: Mon on de G uy e . 395 p. Ma kel M. 1998: Technical communica ion. Si ua ion and S a egies, NY: S . Ma in’s P ess, Inc. 732 p. Pich H. 2002: The concep in e minology: a uni o hough , knowledge o cogni ion? – Научно- техническая терминология. Научно-реф. сб-к, вып. 2, Москва. 71 с. Гусева И. Г. 2004: Когнитивно-дискурсивный анализ межотраслевой экологической терминологии в области рыбного промысла (на материале английского языка). Дис. ... канд. филол. наук, Калининград. 291 c. Новодранова В. Ф., Лейчик В. М. 2002: Понятие и концепт. – Научно-техническая терминология. Науч.-реф. сб., вып. 2, Москва, 59–60. EKONOMIKOS FORUMUOSE VARTOJAMOS EKONOMIKOS TERMINIJOS STRUKTŪRINĖ IR SEMANTINĖ ANALIZĖ S aipsnis ski as ekonomikos o umų leksikos s uk ū inei i seman inei analizei. Da be nag inėjama iš sky ių suda y o o umo, ku iame y a eminių o umų, s uk ū a. Pažymima, kad eminius o umus ep ezen uoja juose esančios emos (jose glūdi są o- kinis diskusijų b anduolys), suda y os iš pasisakymų. Pasisakymai apima leksinius kompiu e inio disku so iene us, ku ie gali bū i e minai, p o esionalizmai, eponimai, san umpos, „žemesnio s iliaus leksika“, ne e mininė leksika, aip pa specialūs kom- piu e iniai ženklai – g a iniai ženklai, pik og amos. Ekonomikos o umų kalbos leksinių dedamųjų analizė pa odė, kad i ame disku se p oduk y iausias bu o sin aksinis e minų da ybos būdas. Ekonomikos o mumų e mi- nijoje y auja d ina iai žodžių junginiai. Tai šiuolaikinei e minijai būdinga endencija. Ras i e minai, suda y i mo ologiniu būdu, a spindi e minų sis emos a ski ų ka ego i- jų i in eg uojamų ekonomikos są okinių s ičių a pusa io yšius. Pažymimas adicinių p iešdėlių i p iesagų naudojimas suda an a iksinio ipo ekonomikos e minus. A lik as y imas pa odė, kad, nepaisan ekonomikos kompiu e iniame disku se pas e- bimos unkcinių e minų ipų į ai o ės, s a biausi i gausiausi y a a ski ų s ičių ekono- mikos e minai. Ta p okių e minų galima išski i kalbinius iene us, žyminčius pama- ines ekonomikos są okas i ka ego ijas (ma ke ing, managemen , accoun ing i k .). 2 8 Elena Loguno a | S uc u al and Seman ic Analysis o Economic Te minology | in Compu e Fo ums on Economics Структурный и СемантичеСкий анализ экономичеСкой терминологии на компьютерных форумах по экономике Статья посвящена структурно-семантическому анализу лексики экономических форумов. В работе рассматривается структура форума, который состоит из раз- делов и имеет в своем составе субфорумы. Отмечается, что субфорумы репрезен- тируются представленными там темами (в которых заключается концептуальное ядро обсуждения), состоящими из высказываний. Высказывание включает в себя лексические единицы компьютерного дискурса, которые представлены термина- ми, профессионализмами, эпонимами, аббревиатурами, «лексикой сниженного стиля», нетерминологической лексикой, а также специфические компьютерные знаки, представленные графическими и иконическими знаками. Анализ лексических составляющих языка компьютерных экономических фору- мов показал, что наиболее продуктивным в исследуемом дискурсе оказался син- таксический способ терминообразования. В экономической компьютерной тер- минологии преобладают бинарные словосочетания – тенденция, характерная для современных терминологий. Термины (в выявленных случаях), образованные морфологическим способом, призваны отражать взаимосвязи между различными категориями терминосистемы и интегрируемыми концептосферами экономиче- ской области. Отмечается участие традиционных префиксов и суффиксов в фор- мировании производных экономических терминов аффиксального типа. Проведенное исследование показало, что, несмотря на то, что в экономиче- ском компьютерном дискурсе представлены различные функциональные типы терминов, наиболее важными и количественно преобладающими единицами яв- ляются частноотраслевые экономические термины. Среди таких терминов можно выделить языковые единицы-знаки, которые отражают базовые понятия и катего- рии экономики (ma ke ing, managemen , accoun ing, e c.). Gau a 2016-05-16 Логунова Елена Андреевна Калининградский государственный технический университет 236000, Россия, Калининградская обл., г. Калининград, Советский проспект, д.1 Эл. почта: pakhomo [email p o ec ed]u