Tarptautinių terminų apeliatyvacijos aspektai

127Terminologija | 2017 | 24 Appellate aspects of international terms JURGITA MIKELIONIENĖ Kauno technologijos universitetas KEY WORDS: eponymous terms, onyms appellation, denominized term, adverbial term creation, semantic term analysis In the first decades of the 21st century, interest was shown in Lithuanian and international eponymous terms of individual fields (anatomy, architecture, botany, etc.), the studies of which reflect various aspects of the creation of terms, the relationship between term and onym, the visuality in terminology. Mentionworthy are Laimutė Kitkauskienė’s (2011) comparative studies of eponymous terms in architecture, art and construction, and the Latvian researchers Linda Pietė (2007), Linda Kurmiņa (2010)’s comparative studies of real and eponymous Lithuanian and Latvian plant names; published the glossary Eponyms of Traumatology and Orthopaedics (Kasradze M., Kasradze D. 2015), published a study of eponymous anatomical terms (Litevkienė 2010). In his monograph Angelė Kaulakienė (2009) mentions the eponymous physics terms. However, a more systematic look at the general aspects of term apellation, i.e. the transformation of a proper word into a generic term, the structures and semantic types of eponymous terms is still lacking, especially in order to familiarize future translators of technical language, editors and other target groups interested in the applied and theoretical aspects of scientific concepts. The aim of this article is to analyze the international eponymous terms structurally and semantically, paying attention not only to the linguistic but also to the extralinguistic aspects of their origin. Eponymous terms are the names of concepts made from a real word, and the process when a real word becomes generic is called appellation1. Such actual words that become terms are called epooj 1 In literature the terms eponymization, deonymization are still used, especially when one wants to emphasize an active action. 128 Jurgita Mikelionienė | Aspects of the appeal of international terms in nimai. According to David Crystal, these are personal names that have become invention or place names (2003). In the Lithuanian Kalbotyra terminų žodynas (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 59) an eponym is considered only as a “place name of personal noun origin”, thus the definition is obviously too narrow, not reflecting the variety of other reference words and objects or subjects named. The International Dictionary of Words (2013) defines an eponym as "a word that gives someone his or her name". Valentina Skujiņa’s appellation considers the “genericization of the test name” as one of the sources of term creation (1993: 264). This is the opposite of the process of animization. Thus, onomastics and terminology studies acquire common characteristics: the onoma, as an object of research, having linguistic and extralinguistic (historical, geographical, biographical, etc.) elements, turning into an appellative or eponymous term, transmits its research methodology to the researchers of the term, therefore both linguistic and external, extralinguistic aspects of it are analyzed, as difficult to distinguish from each other, enriching, enriching, helping to understand the semantic motivation and the origin of the synonymous name. Appellations supplement the terminology with the most frequently borrowed terms, it is an active and relevant way of creating new names for concepts, for example, in 2011 the periodic table of the elements was supplemented by copernicus, in January 2016 the discovery of four new chemical elements was announced, for which, despite the recommendation of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to name chemical elements after mythological figures, minerals, locations, countries or scientists (Reedijk 2016), in June 2016 the terms nihonium (nihonium, Nh, “Nihon” is one of the names of Japan in Japanese, literally meaning “the country of the flowing sun”), moscovium (moscovium, Mc, after the name of the Russian capital Masan, where a number of important researches were carried out), tenessin (tennessine, Ts, in honor of the US state of Tennessee) and oganesson (oganesson, Og, the name related to the Russian physicist Yuri Oganesian for his innovative contribution to the study of elements) were proposed and legalized on November 28, 2016 (IUPAC 2016). In terminology, the question of the origin of terms is always relevant, so it is important to clarify when and how the appellation of onims takes place. According to Prof. Tatyana Khvesko (Хвесько 2008), this happens when the individuality of the dynamo object becomes obscure: a) when the denotation of the real word becomes sufficiently known to all of a certain linguistic 129Terminology | 2017 | 24 community members; b) when the name is not identified only with a certain place or specific denotation (for example, marathon – no one remembers that there was a run from Marathon village, and now it is only the longest running competition, a sport term). When logical connections with one concept are broken or greatly weakened, they are established with another. For this to happen, the onion must receive additional intellectual information, related to a certain science or other field, the sufficient amount of which makes the onion appealing. At the same time, semantic transformation takes place – the most important process of appellation. It has been observed that this process is increasingly intensifying in English, reflecting the changed attitude of language users to proper names, to their non-repetition, sacrality, etc. Since this study concentrates mainly on internationalisms, the appellation of Lithuanian terms is not zuojama, o į tarptautinių terminų apeliatyvaciją daugiau žvelgiama ne kaip į lietuvių kalboje vykstantį procesą (suprantama, kad skolinamasi dažniau analyzed as a deanonymized word), but as a multifaceted result, enriching the terminology with rich material. Eponymous terms are divided into fully or partially deanonymized according to their degree of appellation or deanonymization (Skujiņa 1993; Bankava 2011). Since there are a lot of compound terms that are considered as examples of partial appropriation (Caesar’s section, Bertoleto’s salt) in the usage, and very few such terms in TŽŽ (2013), this study has been limited to single-word, completely deanonymized terms. From the International Dictionary of Words, although it is not a dictionary of terms, but very useful for studying the lexicon of eponymous mines, almost 900 eponymous terms were selected, of which 45 refer to various domestic animals and birds. Such breed names are most often of toponymic origin (norfolk horses [breed bred in England, Norfolk County], champagne rabbits [breed bred in India, improved in France, Champagne Province], rottweiler dogs [named after the German city of Rottweil], devonian sheep [breed bred in England, Devon County] etc.). Due to the scope of the study and in accordance with the view that the names of varieties take an intermediate position between the nomenclature and the nomenclature (Klimavičius 2005: 230), this type of eponymous names are not further analyzed in this study. The research sample of the article consists of 816 completely deonymous zuots – eponymous terms, which are further reviewed according to the peculiarities of form and meaning. 130 Jurgita Mikelionienė | Aspects of Appeal of International Terms STRUCTURAL MONOLOGUES TYPES OF EPONYMOUS TERMS 1.The most striking examples of complete appellation would be only terms that have been spelled and phonetically adapted to the Lithuanian language system – ordinary words – proper nouns. Sometimes only etymological, historical research helps to determine the source of eponymous terms. Having in mind the peculiarities of the adaptation of foreign borrowings (which is the case for most of the analyzed terms) to the Lithuanian language, according to their form, more precisely, their ending, completely deanonymized ordinary terms can be of two types: 1) when a proper word (for example, the name of a person or a city) becomes the generic name of a concept without any more pronounced phonetic, verb-like or syntactic transformations, it could be said that these are rare cases of null affixation2, especially if the onion ends with a vowel -a (tesla [after the name of the inventor N. Tesla (Serbian Tesla)] “unit of magnetic induction of the international system of units”); siena [after the name of the city of Siena (Italian: Siena)] ‘certain brown paint’; katiuša3 [by the diminutive form of the Russian girl name Katia]“Soviet reactive artillery projectile gun”); 2) without considering phonetic and morphological adaptation as an independent way of creating terms, to this group are also classified terms created mostly from male surnames with Lithuanian endings -as, -is, -us: nikolis [after the name of the English physicist V. Nikoli (ang. Nicol)] „optical device“; colorado [after the name of the US state of Colorado, where it was first introduced] ‘leaf beetle’. There are many units of measurement in this type of thermal energy (becquerel [after the name of the French physicist A. Becquerel (Becquerel)] „between. unit of activity of radioactive material in the unit system’; Celsius [after the Swedish physicist A. Celsius] ‘The unit of temperature on the Celsius temperature scale’; mach [after the name of the Austrian physicist E. Mach (Mach)] "non-systematic unit of speed, vt. for supersonic aeroplanes’); names of chemical elements (fermium [after the Italian physicist E. Fermi]). Sometimes the phonetic adaptation is more pronounced, for example, berkel [from the name of the city Berkeley] “radioactive artificial chemical element”, silhouette [according to 2 Here and elsewhere, only the basic form of the words is meant, i.e. the singular noun’s vowel. 3 The term bank of the Republic of Lithuania presents it as a proper noun, pragmaton, "Katiuša". 131Terminology | 2017 | 24 Silhouette, the name of the 18th-century French minister, his batch] "a work of art in which figures and objects are depicted as spots with sharp outer contours". Female endings are added to international terms of eponymous origin much more rarely in Lithuanian, usually by spelling and / or phonetically adapting also female genus names, for example, tradeskantė [named by Linnaeus in honor of the gardeners Tradescantia] “perennial herbaceous plant end Tradescantia”. It is true, given that, for example, the names of chemical elements in Latin have the suffix hium and that it remains or appears in English, while it is not in the Lithuanian equivalents (lorensis [after the name of the American physicist E. Lawrence (English)] “radioactive artificial chemical element”, Latin and English. Lawrencium), it is important to consider whether the addition of an ending to the original surname, even if it is different from that of the spelled-out personal name or moning, for example, Lorensas and lorensis, Kurčiatovas and kurčiatovis, Neptūnas and neptūnis, Bakchas and bakchis, is an element of action or merely a change. In any case, in Lithuanian it performs a grammatical function, so such eponymous terms are classified as ordinary, non-derived. Thus, both the terms of this form that have not experienced any intervention, and those that have been grammatized and adapted to the phonetic system of the Lithuanian language are considered to be ordinary eponymous terų minas, which arose when the actual word passed into the class of terms without more pronounced structural changes. This process can not always be represented only in the directions ononym / eponym → appellative / term, sometimes in some languages it is a trinomial sequence: appellative → ononym / eponym → apeliatyv tyvas / terminas: [lat. victoria, angl. victory, lit. pergalė] → moter. name ang. Victoria (Victoria) → Victoria (Victoria) – Bot. "perennial water plant". 2. As the quantitative analysis shows, eponymous terms in Lithuanian are more often derived (about 61% of the total dataset), among them the derivatives of adverbs predominate, and compound or otherwise made terms occur much less often4. Some of them are difficult to decompose in Lithuanian, and the analytic analysis is intertwined with the etymological one. 4 It is true that there are studies in which abbreviations, especially because of their abundance in computing, are assigned to the eponime multitude of terms (Karavaeva 2011), but during this study they were not analyzed, because the GFDL is not presented. 132 Jurgita Mikelionienė | Aspects of the appellation of international terms As in the case of eponyms (e.g., eponimie vaeva, 2011), the most productive way of creating eponymous terms in Lithuanian language is not niai terminai dariniai. 2.1. Priesaginė daryba, nepaisant to, kad kaip kitose kalbose (Kara characterized by a great variety or originality of the forms of the verbs: for naming concepts, a few very common forms are used in all international words in general (e.g., in English, according to Tatjana Karavaeva (2011), this would be -ian, -ism, -ist, -ium, -ite), and there are also derivatives of rarer suffixes. The following basic categories and types of eponymous terms have been identified: • abstracts (names of actions and properties). The names of chemical and physical processes, treatment methods, branches of science are derived with the suffixes -(i)ation, -ization, -ija, for example: darsonvalization [after the name of the French doctor D‘Arsonvall] „treatment with alternating electric current or high-frequency electromagnetic field“; pupinization [after the name of the American physicist M. Pupin] “el. Increasing the inductance of the circuit by sequentially connecting the inductance coils to it at certain intervals.’ The adjective ėistika (Byzantinistika, Lituanistika) conveys the whole of research in one or another field. The name "Spartacus" is used to refer to the competition and other large-scale events. The names of the noun features from actual nouns are usually made with the suffix ijizmas. As stated in Contemporary Lithuanian Grammar (1994: 103), most of these nouns are the names of philosophical, religious, artistic, scientific, political directions, systems, social and political orders. The found terms are made from anthroponyms – usually the names of famous philosophers, theologians, artists (bergsonism [after the name of the philosopher A. Bergson] “a direction of life philosophy, which considers intuition as the most important means of knowledge”; Petrarchism "the direction of poetry that was expressed by following the lyric of love of the Italian poet F. Petrarca") and names (Thomism "the system of relativistic philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and the direction of Catholic philosophy formed on its grounds"); Theonism or Myonimism (Mithraism "syncretic rel. system based on god the cult of Mitros’; prometheism “an ethical principle requiring the welfare of all mankind, a social group to be regarded as the goal of the individual’s activity”), one another and pseudonymous origin (Trotskyism [according to 133Terminology | 2017 | 24 "The Trotskyist Ideology" (PDF). With the suffix -ism, there are several terms derived from oikonymies, for example, jiui, manchesterism [after the name of the British city of Manchester] "ekon. The political economic direction of a group of English politicians and economists of the first half of the 19th century; solecism ([Latin: soloecismus < Greek: soloikismos, from the name of the Soloi, an ancient Athenian colony that spoke a non-pure Greek language] "syntactic error, commonly used to denote the absence of a suffix in a word". barbarism of syntax). There are many terms of abstract meaning, the basis of their composition can be both anthroponymous and toponymous origin; • names of noun property holders can be created both from the real names of living beings and non-living objects. These are eponymous terms with the constructed suffixes schizandra (from Francis L. Sperry, a 19th-century Canadian chemist, "silverish-white mineral, platinum raw material"), schizandra (from Escherichia [German physician T. Escherich] "rod-like bacteria"). In mathematical terminology, there are terms with the ajnianas (hesianas [after the name of the German mathematician O. Hesse (Hesse)] "mat. a square form of the function made in a certain way“), Jacobian [after the name of the German mathematician K. G. J. Jakobi (Jacobi)] „determinant composed of many partial derivatives of the function of variables“, Vronskian [after the name of the Polish mathematician J. Vronski (Wroński)] „determinant composed of the solutions of a linear homogeneous equation and their derivatives“ and others; disease names with the suffix borreliosis (borreliosis [after the name of the discoverer Amedee Borrel] "tick-borne liang ga"), one other derivative with the suffix ööika (orfika [after the name of the character of ancient Greek mythology Orpheus] "keyboard musical instrument, miniature piano, especially popular in the first half of the 19th century"), ööikas (anakreontikas "a piece of music with motives of love or cheerful carefree life, written in the style of the Greek poet Anakreon"), ööina (granadinà [after the city of Granada] "Spanish folk dance; a variant of fandango"), ööin (andezinas [after the name of the Andes mountains] "mineral plagioo klasas", ööuse (piuse [after the Latin name of Pope Pius] "maaan za, round hat sewn in four parts, not worn by Catholic high priests"), ööidai (alexandridai "medieval fantastic tales based on the motifs of the campaigns of Alexander the Great") and 134 Jurgita Mikelionienė | Aspects of International Terms Appeal etc. A number of international theology and philosophy terms with the formants aeiti, -inai, -istai, naming individuals (joanites [the name came from the hospital of St. John (Latin Joannes) in Jerusalem] “religious secular Catholic order”, bernardins “branch of the order of Cistercian monks; ~ų „left-wing Jacobins, defending įstatus parengė Bernardas Klervietis (pranc. Bernard de Clairvaux)“; eberistai [pagal vieno vadovų Ž. Ebero (pranc. Hébert) pavardę] the interests of the urban poor“). The singular is more rare among personal names (socraticus "follower of the Greek philosopher Socrates"; mahometon [after the name of the founder and prophet of Islam Muhammad] "man of the Islamic faith"). The analysis of eponymous terms also revealed derivative features typical of other types of terms, including derivatives with two suffixes, for example, salmonella [after the name of the US pathologist D. Salmon] → salmonellosis “acute infectious disease, usually affecting the stomach and intestines”; Some eponyms have also become the basis of a more abundant term nest: dalton („non-systematic unit of mass used in nuclear physics“) was named after the English scientist John Dalton and several derivatives were created: daltonism („innate inability to distinguish some colors“), daltonik („sick of daltonism“), daltonides („chemical compounds of constant composition“). Regarding the adverbial construction of eponymous terms, a sharp analogy is also worth emphasizing, for example, next to the more well-known Vedic olympia, spartakiada is interspersed with the same adverb ajāda and the same adverb meaning ajādas, i.e. similar adverbs of other sports events names alpiniada („mountain sport event, a flight in which the participants climb the mountains on specified paths, organized since 1933“), makabiada („according to the Olympic programme, the World Jewish Games of the “Maccabi” Sports Society are organized in Tel Aviv“), ikariada („world aviation sports games, the first of which was held in 1991 in France“). The analogy is associated with the prominent reuse in some fields and established nomination traditions, for example, the most commonly used suffix for minerals is ahit: prustite [after the name of the French chemist J. L. Proust], otenite [after the name of the French city of Autun], silimanite [after the name of the US mineralogist B. Siliman] and others. Plant names, although derived from masculine surnames, receive the feminine gender form aehia (magnolia [after the name of the French botanist P. Manjoli (Magnol)], gledichia [after the German. put- 135Terminology | 2017 | 24 Paullinia [after the name of the Danish botanist S. Paulli], valisneria [after the name of the Italian naturalist A. Valisnieri] and others), less frequently heja, for example, kobeja [after the name of the Spanish botanist B. Kobo] “climbing ornamental plant”. In addition to the above-mentioned types of creation, which are found in almost all fields, there are also quite specific eponymous terms with rarer, sometimes only morphologically or diachronically visible suffixes. The most common are terms of slaa-viška origin, for example: Cyrillic "one of the two (the second glaa-golika) first alphabets of the Slavic languages; named after the Slavic educator Cyril’; liavonicha [Belarusian: Leon's wife] "folk dance"; kujawiakas [Polish: Kujawia (Kujawy), Estonian: Poole region] “Polish folk dance”. Among the analyzed examples there are also hybrids of various meanings with Lithuanian suffixes: ųybė (mohamedonity), ėininkai (garibaldininkai “participants of the Italian resistance movement against fascism, taking the name of the national hero G. Garibaldi. "Gran Canaria" (Spanish for "The Canary Islands") refers to the Canary Islands, the Canary Islands, and the Canary Islands. These terms are mainly the names of persons who, according to the prij hearing, receive the oath of an organization, movement, association, school or similar. The English playwrights, whose work (especially that of William Shakespeare) constitutes one of the most important achievements of Renaissance literature", the Miletians "the first Greek school of philosophy, which existed in the 6th century BC. "Milestone". Only one of the hybrids derived from the Lithuanian root of the personal name has been found in the International Dictionary of Words – domeikitas [after the name of the geologist I. Domeika] “white, gray, brittle, rare mineral, copper arsenide”. 2.2 Compared to adverbial and ordinary terms, other structural types of monosyllabic eponymous terms – compound, conjugated, short-formed terms are less popular. In compound eponymous terminuojų se, the first word is usually deonymized, the second is of classical origin, for example, ammetras, ohphonas, which can also be an independent word: hercmetras, newtonmetras, ommetras; saxophone, turntable, naming devices and instruments. There are also isolated cases where both syllables are derived from independent words, but the second is not repeated in other eponymous punches, for example, newtonsecond „imam pulse unit“, portlandcementis [after the name of Portland peninsula in D. Britain + cement] „most common hydraulic fluid“ 142 Jurgita Mikelionienė | Aspects of international term appellation chimera „zoo. fish capable of changing color“, apparently also received the name of watering because of its unusualness). Terminology often emphasizes unambiguity, context-independence and emotional neutrality of concept names. These things are obviously not always taken into account when creating eponymous terms, because the associative link is extremely strong (for example, the up to 10 cm grown worm aphrodite, whose body is covered with rainbow-colored, glossy, fine bristles reminiscent of greenish-golden fur, living in the sea surface and in its beauty comparable in the animal world Aphrodite of Olympus)5. The simple form of the eponymous term itself sometimes does not contribute to semantic clarity, because only the ending sometimes distinguishes the eponymous terms created from the same real word, and then the choice of one or another name of the concept can cause communicational or scientific confusion to an unskilled user: e.g. afghani (‘monetary unit’) and afghan (‘southwestern wind blowing in the upper Amu Darya’ and ‘rising woven in Central Asia’); einstein (‘physical light measurement point’) and einsteinium (‘radioactive artificial chemical element’). The term is also used to refer to the homonymy. The same homonymous one-word is the basis of two homonymous terms (1 Boston and 2 Boston): the British city of Boston is known in textile terminology as "pure wool striped fabric", and the name of Boston, in the United States, has become a choreographic term for a variant of the Jantsch slow waltz. It is true that in special dictionaries of different fields such cases are rare, and in international dictionaries of words they are often presented in separate articles, so that only the problem of choosing the right source or word remains. CONCLUSIONS 1. turning into an eponymous term, an onym loses its individuality, but acquires new features, and the whole language system is filled with international words of various structures, new words – bright full-fledged terms; due to obvious analogy, there are more derivatives with obvious connection to the onions, but performing functions not characteristic of the latter. 5 In English, this worm is called See mouse, which shows that terms are not blindly borrowed, even if they are international, but are searched for the most vivid associations. 143Terminology | 2017 | 24 2.The eponymous terms can have different structures, in Lithuanian more often than in Latin or English the simple word is left, which is adapted. ris sugramatinamas, tačiau kitaip nei anglų, kur ir kamienas išlaiko bet kurios originalo kalbos lotynizuotą rašybą, lietuvių kalboje jis fonetiškai 3. Most often semantic transformation of onyms into terms takes place by meet tonification. Most of the names are of anthroponymous origin, derived from male names. Polysemy and homonymy of eponymous terms is not a desirable phenomenon, but is avoided because of the different usage of terms in lazy fields. 4.Every one-word name of a person of some merit and of a great renown, or the name of a place of some importance, may become an eponymous term by appellation. LITTERACY AND SOURCES Bankava B. 2011: Eponyms in the Latvian language: a linguistic aspect, Riga: University of Latvia. Burkova T. 2010: Peculiarities of the Appelativation of Anthroponyms in a Scientific Style. – Journal of Yaroslavl State University, 87–91. Crystal D. 2003: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. English Grammar, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Gaivenis K., Keinys S. 1990: Dictionary of Language Terms, Kaunas: Šviesa. IUPAC 2016: IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118. IUPAC. Accessed via the Internet at: https://iupac.org/iupacăannouncesstheennamessofstheenelementss113ä115ä117äands118/. Karavaeva T. L. 2011: Structural and semantic types of eponyms. – Opera in onomastica 14, Odessa: Astroe print, 80–89. Access via Internet: http://karpenko.in.ua/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Karavaev.pdf. Kaulakienė A. 2009: Development of Lithuanian Physics Terminology, Vilnius: Technika. Kasradze M., Kasradze D. 2015: Eponims in Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Klaipėda: Klaipėda University Press. Keinys S. 2005: Final construction of Lithuanian terms. – Current Lithuanian Terminology, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 77–112. Kitkauskienė L. 2011: Eponymous terms of architecture, art and construction in Lithuanian language. – Santalka: philology, education 19(1), Vilnius: VGTU publishing house, 48–58. Klimavičius J. 2005: Linguistic approach to the nomenclature of varieties. – Works of lexicology and terminology: norm and history, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute publishing house. Kurmiņa L. 2010: Eponymous plant names in Latvian and Lithuanian: ways of making them. – Lexicography and lexicology 2, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 355–367. 2010. "Eponyms of Anatomy". – Aspects of Word and its Research 14(1), Liepāja: Liepājas univer sitāte, 156–161. Mickienė I., BačiūnaitėaLūžienė L. 2013: Onomastics insights, Vilnius: Vilnius University. Pieté L. 2007: Personal names in Latvian and Lithuanian plant names. – The Word and its Research Aspects 11, Liepāja: Liepājas Universitāte, 45–53. Reedijk J. 2016: How to name new chemical elements. IUPAC. Access via the Internet: https://iupac.org/recommendation/howhtoennameennewhchemicalelements/. Skujiņa V. 1993 (2002): Principles of the development of Latvian terminology, Riga: Zinātne. TŽŽ 2013: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera. Hwiecko T. 2008: Cognitive description of toponym formation. – Language and Culture, Tomsk State Endowment University, 77–82. Access via Internet: http://sun.tsu.ru/mminfo/000349304/03/image/03a077.pdf. 144 Jurgita Mikelionienė | Aspects of Appeal of International Terms ASPECTS OF APPELLATIVATION OF INTERNATIONAL TERMS Lithuanian terminology research into eponymous terms of various fields (anatomy, architecture, botany, etc.) began in the 21st century. However, a more systematic view that includes the general aspects of the appellativation of terms is still eligible, espe cially in order to introduce them to the future translators of the subject language, the editors, and other target groups that are interested in the applied and theoretical as pects of the scientific concepts. Although appellativation complements the terminol ogy most often with the borrowed terms, and most eponymous terms were created back in the nineteenth century, it is an active and relevant way of creating new term names. For example, in January 2016 the discovery of four new chemical elements was announced, which, in line with the IUPAC recommendation to give chemical ele ments the names of mythological figures, minerals, locations, countries or scientists, in June 2016 were proposed to be named as nihon, moskov, tenesin and oganeson. The given terms were legalized on 28th November 2016. An onym loses its individuality in the process of turning into the appellative term, but acquires new features, and and the new words of various structures enter the lan guage system. The article gives a brief overview of the 816 eponymic words from various fields created on the basis of a proper names selected from the Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas (Dictionary of International Words) (2013), the structural and semantic varieties of the fully appellative terms, by combining linguistic and extralinguistic aspects related to the encyclopedic and scientific knowledge of various fields. According to the field, all the terms are divided into 15 groups (for example, chemistry, physics, mathematics and astronomy, botany, technical, clothing, sports, choreography, etc.). The main method of appellativation is metonymization when there is a strong logical connection between the proper name of a person or an area and a particular object or phenome non. The oikonyms have become the background for more than 60 percent of the concepts researched, most of which have developed due to egocentric motives. Not only does the appellative onym acquire new semantic components, but it is often deia rivatively transformed: among the deonymized terms there are not only grammatically adapted terms (fermis, klarkas), but also there is an abundance of suffixal derivatives (hesianas, mahometonybė, rusoizmas), compounds and blends (atlantozauras, orimulsija). Received 2017i09i18 Jurgita Mikelionienė Kauno technologijos universitetas K. Donelaičio g. 73, LT-44249 Kaunas, Lithuania E-mail: jurg[email protected]