Statybos terminijos dūrinių klasifikacija pagal sintaksinius-semantinius sandų santykius

164 Lina Rutkienė Classification of constructional pagal sintaksinius-semantinius sandų santykius terminology punches Classification of constructional terminology punches according to syntactic-semantic relationships LINA RUTKIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language Vilnius Gediminas Technical University KEY WORDS: stitch, related term, relationship of sands, syntactic-semantic classification, construction field INTRODUCTION Due to the rapid globalization and development of science, there are more and more new terms. Among them, the number of punches is increasing, which can be examined in various aspects1, determining their classification, which is somewhat more confusing than the Vedic ones. One of the most popular approaches is morphological, prevailing in the work of scientists of the first half of the 20th century. The essence of the morphological approach, which is closely related to word formation, is to perceive the punch first of all as a combination of morphemes. This is also the case in the Lithuanian language. In contemporary Lithuanian grammar (hereinafter – DLKG 1997), in the works of Stasys Keinis (1983, 2005), in the monograph of Palmira Zemlevičiūtė (2016) the punctuation marks are first divided according to the parts of the language from which their syntax originated, and only after that the syntactic-semantic relations of the punctuation marks are mentioned. This classification is supported by the argument that “both the meaning of the punch <...> and its form depend greatly on which parts of the language the words from which the punch is made go through” (DLKG 1997: 150). In Lithuanian terminology, punchings, which are used in terms of certain scientific fields, are also examined and classified from other aspects: semantics (Auksoriūtė 2016; Gritėnienė 2006; Kačinaitė 2008; Gaivenis 1998), origin (Kaulakienė 1981; Stunžinas 2004), normative (Kaulakienė 1986, 1 From the classification problems raised in ancient Indian grammar, modern neurolinguistic studies have been introduced. For example, scientists Lucy Jay MacGregor and Yury’us Shtyrovas from the University of Cambridge are studying how the human brain processes information expressed by punching. Using the electroencephalography method, they record brain impulses from which they try to determine whether the punch in the human consciousness triggers an image of the scope of one concept, or whether the punch triggers images that include both concepts (MacGregor, Shtyrov 2013). 165Terminology | 2017 | 24 1993; Keinys 1967; Gaivenis 1994), motivation (Sviderskienė 2017), although it is not entirely appropriate to distinguish one approach, since it is much more nami keli aspektai. Sintaksinis-semantinis požiūris į dūrinius lietuvių kalrare in derbiology studies, it is usually limited to the distinction of defining (determinative) and constituent (copulative) punches and the relationships of the more detailed defined punches are not examined (e.g.: DLKG 1997; Gaivenis 1998). Vincas Urbutis, speaking about the construction of compound nouns, explains that one set of defining stitches describes the other, and between the constituent stitch sets there is a simple connection (Urbutis 1961). The essence of the syntactic-semantic approach is the recognition that the phrase is a syntactic-semantic structure, the components of which are connected by certain relations. Hans Marchand, whose book The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation is considered to have had a major influence on word-forming in the West, argues that the meaning of all word-forming is explained by the syntactic relationships that underlie word-forming (Marchand 1969). In this article we will try to look at stitches from a syntactic-usemantic point of view. The syntactic-semantic approach to stitches has an extremely old tradition. It can be found already in ancient Indian grammar, where puns are divided into determinative, possessive (bahuvrīhī2) and copulative (dvanda) precisely according to the relationship of the sandas (Schlücker 2012: 7). This classification has been adopted as a basis by linguists in many countries. In Russian linguistics, it is common to classify stitches into dependent (definitive) and coordinative (constitutive) from a syntactic-semantic point of view (Языкознание 1998: 468; Виноградов 1960: 271; Земская 2011: 284), but not all linguists agree with this classification. For example, Vladimir Arakin distinguishes the following groups of puns according to the syntactic-semantic relationships of the sands: 1) predicative puns, when the predicative relationships are emphasized during the transformation, for example, the English sunrise is transformed into the compound the sun rises; Russian. снегопад (snowfall) is transformed into снег падает; 2) attributive punctuation, when the verbs are linked by attributive relations, for example, чернозем (lit. black earth); 2 This term is also used in Contemporary Lithuanian Grammar (DLKG 1997: 151). 166 Lina Rutkienė Construction terminology classification of punches 3) pagal sintaksinius-semantinius sandų santykius objective punches, when objective relationships are highlighted during transformation, for example, turnscrew is transformed into that turns the screw; The 2005-2006 season saw the team finish 20th (2004–2005: 20th). As can be seen from the names of the groups, the classification does not include the component punches. This is probably due to the fact that there is no relationship between these stones. German linguists continued the tradition of ancient Indian grammar to divide stitches into determinative, possessive and copulative, and Jenny Larsson added another group – the controlling stitches (Larsson 2003). Later, J. Larsson's classification of stitches was taken over by the Lithuanian scientist Dalius Jarmalavičius, who studied stitches in the German language in his dissertation. Thus, J. Larsson’s classification of punches, taken over by D. Jarmalavičius (2014: 20–25), is as follows: 1. Determinative punches; their first stanza usually defines the second, narrowing its meaning, so there is a subordinate relationship between the stanzas. The determining syllable is the main one, from which the semantic and morphological characteristics of the punch come to light. 2. Copulative punches. There is a coordination relationship between the sands, the sands are equally independent, even if the sands are replaced, the meaning will not change much. 3. Control punches. The second is a verb noun, the relationship between the sands is as between the taring and the adjective. 4. Possessive punches. These punches have a figurative meaning and only describe a part of a certain characteristic. As can be seen, in foreign linguistics, according to the syntactic-semantic relationships of punctuation marks, various classifications have been made. Their terminology also varies, which complicates the analysis of classifications. The aim of this article is to discuss the syntactic-semantic classification of constructional terms by foreign and Lithuanian linguists, and to further examine the syntactic-semantic relationships of constructional terms and hybrid constructional terms. The object of the article – Lithuanian construction terms of the 20th–21st centuries – self-leveling and hybrid stitching. Sources – 20th-21st century scientific and administrative construction literature (see list at the end of the article). 167Terminology | 2017 | 24 The main method of work is analytical descriptive. To determine the sandų santykius, taikomas ir transformacijos, arba sintaksinio perfrazavimo, method. Although the DLKG (1997) first divides the stitches according to the parts of the language and emphasizes the second stitch string, in this article, in order to avoid a formal classification and an overexpansion in the horizontal direction, it is proposed to divide all stitches not formally, but according to the semantic relationships of the strings, and only then to look at the combinations of the parts of the language in which these relationships are realized. In addition, such a classification would logically correspond to the direction of term formation – from meaning to form. The proposed classification is not based on the assumption that the second sand is more important than the first and therefore must be classified on the basis of the second sand, but the primary sand can be either the first or the second, or they can be equivalent. The syntactic-semantic relationships of the words can be determined by the transformation method (in the case of close connection of the word with the corresponding word combination) and / or based on the meaning of the word, e.g.: butane TSI 39 ‘but hole’; working day STZ 102 ‘working day’; thin board STŽ 307 ‘thin board’. V. Urbutis emphasizes that of all the derivatives, the conjugations are most closely related to the corresponding word combinations: “both their [conjugations] are based on independent words, which are connected by syntactic relationships. Therefore, it is not surprising that since ancient times it has been common in linguistics to see essentially the same relationships between the punch lines as between the independent words in the corresponding word combinations” (Urbutis 2009: 205). From 22 scientific and administrative sources in the field of construction, 657 self-pronunciation and hybrid pronouns were selected, which are related to construction terms. Borrowing punches are not the subject of the study, since the act of doing has occurred in a non-Lithuanian language. All of the phrases are divided into defining and constituent phrases according to the semantic relationships of the phrases. The DLKG (1997) also divides punches into defining and constituent ones according to the parts of the language from which they are made, but this classification could still be refined. As the material shows, the defining stitches, which are related to construction terms, form an extremely large group (out of 657 stitches, 632 are defining), within which five-fold sand relationships are formed. Classification of defining terms 168 Lina Rutkienė The classification of stitches in constructional pagal sintaksinius-semantinius sandų santykius terminology is based on the terms used by Jonas Balkevičius when speaking about the semantic aspect of the syntactic relations of the elements of a word combination. J. Balkevičius (1998: 40) distinguishes attributive, subjective, objective, adverbial, comparative and complementive relations. In the material of the construction field, subjective punches, going in related construction terms, were not detected. Thus, further, based on the collected material, depending on these relations, the defining punctuations are divided into 5 subgroups: attributive, objective, adverbial, complementive and comparative punctuations. There are only 25 constituent stitches found in the texts of the construction field, and the relationships of these stitches are not divided in more detail, because the constituent stitches do not rely on syntactic construction, they are made from words not connected by syntactic relationships, so the constituent stitches do not define each other, they are equivalent. DEFINITION OF DOORS As mentioned above, 657 punches with related construction terms have been recorded in construction sources. Most of them – 379 – are attribute punches, half less (186) – objective punches. Other groups have been found to be much smaller. It has been noted that in all groups there are large groups of related terms with the same san. Thus, further, when examining the syntactic-semantic relationships of the constructional terminology punch lines, attention will also be drawn to the productive lines. Atribute punches. Attributive relationships mean that the dependent sanda (in this case the first defining) brings out the characteristic of the named denotate in the main sanda, which is the second (according to Balkevičius 1998: 40). There are three main types of this type: 1. + daiktav., 2) būdv. + dive. and 3) digit. + dive. Dominates daiktv. + daiktav. and b. + dive. Punctures, e.g. : 1) stone saw STŽ 16; angokraštis STŽ 22; ardakartė, ardikartė STŽT 19; plow-eater STŽT 21; sheep-feeder STŽT 27; rail STŽ 73; concrete mill STŽ 77; bitbutis STŽT 32; butgalis STŽT 39; butsanga, butsangė, butagė STŽT 39; workday STŽ 102; workshop STŽT 43; chimney STŽ 130; mud pit STŽ 130; firewall STŽT 52; plaster wall STŽ 650; skirting STŽT 61; limestone AP 27; pigeons STŽT 82; klėtsanga, klėtsangė STŽT 89; staircase STŽT 91; bedboard STŽ 94; cityscape AP 142; wood saw KMD 34; 169Terminology | 2017 | 24 worktop IPS 89; roof end STŽ 583; skylight ortarpis MSSA 145; parketplokštė STŽ 388; riboženklis ALKSTŽ 227; MK 75; roof pipe STŽ 585; straight spot STŽ 643; pipe wrench ALKSTŽ 344; waterway ALKSTŽ 10; waterway STŽ 691; water spot ALKSTŽ 185; face helmet STŽ 700; wind board MSSA 139; willow ALKSTŽ 84; gravel road STŽ 730. 2) blindwood ALKSTŽ 50; aerated concrete STŽ 74; blast furnace STŽ 53; white clay ALKSTŽ 18; dormitory STŽ 73; siding board STŽT 42; toothed hammer ALKSTŽ 169; high-grown STŽT 44; high-grown STŽT 45; dry-grown STŽT 46; heavy-grown ALKSTŽ 241; yellow earth STŽ 166; high-speed ALKSTŽ 313; high-speed ALKSTŽ 59; charcoal GK 7; hedge STŽ 169; long-grown STŽ 190; blackwood STŽ 227; blackwood STŽ 228; logs SM 339; free-fall ALKSTŽ 155; thinboard STŽ 307; red clay STŽ 468; brick MT 3; column MSSA 149; thickboard ST 307; green brick ALKSTŽ 42. Type of operation + dive. stitches make up only a small part of attribute stitches, e.g. : 3) two-legged STŽ 13; four-legged STŽT 81; four-legged STŽ 251; four-legged STŽT 82; three-legged STŽ 255; three-legged STŽ 659; unicycle STŽ 710. The high productivity of the attribute stitches distinguishes the blind stitches (akladangtis STŽ 15; aklagatvis ALKSTŽ 304; aklakelis ALKSTŽ 304; aklavamzdis STŽ 16); quad- (quad STŽ 251; quad ALKSTŽ 89; quad STŽT 82); roof- (roof light STŽ 585; roof gutter ALKSTŽ 168; roof liner STŽ 585; roof liner ALKSTŽ 229); water- (waterway ALKSTŽ 10; water reserve STŽ 691; waterway STŽ 691; water volume STŽ 692; water body ALKSTŽ 185). There are also variants of some attributive punctuations, which differ in the connective vowel (e.g.: ardakartė, ardikartė STŽT 19), in the ending or simply in the unusual punctuation (e.g.: butsanga, butsangė, butanė STŽT 39; klėtsanga, klėtsangė STŽT 89). Objective punches. Objective relationships are those in which the dependent verb denotes a person, object or thing to which the content of the action, state or property denoted by the principal verb is directed (according to Labutis 1998: 82). Of the defined stitches, the objective sand ratios, as mentioned, are typical for 186 stitches. Most of them are 1) daiktv. + Action. punching, several – 2) noun + verb work type punches. The second verb is the principal, and the dependent, which defines the second, is the first: 1) environment STŽ 5; wavebreaker STŽ 70; concrete mixer STŽ 77; pagal sintaksinius-semantinius sandų santykius concrete pipe ALKSTŽ 202; concrete mixer STŽ 77; cement truck STŽ 91; employer STŽ 105; dust collector STŽ 129; chimney STŽT 48; sludge collector STŽ 130; sludge remover STŽ 130; chimney SM 90; steam pipe STŽT 53; steam pipe KP 82; timber carrier STŽT 55; grudpilas PRAB 28; grounding machine STŽ 183; chimney STŽ 222; sawmill STŽ 308; dust collector MT 204; logging STŽ 330; material handling STŽ 334; air blower STŽ 374; pulp pipe STŽ 461; mud collector STŽ 463; cold carrier ALKSTŽ 218; sandblaster ALKSTŽ 36; rod cutter STŽ 588; pipe cutter STŽ 691; water pump STŽ 691; water pump SBTĮ 11; wind turbine STŽ 700; lightning rod ALKSTŽ 75; drill KKG 2; gravel (a) washer ALKSTŽ 364. 2) self-loading STŽ 504; self-compaction (compaction) STŽ 504; self-retraction STŽ 504; dump truck ALKSTŽ 207. Pronoun of the action type. + Action. the construction of terminology stitches, going in relative terms, the first sand is always self-. From the collected material it is obvious that productivity is characterized by certain first and second sets of objective stitches. The most productive of the first kinds are noun forms denoting materials or raw materials: beton- (betontiekis ALKSTŽ 202; betonkrėtė STŽ 77; betonvežis ALKSTŽ 207); dumbl(i)a- (sludge catcher STŽ 130; sludge pump STŽ 130; sludge washer STŽ 130; sludge grapple STŽ 130); water (water gun ALKSTŽ 111; water cannon ALKSTŽ 160; water pump SBTĮ 11); žem- (digger ALKSTŽ 160; earthmover KKG 2; sower ALKSTŽ 37; earth pump STŽ 724). From the second – the most productive verb conjugations denoting active action –meter (wind meter STŽ 700; water meter STŽ 691; noise meter ALKSTŽ 220; rotary meter STŽ 594; pressure meter STŽ 322; thermal meter STŽ 294); -caught (mud caught STŽ 130; gravel caught STŽ 729; sand caught ALKSTŽ 26); -pipe (water pipe STŽ 692; heating pipe STŽ 614; pulp pipe ALKSTŽ 247); - hood (STŽT 47 chimney hood; ALKSTŽ 60 nail hood; STŽ 692 water hood); - truck (cement truck STŽ 91; concrete truck ALKSTŽ 207; heat truck STŽ 614). Adverbial verbs. Adverbial relationships, marked by a subjunctive somasis narys, yra įvairiareikšmiai. Tai pagrindiniu sandu pasakyto „reiški- 171Terminologija | 2017 | 24 “The concept of a thing is the space or time of its existence, the way or extent of its manifestation, the cause, condition, purpose of its emergence” (Balkevičius 1998: 41). In the published works of the construction field, 26 puns were found, whose syllables are connected by adverbial relations. These punches belong to 1) thing. + action., 2) priev. + dining room, 3) bathroom. + Action. for types of work: 1) steam locomotive STŽ 162 ‘steam engine carriage’ (the first string elliptically describes how the object named by the second string is driven); 2) semi-finished product of TSI 463 ‘semi-finished product’; STŽ 465 ‘semi-blend’; visureigis STŽ 716 ‘visur einantis’. (3) ‘fast-acting’ TSI 174 ‘quick-acting’; balance TSI 463 ‘half lever’. The position of the main and dependent clauses of adverbial construction terms may be different. The examples show that when the second verb is a verb (carriage, speed, balance), the defining is the first member. When the second verb is a noun, the defining is the second member (semi-complete, semi-complete). Only the first adverbial verb half- (half-mixed STŽ 465; half-finished ALKSTŽ 216) is productive, the other verbs do not repeat or repeat too rarely to allow general conclusions. Completion punches. The main syllable (noun, adjective, numeral, or adverb) of the complementive permutations indicates the scale of the denotation, and its semantic content is revealed by the connected syllable, which becomes the noun’s ancestor during the transformation (according to Balkevičius 1998: 42). There were 25 such punches, as were 25 adverbial punches. The main string of all of them is the first, it is defined by the second, and that first string is either priev. 100 mg/ day half: polyaxed STŽ 107; polygonal ALKSTŽ 257; polygonal ALKSTŽ 144; half-slat ALKSTŽ 297; half-slat STŽ 463; half-column STŽ 464; semi-trailer STŽ 464; half-trunk STŽ 464; half-vault ALKSTŽ 297; half-lock STŽ 464; half-bar STŽ 464. All the completed stitches with related construction terms are found only in the 1993 and 2002 dictionaries of construction terms. In older publications, for example, in Valdemar Michalauskas’s 1978 dictionary of construction terms, which contains the terms of the living language, only adjectives of this form are presented (e.g., daugiasienis, -ė STŽT 43), and nouns have not been noted. After examining more sources and examples, it will be possible to confirm or deny the idea that the completed punches, going through birth, 172 Lina Rutkienė The classification of construction terminology punches pagal sintaksinius-semantinius sandų santykius in their terms, their composition is a relatively new phenomenon of terminology. Furthermore, a more detailed analysis should be made in the future of the complementive and adverbial punctuations with the first syllable half-, since the boundary between these punctuations is a matter of debate. Comparative punches. Comparative sand ratios are the rarest of all. These relationships are between the sands punch, which, having transformed into a word combination or having determined the meaning of its construction, we will get the main element with the comparative particle as: sliekratis ALKSTŽ 370 ‘wheel like (crawling) slug’; helicopter STŽ 322 ‘wings like a mill’; crossroads STŽ 291 ‘road as a cross’. Although these stitches are also found only in the 1993 and 2002 dictionaries of construction terms, they are too few (only the three mentioned are found) to raise the hypothesis of the making of comparative stitches as a new way of completing the terminology. COMPONENTS In the texts of the construction field examined, 38 constituent punctuations were found, which are related to construction terms. The bindings of the component stitches are equally independent, they do not define each other. They all represent the verb type daiktv + daiktv. Geert Booij points out that compound stitches are a special class of stitches because both stitches are basic (Booij 2007). The sum of the values of the sands is their operative value. Component joints were found only in texts of construction materials specialization, which show that these joints denote materials with two main components and identify the composition of the respective joint, e.g.: reinforced concrete SM 242 (iron + concrete); wood-concrete ALKSTŽ 75 (wood + concrete); reinforced concrete STŽ 421 (steel + concrete); foam concrete STŽ 465 (foam + concrete); foam silicate SM 278 (foam + silicate); sulphur concrete STŽ 511 (sulphur + concrete); glass plastic DP 282 (glass + plastic), glass concrete ALKSTŽ 162 (glass + concrete); gravel concrete ALKSTŽ 72 (gravel + concrete). As can be seen from the examples, many of the constituent stitches have the same second sand -concrete. The construction term concrete denotes one of the most important building materials, constantly striving to improve the properties of this material, to give the material more aesthetics. So it is understandable that it is with this noun that a lot of construction thermal punches are made, and not only components, but, as mentioned, and objective (concrete pipe ALKSTŽ 202; concrete mixer STŽ 77; concrete slab STŽ 77) and attribute (concrete pipe STŽ 77; stone concrete STŽ 77) 74; akytbetonis STŽ 74).