Medicinos terminija prieš 100 metų

147Terminology | 2018 | 25 100th Anniversary of the Restoration of the State of Lithuania Medical terminology 100 years ago PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: medicine, term, name, synonyms, variants, living language Language is the brightest mark that distinguishes one nation from another kazys Grinius, LA 1918 79 1 INTRODUCTION The situation of health in Lithuania in 1918. Lithuania’s independence was declared in the difficult years of the First World War. The Council of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the Council) gradually began to take care of health matters. On 25 April 1918, the Council discussed the procedure for forming special commissions. at the meeting of the following day, the Health Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Commission). Its members became Dr. Jonas Basanavičius, Steponas Kairys and Fr. Justinas Staugaitis. gathering the right people for this job was difficult. During the war many doctors left Lithuania. all health matters were handled locally by local doctors appointed by the Germans. The first doctors to work in the commission were Dr. Andrius Domaševičius and Dr. Antanas vileišis (Petronytė 1995: 118). In 1918, the health situation in Lithuania was difficult – cinos personalo ir ligoninių stygius, maisto ir medicinos pagalbos stoka buvo palanki dirva užkrečiamosioms ligoms plisti. kilo ir smarkiai plito war, epidemics of measles, dysentery, influenza, smallpox, etc., chronic diseases. all this greatly increased the mortality of the population (Petronytė 1995: 119; micelmacheris 1959: 21; tercijonas 1968: 122). During the first decade of independent Lithuania, the number of doctors grew slowly. There was a lack of doctors in the villages, as most of them worked in the cities. few were privately practising doctors (tertiary 1968: 122). Paramedics were not trained in independent Lithuania, so their ranks were supplemented by returning from Russia or war sanitary lieutenants (tercijonas 1968: 123). 148 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago, in order to improve the situation at least slightly, the commission proposed to properly organize the work of local and returning doctors, and to allow only the commission to decide on their qualification and granting the right to practice (Petronytė 1995: 119). The German administration often hindered the free practice of Lithuanian doctors in any way. Not only Lithuanian doctors, who wanted to find out about the possibilities of working in Lithuania at that time, but also Lithuanian residents themselves, who simply could not communicate with Germans, wrote to the commission with requests to send them a Lithuanian doctor (Petronytė 1995: 119–120). At the council meeting on 24 July 1918, Dr. Jurgis Alekna called for the establishment of a separate health department, but this plan was implemented only by the first government that began work on 11 November. the commission was transformed into the Ministry of Interior Health Department (hereinafter referred to as the Department) (Petronytė 1995: 120–121). The structure and activities of the department are organized according to the medical statute of the Russian Empire of 1905, adapted to local conditions. The Department was not the only governmental body that handled health matters in Lithuania. The sanitary board of the Ministry of National Defence took care of the soldiers' health. The Ministry of Education was responsible for the health of students. the Ministries of Transport and Justice had their own health affairs units (Petronytė 1995: 121). 1918 Sources of medical terminology and their authors. The First World War (1914-1917), the German occupation (1915-1918), the difficulties of the first period of the formation of the Lithuanian state scattered the already small group of doctors, many medical intelligentsia had retreated to Russia and other countries, and this had a negative effect on the health of the people of the country. These factors also led to the stagnation of Lithuanian medical periodicals1 (stakulienė 2001: 232). However, despite all the difficulties, even at that difficult time for Lithuania, there were individual Lithuanian doctors who not only treated and cared for the sick, but also wrote about medical and health issues, and not only doctors, but also representatives of other professions (for the distribution of medical publications see Figure 1). 1 The socio-political situation at the beginning of the 20th century (press freedom in Lithuanian was restored in 1904), the increased cultural and social activity of Lithuanian intelligentsia (the Lithuanian Science Society was founded in 1907) created more favourable conditions for the emergence of specialized press. In July 1909, the supplement of the newspaper Lietuvos ūkininkas, Sveikata, edited by Dr. Kazimieras Grinius, appeared, in 1911–1912 – the supplement of the newspaper Lietuvos žinios, Farmaceutų reikalai, in 1913 – the long-cherished first Lithuanian medical science journal Medicina ir gamta, and in 1914 the supplement of the monthly Aušra, Gydytojas (Gydytojas) was published. 208–209, 211). 149Terminology | 2018 | 25 In 1918, no medical books were published in Lithuania. only abroad (in America) two books were published – Julius Bielskis’ Key to Health and Happiness (64 p.) and A. J. King’s Man. What Every Man Should Know About His Sex Matters (p. 24)2. The 1918s marked a break in the publication of specialized medical journals and magazines. only in January the last issue of Pharmaceutical Affairs3 was published in Moscow. On the other hand, the medical and health issues were discussed in other press of the time – in the newspapers Moterų balsas4, Darbo balsas5, Dabartis6, Vienybė7, Lietuvos aidas8. 3 In 1911, in the second issue of Aušrinė, the supplement of Lithuanian knowledge published in Vilnius, dedicated to the cultural and educational affairs of Lithuanian schoolchildren, appeared the first issue of Pharmaceutical Affairs. Later, after long disputes and deliberations, it was decided to publish Pharmaceutical Affairs as a free supplement to Lietuvos žinios. In 1912, two more numbers of Lietuvos žinios were published. four issues were published in 1911-1912. In 1912, after the publication of the fourth issue, the newspaper was discontinued (stakulienė 2007: 125, 127). 4 Lithuanian Catholic Women's Society newspaper, published in Kaunas in 1918. edited by Z. čalkytė. 5 Newspaper published twice a week in Vilnius in 1917-1919. edited and published by s. kairys (vLe iv 486). 6 German occupation administration newspaper for Lithuanian residents. 1915–1916 in Tilžė, 1916–1918 (with a break) in Kaunas, 1917 in Balstogė. first 2 times, then 3 times a week, in 1918 – a daily newspaper. 1918 Editors: A. Liūdžiuvaitis, k. a. ozelys (vLe iv 380). 7 Catholic weekly for rural people, published in Kaunas in 1907–1914 and 1918–1933, in Vilnius in 1914–1915. The weekly was edited by A. Alekna (vLe XXv 110) from 1907 to 1919. 1917–1918 in the United States. founder and official editor in 1917–1918 Lithuanian state, social and cultural figure, signatory of the Act of 16 February, the first President of Lithuania A. Smetona (1874–1944) (vLe Xiii 195; vLe XXii 140). Figure 1. Distribution of medical publications in 1918 Another type of publications in this field – small articles, more precisely, information about diseases and their spread, the establishment of medical institutions, medical personnel (doctor, pharmacist, paramedic, etc.) etc. For 150 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago Spring9, The Guardian of the Fatherland10. The Kaunas Calendar and the Aušros Vartų Calendar for 1919 published one article about diseases and hygiene. In 1918 there were few articles published in the medical field. They were written by doctors A. vileišis (mostly), eliziejus Draugelis, Danielius Alseika, Petras Avižonis. The topic is reflected in the headings of the articles: “Hygiene”, “The new disease”, “Rose”, “Trachoma”, “How to live to be healthy”, “What is influenza and what causes it?”, “Scabies”, “About lung dryness”, “Let’s beware of diseases”, “About war diseases”, “This is about diseases and hygiene”, “Hot springs”, “Human bones”, “Spotted hot springs” and others. example: “Illnesses”, “Lack of doctors and midwives”, “Paramedic”, “Spanish disease”, “Policlinic and hospital of the Lithuanian Sanitary Aid Society in Vilnius”, “On the state of health in Lithuania”, “Doctors’ accommodation”, “To the doctors’ home”, “from Kaunas city hospital” and others. These news were printed in certain newspapers. For example, "mūsų žinios" (the column of the Voice of Work), "Įvairios žinios", "Žinios iš Lietuvos" (the column of the Echo of Lithuania), "iš Lietuvos krašto" (the column of the Current), "Žinių žinios" (the column of the Guardian of the Fatherland). the tradition of signing publications with pseudonyms or pseudonyms11, which existed in the late 19th century during the period of press ban, is still in place, e.g. : Ainis (Juozas Proskus), Ibis (Jonas basanavičius), Krumplys (bronius stosiūnas), Kuliškis (stanislovas Durskis); 1990) (G. G. (Liudas Gira), O. A. (ona Adomaitytė). However, there was also unhidden authorship, e.g. : Dr. D. Alseika, Dr. E. Draugelis, Dr. A. Vileišis, Dr. med. Mr. Avižonis. The 1918 medical terminology sources. What was written about in the publications in question? Their themes were undoubtedly dictated by the health situation in Lithuania in 1918. The most pressing problem of the time was the spreading and raging infectious diseases, so they were mostly written about (see figs. 2–3) – dysentery, cold (see fig. 4), influenza (see fig. 5), roseola, scabies (see fig. 6), dry lungs, smallpox (also 9 illustrated magazine of the Lithuanian Catholic Youth Union “Pavasaris”, published in 1912–1914, 1920–1940 in Kaunas, 1918 in Vilnius. In 1918 the magazine was edited by B. Stosiūnas (vLe Xvii 668). 10 Lithuanian Christian Democrat weekly, published in Vilnius in 1917-1918, in Kaunas in 1920-1926. In 1917–1918 it was edited and published by A. Stulginskis (1885–1969), a Lithuanian state and public figure, signatory of the Act of 16 February, the second President of Lithuania (vLe XXiii 715; vLe XXii 140). 11 nicknames and aliases were identified based on the Lithuanian nickname database (see the list of literature). 151Terminology | 2018 | 25 Figure 2. Dr. D. Alseika writes about infectious diseases; Svk 1 2 152 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago Figure 3. Dr. A. Vileišis writes about war diseases; TS 1 4 153Terminology | 2018 | 25 4 pav. Dr. E. Draugelis rašo apie šiltines; AVk 1918 154 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medicinos terminija prieš 100 metų Figure 5. Dr. E. Draugelis writes about influenza; TS 36 13 155Terminology | 2018 | 25 Figure 6. Dr. A. Vileišis writes about scabies; In TS 14 13, the terms „šiltinė ts 5 15, LA 46 2, Db 17 11 / šiltinės Avk 50, ts 4 14, 162 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago they have opposite meanings in any context. Most of them are systemic antonyms – terms whose antonym relations are constant and clear without a special context. 1.2. Names of diseases. The most pressing public health problem in 1918 was infectious diseases (for synonyms, see section 3.2, “Synonyms of medical terms in the same and different texts”), so the medical publications of that year were full of names for these diseases. Dr. A. Villeišis in one of his articles called the spoken diseases war diseases, “which in the past destroyed much more people than the war itself” ts 1 14. He identified such diseases as spotted fever, diarrheal fever, dysentery, cholera, plague and tetanus. Mainly in articles published in periodicals LA 42 1 / hunger fever ts 1 14 / spotted fever Avk 50, Db 20 4, Dbrt 27 3, ts 18 10, Dbrt 98 3, LA 42 1, LA 47 2, Dbrt 34 3 / spotted fever Dbrt 96 3 / outflow fever Dbrt 11 3 / spotted fever rašyta apie pirmąsias tris ligas. Šių ligų pavadinimai gerokai įvairavo, pvz.: lot. typhus exanthematicus – beriamoji šiltinė ts 1 14, ts 26 12, svk 1 1, kk 70; Latin typhus abdominalis – abdominal fever mb 1 11, Dbrt 96 3 / abdominal fever mb 1 11 / diarrhea fever kk 70 / diarrhea fever (typhoid) Avk 50 / diarrhea fever ts 1 14, ts 36 14; Latin dysenteria – dysentery or bloody fever ts 1 14 / bloody fever (dysentery) mb 1 11, Db 20 4, Dbrt 27 3, Dbrt 17 3, Dbrt 98 3, Dbrt 79 3, Dbrt 11 3, Dbrt 96 3 / dysentery, or bloody fever Db 33 10 / bloody disease Db 39 12 / bloody disease Dbrt 79 3, LA 42 1 / red fever Db 44 14. ts 7 14, Dbrt 79 3, LA 42 1“ and „feštinė Dbrt 98 3 / feštinės kk 70“ are used synonymously, also cf. „šiltinė“, „feštinė – typhus mb 1 11“, in some articles the term „feštligė vnb 13 193, Avk 54, kk 71, Dbrt 27 3“ also had the meaning of „šiltinė“. "Flu" (influenza). This infectious disease was often suffered and it was also called very differently: "influenza" kk 69 / influenza TS 36 14, ts 34 4, ts 7 14 / Spanish disease ts 34 4, Db 44 15, Pvs 9 18, Db 44 14 / influenza disease ts 34 5 / "Spanish disease" vnb 4 675 / Spanish flu Db 56 4 / influenza or Spanish disease Dbrt 178 3 / influenza disease Dbrt 178 3 / "irmedė" kk 69 / irmedė kk 70 / common influenza or flu ts 36 13. as noted by Dr. A. vileišis in the article published in the Tėvynės sarge "what is influenza and what causes it?", the name of influenza 163Terminology | 2018 | 25 “has nothing to do with the disease itself, nor with its cause. This word means "influence" in Italian. It is known since 1743", in 1889 this disease was ligos „epidemija buvo labai išsiplatinusi visame pasaulyje“ (tikslų bibliografinį cituojamos publikacijos aprašą žr. Pagrindinių šaltinių sąraše). kostill called Spanish, Spanish, Spanish in publications? In the same newspaper, Dr. e. wrote about this disease in the article "Naujoji liga". Many note that "<...> it came from Spain, so it is still called Spanish, or "pony" (because some do not pronounce it, and jokes claim to be the first king of Spain to contract this disease)" (for the exact bibliographical description of the cited publication see the list of main sources). gripas gripė gripės liga influenca influencos liga irmedė influenca ‘Spanish flu’ Spanish flu Spanish flu Spanish flu common influenza Publications on diseases show that, in addition to the above-mentioned infectious diseases, people were also infected with cholera, tetanus, measles, smallpox, scabies, dysentery: Latin cholera – koliera vnb 13 193 / kolera ts 1 14, ts 4 14, ts 5 15, Dbrt 98 3 / cholera Dbrt 27 3, Dbrt 79 3, Db 56 4; Latin tetanus – tetanus (Latin Tetamu) ts 1 14 / rabies Dbrt 27 3 / rabies disease Dbrt 27 3; Latin morbilli – flea disease kk 71 / measles kk 71, ts 5 15, Dbrt 98 3, Db 20 4, LA 47 2, Db 56 4; Latin scabies ts 14 13; Latin febris intermittens (?) – drugys Dbrt 27 3, Dbrt 98 3 (alternating drugys Dbrt 98 3, Dbrt 96 3 / tymai (jedra) ts 7 14 (dėmėtieji tymai kk 71); lot. variola – rauplės Dbrt 98 3, Dbrt 79 3, Dbrt 96 3 / raupai kk 71, ts 5 15, changing drugys Dbrt 96 3, recurrent drugys Dbrt 96 3). another considerable group of diseases that occurred in the articles are surgical and traumatological diseases (there were no separate articles on these diseases), the names of these diseases are often mentioned in articles on other diseases, i.e. as one or another consequence of the latter, for example, in the case of diarrhea, possible complications, e.g.: “Predict the course and end of diarrhea quite difficult, because repeated and light diarrhea leads to dangerous deteriorations (such as bowel perforation)” Avk 52, or 164 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology Patients who had contracted votys 100 years ago are prone to develop dry lungs: „<...>, votys, <...> and other serious diseases make people prone to dryness. 7 15. However, the names of these diseases are more general and inaccurate than those of infectious diseases, e.g. hand swelling ts 36 14, hand pain Avk 53, leg swelling ts 36 14, leg pain Avk 53, tongue pain ts 36 14, swelling of the skin ts 10 14, stone disease ts 4 15, blood flow from the nose ts 34 6, blood flow from the intestines ts 34 6. Two more groups – ear, nose and throat, respiratory system diseases. Their names, like those of the previously discussed diseases, are found mainly in articles on infectious diseases, i.e. diseases of the spoken groups are found as a consequence of infectious disease: “in addition, ear infection contributes to influenza” ts 34 6; “Influenza is most often remembered as pneumonia. <...>. In addition, inflammation of the lung membrane is sometimes also involved” ts 34 6; “other bacteria can also enter the body when the flu is ill; as, for example, bacteria that trigger inflammation of the lungs, or decay" ts 34 5; "influenza bacteria act directly on the glial membranes and that their action, <...>, manifests itself in the burden of the respiratory tract" ts 34 5; "in the case of spotted cold <...> [p]riside bronchitis, nasal runny nose" Avk 53; "Often inappropriate treatment of the patient is to blame for the flu to become <...> lung, <...>, ear heating" Dbrt 178 3. The medical publications of 1918 also mentioned eye diseases (trachoma ts 11 14, craniocerebral injury ts 11 14, grey rotting ts 11 14, eye inflammation Avk 53), sexual diseases (syphilis ts 5 15), diseases of the metabolism and endocrine glands (diabetes ts 4 15, gout ts 4 15, obesity ts 4 15), blood-producing organs (anemia ts 4 15 / anemia ts 7 14), digestive organs (ventricular failure ts 34 5, bowel failure ts 26 12, bowel failure Avk 51, constipation vnb 13 194, ts 4 15), joints (limb swelling Dbrt 98 3, rheumatism ts 26 12, joint inflammation ts 34 6), urological diseases (renal inflammation Avk 53, ts 36 14, ts 4 15, ts 14 13, acute renal inflammation ts 30 13, median renal inflammation ts 34 6, ts 26 12), nerves (apoplexy ts 4 15, nerve irritation ts 34 6). The term plague was used not only in the meaning of plague, but also in the meaning of epidemic, e.g.: Latin pestis – “Plague or plague15, which destroyed a third of the population of Europe in just one century, is one of the most terrible diseases” ts 2 15; 15 terms emphasized by dr. A. vileišis. 165Terminology | 2018 | 25 lat. epidemia – “the bloody plague commissioner of Lithuania’s northern part, the military doctor dr-ras kalie16 spoke about the overall measures to fight the bloody plague in cities and farms” Dbrt 79 3, see plague 1. ‘highly contagious epidemic disease (pest)’, 2. ‘an epidemic of this disease’. Attention is drawn to the term cold breaking: “that disease [influenza – P. Z.] can be acquired spontaneously from cold, especially in wet weather. It is manifested by headaches and cold breaking” kk 69, see 1 breaking 6. "biting, aching" LkŽe. In the popular medical publications of Lithuanian doctors of previous years the term cold chill, another chill, but breaking bones was used. As a separate group, mentioned are compound biword terms – attributive compounds of verb nouns related to subjective relations, the dependent focus of which subject – disease – performs the action perceived by noun as shown by the main focus (bunevičiūtė 2000: 10); thus the disease may manifest, relapse, have a course, spread, last, e.g.: disease manifestations vnb 4 676, disease relapse Avk 53, disease run vnb 13 193, disease spread Avk 51, disease break-up ts 34 5. It has been noted that in the texts under investigation, the specific term (hyponym) is often replaced by the relative term (hyperonym)17, e.g.: „Dry lung disease is one of the most widespread and most terrible diseases. <...>. The cause of drought are small germs, invisible to the naked eye" ts 7 14; "Very often diarrhea rages where people consume unclean water from contaminated wells or rivers. a person becomes infected with the cold when the bacteria of the disease enter his body” ts 1 14. 1.3. Names of therapeutic devices. In 1918, there was a shortage of doctors in Lithuania, and their help was difficult to access for ordinary people, so it is understandable that home remedies were used in case of illness or mental illness. this is evident from reading medical publications of that year – they contain most of the names of home remedies used for therapeutic purposes. Medicines were made with medicinal plants and their parts: “in the summer, it is necessary to pick linden flowers, raspberry berries, chamomile, centuria18, wormwood, berry of adder, witch hazel, ruth, mint19 and other herbs, which can be used to defend against diseases until doctor’s advice” mb 1 12. 16 in the original article. 17 See mitkevičienė 2015 for more information on hyponymous and hyperonymous relationships between terms. 18th Century Fox. "Century Fox". 19 in the original article. 166 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago, drinks and other liquids were used as a means of treatment: “to relieve the heat and cause sweating, it is good to rub the child’s body with vinegar” ts 30 12; “When a child is sick, you should immediately stop eating cornmeal, drink tea of linden flowers, even better with sweet raspberry juice, and sweat well after rubbing” kk 69; “it is also good to wash the sick person’s thighs and heels more often <...> with vodka” Avk 52. one of the means of protecting against infectious diseases – disinfection, or bacteria killing, substances and liquids: “it is only necessary to remember that after taking the patient home, everything must be thoroughly cleaned, disinfected, that is, after cleaning everything, it must be washed with carbolic acid, sublimate and smoked with formalin” sck 1 2; “His underwear must be washed, boiled in alkali; after the patient has healed, the whole bed must be cleaned; unwashable things should be sprayed with sulphur smoke, rinsed with carbolic water and helped to ventilate" kk 74; "Beginning treatment of scabies, it is necessary first to bathe in a warm bath with green soap" ts 14 13; "the guardian must keep some rules: to touch the sick, he must wash his hands with soap and warm water once" vnb 13 193. Of course, the so-called real medicines for internal and external use sold in pharmacies were also used: “medicines for fevers are prescribed those that reduce the heat, most commonly quinine 3-4 times a day and denseous” kk 71; “one patient is best suited to baths, another only wet pads, the third antipyrin, etc.” Avk 52; "If the child had hardened bowels before the illness, it is useful to give him castor oil, and if the hardening continues, it is useful to soothe the bowels with levativa" ts 30 12; "the swollen mouthpieces should be smeared with camphor oil" kk 71. bismuth boron rush [zinkava] mostis dermatol mustard glycerin camphor provencal oil powder antipyrin centurion quinine castor oil sanatogen išoriniam vartojimui (ad usum externum) vaistai vidiniam vartojimui (ad usum internum) 167Terminology | 2018 | 25 External (for external use) medicinal products include therapeutic dressings and other dressings: “When a strong heartbeat begins, the patient should be placed in bed and before the doctor arrives, cold compresses should be placed on the chest, near the heart” ts 30 12; “in the case of acute kidney inflammation, the patient should lie quietly; for pain that arises on both sides of the thighs, it is useful to put hot compresses on the thighs on both sides" ts 30 13; "dilution, when it enters the ear, only produces pools. it is best to do this: from time to time, at least twice a day, wipe the ears with dry wool and slightly soaked wool in camphor oil to plug“ kk 72. A number of names of healing procedures, medical equipment (instruments and other medically used supplies) have been discovered: “Although after vaccination it did not go well, but the usefulness of the vaccination was worth much more” Dbrt 79 3; “Several operations were performed” LA 130 5; “and only there, after keeping the sick until they recovered, and after examining their blood under a microscope, it was determined that the status febrilis was a real typhus recurrens (recurring fever)” Avk 54; “Very good are such pocket-spyders, obtained in the aptekas” ts 7 14; “it is necessary to avoid lying the child on the side with the redness, or putting under him a rubber baron, inflated with air or made of cotton, so that the lying down would occur at the hole” ts 30 12. It is interesting that the term pharmacy was used in the meaning of "first aid kit (box with the most necessary medicines)": "4) home pharmacy must be kept at home" mb 1 12. In the 1918 publications, only the Lithuanian term vaistas Avk 52, ts 36 14, Dbrt 30 3, LA 61 2, LA 71 2 is used to name the therapeutic agent (in the broad sense). by the way, in one publication the term gyduolė is still used in colloquial sense: „The resources of the gyduoliai, the equipment, the tools, otherwise the healing means, the glasses of good retention and other things <...> will be issued in the orders section“ Dbrt 101 3, see gyduolė ‘medicine’ in LQ. 1.4. Names of treating and treated persons. As in earlier sources (before 1918), two terms are used to name a medical specialist – borrowed daktaras mb 1 12, vnb 13 193, kk 69, ts 10 14, ts 34 4, ts 21 11, ts 26 12, ts 30 11, ts 7 14, Db 33 10, ts 23 9, Db 17 11, Db 16 11, svk 1 2, LA 93 3, Fr 1 7 and Lithuanian doctor Avk 52, kk 69, ts 1 14, ts 36 14, Db 20 4, Db 33 10, Db 43 13, LA 109 3, Db 57 3, LA 98 3, Dbrt 30 3, Db 44 15, Pvs 5 21, Dbrt 17 3, Db 30 12, Db 16 11, Db 39 12, Db 44 14, svk 1 1, Dbrt 98 3, Dbrt 79 3, LA 155 2, LA 42 1, LA 47 2, Db 56 4, Dbrt 178 3, LA 103 2, 168 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago Db 33 8, LA 120 4, LA 80 3, LA 93 3, vnb 36 562, ts 24 4, Dbrt 11 3, Dbrt 101 3, LA 154 5, Fr 1 2: „Daktarui atvykus, reikia jam papasakoti apie pastebėtus ligos apsireiškimus ir apie spėjamą priežastį, nieko neslepiant“ ts 30 11; „Žmonės nusigandę nebeDb 20 4. nevertheless the self-made term was more common, as is shown by a number of generic terms, e.g.: apskrities gydytojas Db 57 3, dantų gydytojas Db 43 13, LA 109 3, LA 134 2, gydytojas specialistas LA 83 2, ligoninės gydytojas LA 130 5, vyresnysis gydytojas Db 43 14, LA 109 3. compound terms with the main (or secondary) borrowed accents doktoras occurred much less, e.g.: specialistas daktaras LA 130 5, tikrasis daktaras ts 14 13. the term medicinos daktaras was used in the meaning of „doctor of sciences“: „by secret ballot elected the doctor of medicine P. Avižonis and the doctor of medicine Jurgis Žilinskas“ Db 57 3. There was a competition between the terms naming pharmacist employees – borrowed aptikorius Dbrt 101 3, pharmaceutas LA 98 3, Db 37 4, LA 155 2, LA 61 2, LA 142 3, LA 77 2, LA 71 2, Fr 1 1, hybrid aptiekininkas ts 24 4 and lietuviškas vaistininkas Db 33 10, ts 23 9, Dbrt 145 4, LA 120 4, LA 80 3, LA 93 3, LA 10 4, LA 71 2, Dbrt 101 3. as can be seen from the next terCompared with the names of the treating persons in medical minų pateiktų bibliografinių jų fiksacijos duomenų, vėlgi akivaizdu, kad savakilmis terminas buvo populiaresnis ir dažnesnis. publications of the previous period, in 1918 publications found more names of persons with different specializations, e.g.: akių ligų specialistė Db 43 14, LA 109 3, ausų, gerklės, nosies ligų specialistas Db 43 14, LA 109 3, chirurgas Db 43 14, LA 109 3, pediatrijos ligų specialistas Db 43 14, LA 109 3, venerinių ligų specialistas Db 43 14, LA 109 3, vidutinių ligų specialistas Db 43 14, LA 109 3. akių ligų specialistė ausų, gerklės, nosies ligų specialistas moteriškų ligų specialistas gydytojas (-a) specialistas (-ė) pediatrijos ligų specialistas venerinių ligų specialistas vidutinių ligų specialistas 20 so-called internal organs diseases. 169Terminology | 2018 | 25 names of lower-ranking medical personnel were used, e.g.: midwife Db 16 11 / midwife Db 39 12, disinfector ts 24 4, paramedic Pvs 5 21, Db 30 11, Db 39 12 and paramedic Dbrt 79 3, paramedic-midwife ts 23 9 and paramedic-midwife ts 24 4, compassionate nurse svk 1 1 / compassionate nurse ts 24 4 / compassionate nurse Dbrt 11 3. there were also names of service personnel of medical institutions, assistants or trainees of treatment specialists, most of them not yet used in previous years' sources, e.g.: horse-worker ts 24 4, gynecology assistant Db 43 14, LA 109 3, hospital clerk TS 24 4, hospital supervisor ts 24 4, medical doctor Db 57 3, medical student ts 24 4, sanitary worker ts 24 4, nurse hostess TS 23 9 / nurse-hostess ts 24 4, student-doctor LA 109 3. as a separate group of names of medical personnel, pharmacist employees and those related to the pharmacy can be distinguished the names of the servants, e.g.: pharmacy assistant Dbrt 101 3, laboratory assistant Fr 1 4, pharmacist Db 43 13, LA 109 3, LA 98 3, LA 10 4, LA 83 2, LA 71 2, Dbrt 101 3, LA 154 5, Fr 1 4, receptarian Fr 1 4, pharmacy servant Dbrt 101 3. Separately one could distinguish a couple of names of persons studying medicine and related subjects, e.g.: master of pharmacy LA 71 2, doctoral student of medicine Db 57 3, medical student ts 24 4, student-doctor LA 109 3. senior doctor of the county dental hospital doctor doctor doctor doctor doctor surgeon treating persons disinfector paramedic midwife compassionate nurse Compared with the names of treating persons, few names of treated persons were found, e.g.: pacients mb 1 11, vnb 13 193, Avk 50, kk 69, ts 1 14, ts 36 13, ts 10 14, ts 34 4, ts 14 13, ts 21 11, ts 26 11, ts 30 12, ts 7 14, Db 33 10, vnb 4 676, Db 43 14, LA 109 3, LA 46 2, Pvs 9 18, Db 44 14, svk 1 1, Dbrt 98 3, Dbrt 79 3, LA 42 1, LA 47 2, 170 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago Db 56 4, Dbrt 178 3, Dbrt 23 3, Dbrt 11 3, Dbrt 96 3, LA 83 2, LA 130 5, LA 154 5, Fr 1 2 (ambulatory LA 130 5), dryer ts 7 14, LA 155 2, mute vnb 24 367, mad vnb 24 367. 1.5. Names of healthcare facilities and premises. In the texts of 1918 examined, the main name of the medical institution is used as hospital: Db 43 13, ts 23 9, LA 109 3, Db 57 3, Dbrt 27 3, svk 1 1, Dbrt 98 3, Db 33 8, ts 24 4, Dbrt 11 3, Dbrt 96 3, LA 83 2, ts 28 2, LA 130 5, Dbrt 101 3, the term ligonbutis was found only in Dbrt 11 3. It is assumed that the term hospital apartment („Draugijos poliklinika ir ligoninė atidarytos jau nuo spalio 15 d. Ligoninės butas, vilniaus g. N. 28, įrengtas su visais patogumais, – turi apie 30 kambarių“ Db 43 14) may also be a synonym for hospital, see apartamentas 2. “any building” in the Revised Standard Version. Other names of special-purpose treatment facilities have also been found, e.g.: shelter Dbrt 79 3, Dbrt 101 3, prostitutes' curehouse Dbrt 79 3, madmen's house Dbrt 23 3, insane apartment Dbrt 79 3. Compared to the few names of places of treatment in the earlier period, the 1918 texts contain names of hospitals and pharmacies, e.g.: county hospital Db 57 3, ear disease hospital Db 43 14, LA 109 3, psychiatric hospital Db 33 8, regimental hospital Avk 54, red cross hospital Db 43 14, LA 109 3; county hospital ear disease hospital psychiatric hospital regimental hospital red cross hospital village pharmacy Fr 1 3, city pharmacy Fr 1 3, home / household pharmacy21 Dbrt 101 3, full pharmacy22 Dbrt 101 3, farm pharmacy23 Dbrt 101 3. 21 “Home pharmacies are allowed to transfer medicines to the inhabitants of other houses, if there is no full pharmacy, or department, or farm pharmacy in that garden. As a rule, home pharmacies can only be maintained by doctors or hospitals, shelters and other similar institutions.’ Dbrt 101 3. 22 "Whoever wants to maintain a full pharmacy must have a certificate to run such a pharmacy and a written permission from the superior authority" Dbrt 101 3 (the term is thinned in the original). 23 "Sods pharmacies (ii rušies pharmacies), corresponding to the position under Russian authority, are allowed to continue to exist, if their holder can prove that he has passed the assistant examination and has been a pharmacy assistant for at least three years" Dbrt 101 3 (term thinned original). 171Terminology | 2018 | 25 kaimo vaistinė miesto vaistinė sodži[aus] vaistin[ė] vaistinė namų / naminė vaistinė pilna vaistinė there were also terms not fixed in the medical texts of the previous period – operacinė Db 43 14 and operacijų salė LA 130 5. there were publications about the opening and establishment of new hospitals24 with their departments, offices, etc., and thus new terms for naming those premises emerge, e.g. : “The hospital, in terms of medicine, is quite richly equipped. Various departments and offices were installed: surgery, bandaging, gynecology and surgery, ear, nose, tooth, throat treatment and middle ear, children, skin and venereal diseases treatment offices” LA 130 5; “In the maternity ward served a nurse who had been educated during the war” Dbrt 11 3, also cf. maternity hospital ward Dbrt 11 3; “Most of the patients had to be treated in the surgery ward” Dbrt 96 3; “There is a pharmacy, laboratory, X-ray cabinet, operating room, resection rooms and several doctor’s offices near the hospital where visiting hospitals are admitted” Db 43 14; “Soon they intend to install a physiology-chemistry department25, in which they will do such medical-chemical investigations, which cannot be performed in hospitals due to lack of equipment or would take too much time” Dbrt 27 3; “in the meantime they also installed the following two: a bacteriology-serology department and a department to protect against rabies” Dbrt 27 3. Department of Bacteriology Department of Surgery Department of Physiology-Chemistry Department of Serology Department of Maternity Department of Protection Department of Disease Prevention 24 there were also other institutions, as written in one publication of the newspaper Dabartis, “assigned to health affairs”, for example, the health affairs research place Dbrt 27 3. 25 in the original article. 178 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago, authors tried to use terms that would be understandable to readers who were not familiar with medical sciences. a characteristic feature of the medical terms of 1918 is their visuality, which is also undoubtedly linked to the influence of living language. Most of the time there were picturesque anatomy and clinical terms (illnesses, morbid states, etc.), e.g.: blood walking, chest chamber, scabies bush, sweat hole, bundle of dry tendons. In the texts examined, there are still quite imprecise medical terms, with which the authors who įvardijamos daugiausia rūšinės sąvokos yra nepakankamai aiškios, pvz.: ausų užkaitimas, plėvės užkaitimas, šonkaulių užkaitimas, vidurių sluoga, vidurių sugedimas, kvėpavimo takų slogas, skilvio sugedimas. wrote in the Lithuanian periodical press in 1918 on medical, health and treatment issues were not distant from their language, mostly used Lithuanian, often borrowed from the living language, medical terms, some words, even the mentioned plaišena, skvyna33, were terminologized, there were also new creations, for example, the mentioned vakcina. so it can be said that in the medical publications of that year the living spirit of the Lithuanian word is felt. What has been said, I would like to emphasize with the words of Dr. Kazis Grinius’ 1918 article “the nation and the language”: “every member of the nation does not use a foreign language, where necessary and where not necessary, but everywhere and all the time takes care to use and uses his own, not being ashamed of it and thus clearly signifying his identity to everyone. a well-understood member of the nation, a true compatriot, <...> – will always and everywhere try to speak his own language. <...>. this is the duty of every knowledgeable and self-worth citizen of the country” (Grinius 1918: 1). 2.2. Foreign medical terms. In 1918 medical publications used medical terms of foreign origin34, or borrowed (17% of all terms). Some of them are already recorded in the 16th–17th century old writings, for example, aptieka, aptiekorius, measles, and in the 18th–19th century middle writings, for example, felčeris, daktaras. A number of borrowed terms referring to various medical concepts were used in medical books and articles written by Lithuanian doctors in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. so it can be said that some of the borrowings from the 1918 publications are not new, but already used by the predecessors of the authors of those publications. Most of these are international words, 33 See illustrative sentence (Pvs 10 12) in section 1.1. names of body parts and organs. The origins of 34 medical terms are determined based on ALeW, Alm, čep, DvLkŽ, LeW, LkPŽ, LLkŽ, PrW i, skar, tŽŽ, ЭСРЯ i, ii (see the list of auxiliary sources). 179Terminologija | 2018 | 25 which have survived to our days and have become part of the current Lithuanian medical terminology. Liudas Gira in the 1918 article in the Tėvynės sargas (The Guardian of the Fatherland) wrote: nimas“ apie tokius žodžius rašė: „tokie žodžiai <...> yra šiandien lygiai visų apšviestųjų tautų kalbų nuosavybė. [...] daugumai tų žodžių jokia "language purity does not even know how to find its equivalent words and they do not irritate the compatriots' ears at all nor pollute the language. <...>. We, Lithuanians, are not obliged to withdraw from them either” (Gira 1918: 2). The origin of most medical borrowings is the classical Greek and Latin. Terms of Greek origin usually refer to diseases and the microorganisms that cause them, for example: bacteria ts 10 14, ts 4 14, svk 1 2, ts 34 4, vnb 13 193, bronchitis Avk 52, ts 36 14, typhoid LA 33 3. It has been noted that, unlike in the previous (until 1918) medical and health literature, the 1918 publications rarely included the Latin equivalents of the borrowed terms35. only in one of A. Villeišius’s articles “About war diseases” such an equivalent is given: tetanus (Latin: tetamu) ts 1 14. among the Latin-born borrowed words, the names of treatments predominate, e.g.: centurion mb 1 12, camphor Avk 52, compresses mb 1 12, kk 72. mentioned some more interesting terms: „The Board of the Lithuanian Pharmaceutical Union, wishing to help you in all draugams kreipiasi į visas jau esamas liet. farm. organizacijas, sąjungos narius ir į tuos, kurie dar nespējo prisideti, prašydama neatidēliojant atsakyti šiais matters: <...>, 4) pharmacist’s specialty (<...>, receptaras36)“ Fr 1 4; „from the point of view of beta, medical and sanitarēs37 help, Lithuanian gardens were in a deplorable state: the doctor was far away, it was too difficult for the sick to call him or reach him, especially in the case of an acute disease or an uninvited guest – when an epidemic was on the rise“ Fr 1 3. several borrowings are names of Slavic origin. some of them are old hereditary, e.g. soap vnb 13 193, kk 74, ts 21 11. but there are 35 In general, and next to medical terms of different origin, Latin equivalents are rarely given, except in a few cases, e.g. scabies (acar scabici vel sarcoptes hominis) ts 14 13, typhus mb 1 11, bacteria in the intestine (bacterium coli comune) Avk 50. There has also been a case where a Latin term is used in a sentence, and its Lithuanian equivalent is presented next to it in parentheses: typhus recurrens (recurring typhus) Avk 54. In addition to the Latin name, the German equivalent is also added to the name of one of the remedies: Provençal oil (oleum provinciale, in German "Provence-oel") kk 72. 36 "pharmacy employee accepting orders for medicines according to doctors' prescriptions" LkŽe. 37 That term is used in the sense of ‘sanitary (practical hygiene)’. 180 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago and such Slavisms, which, paraphrasing the words of the aforementioned article by L. Gira, even if lithuanized, are a real abomination, “for each of those unsuitable foreign words we have our own beautiful and most beautiful words <...>, the pure words of our language are fully sufficient <...> to express all things of ordinary everyday life” (Gira 1918: 2), e.g.: džuma ts 5 15 “plague”, levatyva ts 30 12 “enema”, uksusas kk 70 “acetated vinegar”, vopna vnb 13 193 “lime”. According to L. Gira, “it is the duty of every understanding Lithuanian to avoid in speech and writing those unsuitable foreign words – barbarisms, but to try to speak pure38 Lithuanian language” (Gira 1918: 2). The researched publications contained several (a) French, (b) German, (c) Italian borrowings, e.g.: (a) whooping cough Db 16 11, ts 5 15, ts 7 14, midwife Db 16 11; (b) lime kk 74, paramedic Db 30 11–12; (c) influenza ts 7 14, ts 34 4, ts 36 14, scarlet fever Dbrt 98 3, kk 71. The term šarbukas ts 4 15. belongs to the names of unclear origin. Thus, as already mentioned, most of the borrowings used by the authors of medical publications in 1918 are also recorded in publications published in previous years on that topic; some terms of Slavic origin, such as liekorius, liekarstvo, rona, which were previously used in conjunction with their Lithuanian counterparts, have been replaced by the latter; Only the group of names of persons and medical institutions expanded at least slightly – new names appeared, e.g.: proviorius, receptaras, poliklinika. 2.3. Multilingual medical terms. Two types of such terms were found in medical publications in 1918 – homogeneous hybrids and composite terms with elements of different origin (17% of all terms). homogeneous hybrids are not typical – only a few have been found. These are derivatives of the adverbs -ėlė, -inė, -ininkas, -tojas, whose base words are the Slavic-origin borrowed words aptieka and rėdyti and one Latin-origin borrowed word operacija: aptiekėlė39 LA 71 2, operacinė Db 43 14, aptiekininkas ts 24 4, rėdytojas40 FR 1 4, and dūriniai, whose first syllables are the borrowed words kryžius and kalkiai, and the second syllables are the Lithuanian-origin nouns kaulas and pienas: kryžkaulis Avk 53, kalkiapienis Dbrt 98 3 / kalkiopienis Dbrt 98 3. 38 italics in the original article. 39 “During this war, as many real pharmacists fled, there were no pharmacies in Lithuania. Instead of them, there were even more pharmacy shops, as people call them – “pharmacists”. The owners of the "pharmacists" all have almost no special education" LA 71 2. 40 „4) specialties performed by a physician (accountants, <...>, etc.) Fr 1 4, cf. 4.The 4th Man. “who controls, manages”. 181Terminology | 2018 | 25 slightly more compound terms with main or secondary elements of different origin, e.g.: antiseptic soap Dbrt 17 3, aptiekos parduotuvėlė LA 71 2, central drug store LA 71 2, chronic diseases Avk 51, diabetinė liga ts 4 15, spotted measles kk 71, division hospitals Avk 54, physiological body balance Db 56 3, head rose ts 10 14, homeopathic pharmacy LA 103 2, neck glands41 kk 71, camphor oil kk 71, measles kk 71, chest chamber Pvs 7 13 „thorax“, disease-causing bacteria ts 34 4, operating room LA 130 5, staff doctor Dbrt 17 3, organs of food cooking ts 26 11, specialist of venereal diseases Db 43 14, LA 109 3, chief sanitary officer ts 24 4, public sanitation Db 56 3. the same trend of the distribution of the mixed-language terms by their types is also typical of earlier medical texts. For the distribution of compound medical terms, see Figure 13. Figure 13. Distribution of compound medical terms used in 1918 3. Synonymic relationships link two or more terms designating the same concept, which can replace and clarify each other (Даниленко 1977: 73, 78–79, also cf. Татаринов 2006: 172; mitkevičienė 2015: 42–47). 3.1. Synonyms of medical terms and their textual presentation. In larger medical publications in 1918, several terms are often used to refer to the same concept. synonyms are not only in the same text (here they are usually either next to each other, or 41 xGručol (l. gruczoł) „bump, lump“ LkŽe. 2 % 18 % 80 % 182 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago used for confusion), synonymous terms are also found in different texts. There are four types of presentation of related (relative) synonymous terms, i.e., how they are presented in the text. They are grouped according to how most of the synonyms presented were detected, thus in descending order: 3.1.1. Synonyms are given in parentheses42. this is the most common type of synonyms in the text. four subtypes of this type are distinguished: 3.1.1.1. "Lietuvių kalba" (in Lithuanian). It has been noted that the Lithuanian term is more often preferred, and its borrowed synonym is written next to it in parentheses: "Bloody (dysentery) is a lymphatic disease" mb 1 11; "in Germany the pharmacists have long since formed a kind of class organization with broad rights and a statutorily authorized board" Dbrt 101 3. 3.1.1.2. Lietuvių kalba (in Lithuanian). The pairs of synonyms of the second subtype are also not changed – preference is given to the Lithuanian term, and next to it in parentheses another self-made term is given: „Cleanliness, sunlight and clean air – the strongest opponents of nature to various diseases“ ts 4 14; „A new disease has been raging in the towns and their surroundings for several weeks. It begins with headache, slunkti43 (stress) and general weakening of the whole body” Db 44 15. 3.1.1.3. Kreditas (in Lithuanian). Next to the borrowed word, its Lithuanian equivalent is given in parentheses: „in my opinion, in order to arrange pharmacies in Lithuania in the future, as required by our science and technology, it is above all necessary that: <...> 3) all pharmacies be state (in the future)“ LA 71 2; „in a fragile town people began to get sick with typhoid (cold) from autumn“ LA 33 3. 3.1.1.4. Debt (debt). There have been cases where the borrowed term is also given in parentheses next to the borrowed term, such cases, apparently, arose because the authors of the articles did not know the Lithuanian names of the subjects: „keep a certain container for feces near the sick person and when they are carried out, do not throw them anywhere, but immediately pour them into a certain dead pit, sprinkle them with lime (vopna) or at least throw them with earth“ vnb 13 193. 42 Separate mention should be made of the cases in which the terms presented in colloquial (close brackets) Sinoniminiu ryšiu nesusiję, pvz.: „sveikatos (higienos) mokslo tikslas – kad žmogus kuosveikiausias, išgyventų kuoilgiausią amžių“ Dbrt 30 3. 43 Neįskaitoma žodžio galūnė. 183Terminology | 2018 | 25 3.1.2. Synonyms are connected by a conjunction or. this is the second most common type of synonymous terms in the text. Six subspecies of this type can be distinguished. 3.1.2.1. Lithuanian or Lithuanian. In this case, two self-contained terms usually compete: “Through the limbs, the bones are connected to each other by ligaments or tendons of dry cords” Pvs 7 13; “Having entered the glutinous film of the respiratory tract, the influenza bacillus finds here a suitable soil for life. The consequence of their action is inflammation of the glutinous membranes or a runny nose, that is, first more blood flows into the glutinous membrane, and then it begins to produce more mucus, which in more severe cases turns into pus” ts 34 5. 3.1.2.2. Lithuanian or borrowed. The main member of the line of synonyms of Lithuanian and borrowed words is a native term: “It has been known since ancient times that after every war or while it rages, there are also the so-called war diseases, which in the past destroyed much more people than the war itself. Such diseases usually include: <...>, 5) plague or dżuma and 6) tetanus (Latin: tetamu)” ts 1 14. 3.1.2.3. Borrowing or Lithuanian. Preference is given to the borrowed term, but the Lithuanian equivalent is also given: „sykiu su saulės grąža grįžo į mūsų apylinkes, nors ir nelaukta, bet jau mums gerai pažįstama svečia – dysenterija, arba kraujinė“ Db 33 10. 3.1.2.4. Debt or debt. There are cases when both colloquially related synonyms are borrowed: “Infectious diseases are caused by the entry into the human body of special, very small animals called microbes or bacteria” pg 1 2. 3.1.2.5. Mixed or loan. The main member of the line of synonyms is a term of mixed origin, and its synonym is a loan: “Looking at the manifestations of this disease, we get the impression that it is not at all new: – it is common influenza or flu’ ts 36 13. 3.1.2.6. Debt or mixed soil. The sixth subtype includes a row of synonyms where the dominant is a loanword and the synonym is a mixed term: ‘flu or Spanish flu’44 Dbrt 178 3. 44 is the title of the publication, the following terms are used individually in the text itself: Spanish flu, influenza, influenza, influenza disease. 184 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago 3.1.3. Synonyms are separated by a comma. this is a single case of synonyms presentation – preference is given to the proper term: „kruvinosios gyviai45, bakterijos yra veikliausios per karščius“ mb 1 11. 3.2. Tų pačių ir skirtingų tekstų medicinos terminų sinoniminiai communications. In larger medical publications in 1918, several terms are often used to refer to the same concept. In the same text, synonyms are sometimes used for confusion. such synonymous terms are not difficult to identify within the same text. For example, in the following sentences, the same disease is referred to in the same text by several different terms, the synonymy of which is beyond doubt: (1) “bestingama farmacie. shall be announced to Lithuanian pharmacists. skapiškyje not the worst place for a pharmacy“ LA 93(141) 3; (2) „in-between they added two more compartments: <...> and to protect the compartment from rabies. <...>. The department responsible for rabies protection will vaccinate persons who have been bitten or at least slightly scratched by a rabies-infected dog, if rabies cannot be prevented otherwise” Dbrt 27 3. but, as mentioned, synonymous terms can also be found in different texts. They are perhaps more difficult to identify, but they are possible. In this case, the relationship between the medical terms of different texts referring to the same concept can be attempted to determine based on the thematic content of the texts and an minų vartojimo kontekstu, tame pačiame tekste greta pateiktais sinonimais, įvardijamosios sąvokos požymiais (jei tokie nurodomi tekste) ir pasitelkiant additional source, for example, the Bible or specialist literature. First, let's compare specific examples of several synonymous anatomy terms from different publications. Bowel – intestine (lat. intestinum); ventricles (lat. ventriculus). In the current publications of Tėvynės sargas and Aušros Vartų kalendorius, the anatomy terms grobi and intestine are used in the same meaning of “tube-shaped part of the digestive tract, beginning from the stomach”, and ventricles and ventricles – in the meaning of “stomach”: (1) “a rhinitis occurs in the throat, as well as in the ventricles and grooves” Dbrt 178 3; (2) “The disease varies greatly: in one patient the disease affects more the lungs, throat and nose, in another – the stomach and intestines” ts 36 14; (3) “Today it is proven that warm baths enter the body through the stomach and intestines, especially when drinking water contaminated with microbes” Avk 51. 45, 1st ed. ‘parasites’. 185Terminology | 2018 | 25 What makes the terms “bowel” and “prey” and “ventricle” and “ventricle” synonymous? First, the three texts refer to the same infectious diseases—flu and dysentery—and the names of the same organs affected by those diseases are given side by side—(1) ventricles and ventricles, (2) stomach and intestines, (3) stomach and intestines. Second, Luke's tomb 3. “hose”, 1 fan, see fan 4. ‘stomach’, label 3. ‘stomach’. joint – member (lat. articulatio). In the spring publications “Human bones” and “skin” are used synonymously as the names of the cartilage system organ – the joint of the bones: (1) “the places where the bones loosely join each other are called limbs” Pvs 7 13; (2) "skin is elastic. It stretches when we bend our joints and contracts when we straighten them” Ps 10 12. how can we conclude that the terms member and joint are synonymous? The easiest way to check whether these terms are synonymous is to look at Luke, where the first meaning of the word member is “joint.” the other way is the subject matter of the texts in which the terms are used (in this case both sentences are taken from articles in the field of human anatomy). here, too, the context of the use of terms comes to the rescue. The first sentence is about the places where the bones join46, compare the sentence in the textbook of human anatomy: “all bone joints are divided into continuous and joints. <...>. a characteristic feature of joints – a gap between connecting bones“ (stropus, tamašauskas, Paužienė 2005: 98). The second sentence mentions one of the characteristics of joints – movement, i.e. bending, straightening. Let’s compare another sentence from the textbook: “the most important characteristic of bone joints is movement” (stropus, tamašauskas, Paužienė 2005: 98). It can therefore be concluded from what has been said that in different texts the terms limbs and joints refer to the same anatomy concept of “bone joint”. The throat (pharynx, larynx). In the articles published by the doctors e. Draugelis and A. Vileišis in the Tėvynės sarge, the following terms are used synonymously for the respiratory system organ – the throat: (1) „The throat slightly red, when swallowing, or coughing felt pain“; “the chorea is red and slightly swollen” ts 36 14; (2) “the mouth is dry and the throat hurts when swallowing” ts 34 6. the terms throat and coccyx are taken from two different texts, which describe the same disease – influenza – one of the symptoms of which is throat 46 here and in the illustrative sentences underlined by me – P. Z. 186 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago pain is mentioned in both texts. in addition, the meanings of the following terms are also verified in LkŽe: throat 1. ‘Pharynx, larynx’ and cosser 1. ‘throat’. This suggests that the terms are synonymous. In 1918, the main topic of medical publications were infectious diseases, and therefore a number of terms were used to refer to them. It must be said that not only is an infectious disease called differently in different publications, but also in the same text one term is not satisfied – the specific characteristic of that disease varies – limpanti / lipančioji / limpama / limpamoji / užkrečiama / už(si)krečiamoji / infekcinė liga: „from time to time we are infested with sticky diseases, with which not only families, but also whole gardens are infected“ kk 69; „ For self-protection from sticky diseases good intentions are not enough“ kk 69; „ but, in order to prevent spread of sticky diseases, it is necessary to keep the triob and the yard, bed linen and linen clean“ kk 74; „ how to protect against sticky diseases?“ mb 1 11; „The hospital has installed a disposal facility; therefore it is now possible to eliminate infectious diseases in this way" Dbrt 11 3; "infectious diseases patients" Dbrt 96 3; "rose is a contagious disease" ts 10 14; "try to separate infectious diseases patients" ts 5 15; "spray hot water - a dangerous infectious disease" ts 1 14; "here-pat priguli and vaccination against infectious diseases" Dbrt 27 3. bloody – bloody disease – hemorrhage – red (lat. dysenteria). The common infectious disease of the time – now called dysentery in Greek – also had several names. in the following five sentences of different texts, the terms refer to the same disease, e.g.: (1) dysentery is a lymphatic disease. It begins in the middle: immediately rarely, then very and densely paliusuoja diarrhea mb 1 11, (2) "This month 18th in the meeting room, the military authority house in Vilnius was a meeting, where they talked about measures to fight bloody disease. <...>. (3) "In the past year there was a great spread of bloody, especially known when the weather warms, during the summer" Db 20 4; (4) "Dysentery or bloody. <...>. It manifests itself in the fact that a person begins to have diarrhea with blood” ts 2 16; (5) “it is observed that thrush occurs in mid-summer and early autumn: July, August and September. <...>. the disease is easy to recognize. It begins with fever, vomiting and diarrhea. initial stool turns out as simple diarrhea. but rather comes abdominal pain and after stools come out some mucus with blood. one of the most important measures to combat bloody, is a good fit of the exit place47" Dbrt 98 3; more difficult appears the term of the sixth text red, because it is a 47 retain original. 187Terminology | 2018 | 25 (6) “Last year at this time, the red was very strong in our neighborhood and killed several dozen people” Db 44 14. In the sentences of the first, second, fourth and fifth texts, the synonymy of the terms bloody and dysentery, bloody disease and bloody, dysentery and bloody, and hemorrhage and bloody is beyond doubt – they are used in the text either side by side or interchangeably. single case of use of this term. so does red also mean dysentery? In 1918, articles about diseases usually refer to their characteristic signs, the so-called manifestations of the disease. thus the first sentence of the text says that in the case of bloody fever “the bowels smell very strongly and densely”; the second sentence states that the disease is spread by flies; the fourth sentence of the text states that the patient has bloody diarrhea; The sentences of the fifth text say that the patient begins to have diarrhea, he has abdominal pain, bloody mucus appears in the stool. so the symptoms of the diseases described in the texts are the same. According to the Medical Encyclopedia, dysentery "is more common in summer and autumn; then dysentery is still spread by flies“, the patient’s stomach is cut, diarrhea begins, mucus appears in the stool, sometimes blood“ me i 201. that the disease is spread by flies, it is noted in the second sentence of the text – „flies spread the bloody one“, and that this disease is most common in the warm season – in the third sentence of the text – LkŽe žodis kruvinoji fiksuotas kaip medicinos terminas su pažyma med., kurio pirmoji reikšmė yra „dezinterija“. iš trijų tame žodyne pateiktų žodžio krauligė reikšmių (1. „galvijų liga, pasireiškianti kraujuotu šlapini- „known when the weather gets warmer, during the summer“. must”, 2. "blood disease"48, 3. „bloody (?)“) and from the two meanings of the word red (red 1. ‘Dysentery, hemorrhagic’ 2. see rubella 1. ‘such infectious disease of pigs (erysipelas suis)’), in this case we are concerned only with the meaning of ‘bloody’. Thus, it can be argued that the terms used in six different texts, bloody, bloody disease, hemorrhage and rubella, refer to the same disease – dysentery – and are therefore synonyms. Typhus exanthematicus. The most common disease that raged during the war was spotted mildew. The authors of medical articles in 1918 referred to it in several terms: 48 diseases of the blood-producing organs. 194 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago 7. In medical texts of 1918, synonymy is a common type of semantic interrelationship of terms. synonymous terms are not used in the same text. They are used alongside or interchangeably. Related synonyms are presented in two main ways: in parentheses or connected by a conjunction or. 8. it is not difficult to identify synonymous terms within the same text – here the aforementioned – parallel or mixed – use of them comes to the rescue. while synonymous relationships between terms in different texts are more difficult to grasp. that connection can be established based on the subject matter of the texts, the context of the use of the terms, the synonyms used in the same text, the attributes of the designated term and additional sources (e.g., LkŽe, textbooks). 9. the synonymy and variability of terms testify to the instability of medical terminology in those years, and also, manding, the fact that the main goal of the writers was to convey information about diseases, their symptoms and treatment in a popular and understandable way for the ordinary reader, and less attention was paid to the expression, in addition, some of the variants may be editorial and editorial errors. each author used the terms known to him to name one or another concept, which also influenced the appearance of synonyms. 10. the research terminology was undoubtedly influenced by the living language – in the 1918 texts a number of terms were taken from the living usage, e.g.: kraujinoji, raudonoji, krauligė, slankstas, nosis, gyduolė, pribuvėja, grobas, krimslys, koserė, doll „eye pupils (pupilla)“, ryšelis, skilvis, skalvė, atmatai, suputimas „supping, picking up“, laužymas „biting, aching“, kraujo vaikščiojimas „blood circulation“, diegas „užuomazga, pradas (disease)“, plaišena (terminologised word), užkaitimas „inflammation“, ligimas „care“. There are also some figurative terms, such as: blood walk, chest chamber, scabies bush, sweat hole, dry cord bundle. 11. in the examined texts there are still quite a lot of įvardijamos daugiausia rūšinės sąvokos yra nepakankamai aiškios, pvz.: ausų užkaitimas, plėvės užkaitimas, šonkaulių užkaitimas, vidurių sluoga, vidurių sugedimas, kvėpavimo takų slogas, skilvio sugedimas. imprecise medical terms, which 12. Already 100 years ago, authors who wrote on medical, health and treatment issues used a number of terms that have entered unchanged into the current language and terminology of medical science, but their Lithuanianness, visuality, diversity of meanings and expressions, this terminology differs from the current Lithuanian medical terminology. 195Terminology | 2018 | 25 ABBREVIATIONS OF MAIN SOURCES Avk – Aušros Vartų Dbrt – Dabartis Db – Darbo balsas Fr – Pharmaceutical kalendorius kk – Kaunas LA – Lietuvos aidas mb – Moterų balsas Affairs Pvs – Spring MAIN SOURCES Anxiety. – Board – Pharmaceutical Affairs, 1918, January (No. 1), 3–4. Protection from bloody and its treatment in the area of the chief Eastern commander. – (from Lithuania). – Dabartis, 1918, June 13 (No. 71), 3. Prevention of infectious diseases, especially tetanus. – wrote dr. minkevicia, dr. savicho hospital in vilnius. – (from Lithuania). – Dabartis, 1918, July 31 (No. 98), 3. Atsišaukimas į Lietuvos vaistininkus / Vilnius Lithuanian Pharmacists Council Chairman Steponas Nasvytis, Secretary Stasys Bytautas. – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, December 6 (No. 150), 3. Oatmeal Peter. Hygiene. - D-ras too. Mr. Avižonis. – Darbo balsas, 1918, December 24 (No. 56), 3–4. Pharmacy opened here by providor J. Stukas..., Kupiškis. - He knows. – (News from Lithuania. Various news). – Lietuvos aidas, 1918, gruodžio 11 (Nr. 154), 5. here in all parishes so is spread the Spanish disease..., kaišiadorių a. – krumplys50. – Spring, 1918, November 1 (No. 9), 18. Lack of doctors and midwives. – o. Zl.51 – (our knowledge. Žagarė). – Darbo balsas, 1918, April 11 (No. 16), 11. The Doctors. – A. trainaitis. – Pharmaceutical Affairs, 1918, January (No. 1), 7. Dėku Dievui, jau gydytojų turime keletą..., utena. – (iš Lietuvos krašto). – Vienybė, 1918, rugsėjo 24 (Nr. 36), 562. Of homeopathic pharmacies. – J. Pundinas. – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, October 11 (No. 103), 2. For the fight against spotted mildew, Švenčionys. – (from Lithuania). – Dabartis, 1918, March 19 (No. 34), 3. On the establishment of a hospital in Gelvonai. – P. D.52 – (from the Lithuanian Central Committee). – The Guardian of the Fatherland, June 21, 1918 (No. 24), 4. About the state of health in Lithuania. – (News from Lithuania. L. Council News), – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, October 5 (No. 98), 3. Warm-up. – priest Š.53 – Dabartis, 1918, April 17 (No. 13), 193–194. Large Lithuanian hospital in Vilnius. – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, September 5 (No. 83), 2. Dr. D. Alseika54. how to prevent lymphatic diseases? – Health, 1918, December 25 (No. 1), 2. Dr. D. Alseika. health affairs in Lithuania. – Health, 1918, December 25 (No. 1), 1–2. A friend of mine. A new disease. – Dr. e. A friend. – Tėvynės sargas, 1918, October 30 (No. 36), 13–14. A friend of mine. Warm. – Dr. e. Draugelis. – Aušros Vartų calendar 1919: A gift for the Lithuanian Catholic families of Sodyba and the city. iii year. edited by Liūdas Gira, vilnius: Žinynas, 1918, 50–54. For the pharmacist!. – Members of the Lithuanian Pharmacists Union J. tartila, J. Putna, k. markūnas. – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, May 25 (No. 61), 2. A pharmacist. – throw. stašys55. – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, June 25 (No. 71), 2. Pharmacists' business. – Ainis56. – Darbo balsas, 1918, September 27 (No. 37), 4–5. 50 guns? 51 is a fraction. 52 pp. 2nd ed. 53 Juozas Šnapštys? 54 Daniel Alseika. 55 Constantine Stachys. 56, by Prokofiev. kalendorius svk – Health ts – Tėvynės sargas vnb – Vienybė 196 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago A pharmacist's business. - Ain't it? – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, November 27 (No. 142), 3. A paramedic. – The ring57. – (our knowledge. New Town). – The Voice of Labour, 1918, August 7 (No. 30), 11–12. Accommodation of doctors. – (mūsų žinios. vilnius). – The Voice of Labour, August 30, 1918 (No. 33), 8. The House of Doctors. – been there. – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, October 31 (No. 120), 4. Knowledge of doctors and pharmacists. – wall man. – (News from Lithuania. Around the country. Various news). – 18 July 1918 (Nr. 80), 3. The flu or Spanish flu. – Alfred s. radtke. – (from Lithuania). – Present, 1918, November 1 (No. 178), 3. The bloody battle in the territory of the chief of the morning. – (from Lithuania). – Present, July 2, 1918 (No. 79), 3. Hygiene science and our schools. – ibis58. – Lietuvos aidas, 1918, April 20 (No. 47), 2. Spanish disease. – a fir tree. – (our news. exchanges). – Darbo balsas, 1918, November 13 (No. 44), 15. from Aglona (Russia) Vilnius became a Lithuanian hospital led by Dr. J. Buzelis... – (Žinių žinios. vilniaus kronika). – Tėvynės sargas, 1918, June 14 (No. 23), 9. from Kaunas city hospital. – (from Lithuania). – Dabartis, 1918, July 28 (No. 96), 3. To friends pharmacists! - Provision. Z. kūzavas59. – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, July 11 (No. 77), 2–3. He founded the Pharmacists' Society, Vilnius. – (from Lithuania). – The Present, 1918, September 24 (No. 145), 4. how to save from lymphatic diseases? – o. A.60 – The Voice of Women, July 1918 (No. 1), 11–12. language purification. – L. G. – Tėvynės sargas, 1918, March 5 (No. 9), 1–2. Kaunas city hospital. – (from Lithuania). – Dabartis, 1918, January 24 (No. 11), 3. Lithuanian doctors. – (Lithuanians abroad). – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, January 24 (No. 11), 4. Lithuanian Sanitary Aid Society Hospital. – (News from Lithuania. Vilnius). – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, October 18 (No. 109), 3. The Lithuanian Sanitary Aid Society Polyclinic and Hospital from November 3rd... began official operation... – (News from Lithuania. in Vilnius). – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, November 13 (No. 130), 5. Lithuanian Sanitary Aid Society polyclinic and hospital in Vilnius. – (mūsų žinios. vilnius). – Darbo balsas, 1918, November 6 (No. 43), 13–14. The consecration of the Lithuanian Sanitary Aid Society Polyclinic and Hospital... took place this Sunday... – in text: in Vaižganto language. – (News from Lithuania. Vilnius). – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, November 5 (No. 123), 4. Pharmacies in Lithuania. – Lent. – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, January 22 (No. 10), 4. Sickness. – kazys left. – (our knowledge. long). – Darbo balsas, 1918, November 13 (No. 44), 14. Sickness. – a wall. – (our knowledge. Žemaitkiemis). – Darbo balsas, 1918, April 18 (No. 17), 11. our returnees. – p.61 – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, November 17 (No. 134), 2. A small town of Skapiškis stands on the lake Mituva... – P. Gužas. – (News from Lithuania. Around the country. Various news). – The Echo of Lithuania, 1918, September 28 (No. 93), 3rd ed. – J. t. – Spring, 1918, November 23 (No. 10), 12–13. The Mad House. – (from Lithuania). – Present, 1918, February 21 (No. 23), 3. muscles. – J. t. – Spring, 1918, October 16 (No. 8), 11–12. protect health and life. – L. N.62 – Lithuanian Echo, 1918, April 9 (No. 42), 1–2. beware of diseases. – A. Žansparnis63. – Darbo balsas, 1918, May 9 (No. 20), 4–5. with the sun returned back to our neighborhood... dysentery, or bloody.... – everyone knows. – (our knowledge, debris). – Darbo balsas, 1918, August 30 (No. 33), 10–11. we had another active man, an intellectual,.... – P. b. – Pavasaris, 1918, September 1 (No. 5), 21. 57 Jonas kvietkauskas. 58 John Bacon. 59 Zeno Kuzav. 60 on Adomaitytė. 61 kazys strazdas? / Stanislav Sarap? / Antanas Kvedaras? 62 Liudas Noreika. 63, Gent. 197Terminology | 2018 | 25 Health Commission of the Council of Lithuania. – (News from Lithuania. Vilnius). – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, June 29 (No. 73), 3. at the initiative of the health commission... was convened 5. The meeting of the doctors of Xii city... – Z. – (our news. Šiauliai). – Darbo balsas, 1918, December 31 (No. 57), 3. Health matters in the area of the chief commander of the East. – (from Lithuania). – Dabartis, 1918, March 2 (No. 27), 3. health matter. - Car. Dy-n-a. – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, September 14 (No. 87), 2. This is about diseases and hygiene. – m-lis. – Kaunas calendar for 1919. thirteen years. kaunas, 1918, This autumn came to us... “Spanish flu“... – 69–74. kuliškis64. – (from Lithuania). – Vienybė, November 13, 1918 (No. 43), 675–676. is also an important matter. – Tėvynės sargas, 1918, August 4 (No. 28), 2. people and language. – No. – Lietuvos aidas, 1918, July 16 (No. 79 (127)), 1–2. nation's health and war. – Z.65 – Lietuvos aidas, 1918, March 23 (No. 36), 1–2. in a fragile town people started to get typhoid from autumn... – Young teacher. – (News from Lithuania. Around the country. Various news). – Lietuvos Aidas, 1918, March 16 (No. 33), 3. the procedure for returning exiles and quarantines. – A. r.66 – Lietuvos aidas, 1918, April 18 (Nr. 46), 2. ukmergės apskrityje siaučia dėmėtosios šiltinės... – A. Ž. – (About Lithuania. Various news). – The Guardian of the Fatherland, May 8, 1918 (No. 18), 10. pharmacy students question. – J. P. – Lietuvos aidas, 1918, December 12 (No. 155), 2–3. pharmacy affairs. – (from Lithuania). – The Present, 1918, August 3 (No. 101), 3. medicine affairs in the area of the chief commander of the east. – (from Lithuania). – Dabartis, 1918, June 13 (No. 71), 3. vilijos Antanas. About war illnesses. – Dr. A. Villeišis. – Tėvynės sargas, 1918, December 29 (No. 1), 14–15, January 17 (No. 2), 15–16. williams Antanas. About dry lungs. – Dr. A. Villeišis. – Tėvynės sargas, 1918, February 19 (No. 7), 14–15. Antanas williams. how to live to be healthy. – Dr. A. Villeišis. – The Guardian of the Fatherland, January 29, 1918 (No. 4), 14–15, February 5 (No. 5), 15. Antanas williams. what is influenza and what causes it? – Dr. A. Villeišis. – The Guardian of the Fatherland, October 16, 1918 (No. 34), 4–8. williams Antanas. what care must be given to sick children. – Dr. A. Villeišis. – Tėvynės sargas, 1918, April 11 (No. 14), 13–14, May 29 (No. 21), 11, July 10 (No. 26), 11–12, September 18 (No. 30), vilijos Antanas. Scabies. – Dr. A. Villeišis. – 11–13. Tėvynės sargas, 1918, April 11 (Nr. 14), 13. williams Antanas. rose. – Dr. A. Villeišis. – Tėvynės sargas, 1918, March 16 (Nr. 10), 14. williams Antanas. trachoma. – Dr. A. Villeišis. – Tėvynės sargas, 1918, March 23 (No. 11), 14. Three doctors, 1 paramedic and a midwife settled in Zagare; "Žagarėje atidaryta Kazlausko vaistinė..." – Lietuvos Ainė. – (our knowledge. Saw). – Darbo balsas, 1918, October 10 (No. 39), 12. Human bones. – J. t.67 – Spring, 1918, October 4 (No. 7), 12–13. Human health in Lithuania. – Vienybė, 1918, July 4 (No. 24), 367–368. A word about health. – rumšišk. teacher. – Dabartis, 1918, March 9 (No. 30), 3. Looking to the future. – St. N-is. – Pharmaceutical Affairs, 1918, January (No. 1), 2–3. AUXILIARY SOURCES ALeW – Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. band 1 A–m, band 2. N–Ž, band 3. verzeichnisse un indices. unter der Leitung von Wolfgang Hock, Hamburg: baar, 2015. Alm – Alminauskis k. Die Germanismen des Litauischen I. Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen, kaunas: St. London: Cambridge University Press, 1931. čep – čepienė N. Germanisms in Lithuanian and their phonetic characteristics, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2006. 64 Stanislaw Durski. 65 Vincent Zajančkauskas. 66 Andrius rondomanskis? 67 Jurgis talmantas? 198 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medical terminology 100 years ago DvLkŽ – križinauskas J., smagurauskas st. Great German–Lithuanian Dictionary 1–2, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 2006. LeW i – Lithuanian etymological dictionary by ernst Fraenkel. bd. 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter universitätsverlag, Göttingen: vandenhoeck & ruprecht, 1955. LeW ii – Lithuanian etymological dictionary by ernst Fraenkel. bd. 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter universitätsverlag, Göttingen: vandenhoeck & ruprecht, 1955. Lithuanian pseudonyms: a compendium of pseudonyms in Lithuanian press until 1990 1. Authors. compiled and prepared by dr. Jonas mačiulis, vilnius: LNb, 2004. Lithuanian pseudonyms: a compendium of pseudonyms in Lithuanian press until 1990 2. Dictionary of Nicknames. compiled and prepared by doc. dr. Jonas Mačiulis, Vilnius: LNb, 2004. Lietuvos bibliografija = the bibliography of Lithuania = Litauische bibliographie / Lietuviškų periodinių leidinių publikacijos = Publications of Lithuanian periodicals = Publikationen der Litauischen Periodika: 1918. D. 1. 2001. (in Lithuanian) Osvaldas Janonis, Kaunas: Kauno apskrities viešoji biblioteka, 2001. 1979. pp. 10. "Polski-Litewski słownik języków obcych", Vilnius: mokslas, 1979. Lietuvių kalbos polonizmų žodynas = Dictionary of polonisms in Lithuanian (Studia etymologica baltica ii). scientific dictionary, vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2016. LkŽe – Lithuanian Language Dictionary (i–XX, 1941–2002), electronic version, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2005. – www.lkz.lt me i, ii – Medical encyclopedia 1–2, Vilnius: State encyclopedia publishing house, 1991, 1993. PrW i – Prussian dictionary Ostund West Prussian provincialisms in alphabetical order by H. Frischbier. First volume. A–k, berlin: verlag von th. Chr. Fr. enslin, 1882. skar – skardžius Pr. The Slavic loanwords in Old Lithuanian. – People and the Word 7, 1931. Source – [Dr. A. vileišis.] health matters. About the human jukebox. – Source 29, 1914, 435–437. tŽŽ – Dictionary of International Words. editors: Angelė kaulakienė et al., Vilnius: Alma littera, 2013. vLe iv, Xiii, Xvii, XXii, XXiii, XXv – Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 2003, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014. Zemlevičiūtė P. 2009: Development of Lithuanian medical terminology in the late 19th century – early 20th century. PhD dissertation, Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto leidykla. ESRIA i, ii – Fasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language 1–2, Moscow: Progress, 1964, 1967. LITERATŪRA Andriušis A. 2006: Lietuvos medicinos istorijos apybraiža. mokomoji knyga, vilnius: vilniaus universiteto l-kla. bunevičiūtė L. 2000: Atributiniai veiksmažodinių daiktavardžių junginiai. – Žmogus ir žodis 2, 10–15. ermanytė i. 2008: Antonimai ir antonimija, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Gaivenis k. 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, vilnius: Lki leidykla. Gira L. 1918: kalbos gryninimas. – L. G. – Tėvynės sargas 9, 1–2. Grinius k. 1918: tauta ir kalba. – Nr. – Lietuvos aidas 79(127), 1–2. Jakaitienė e. 2010: Leksikologija, vilnius: vilniaus universiteto leidykla. keinys st. 2005 [1975]: Priesaginė lietuviškų terminų daryba. – Keinys St. Dabartinė lietuvių terminologija, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 21–76. micelmacheris v. 1959: Sveikatos apsauga Lietuvoje 1918–1919 m., vilnius: valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. miliūnaitė r. 2009: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos vartosenos variantai, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. mitkevičienė A. 2004: v. Dubo visuotinės literatūros vadovėlio terminų variantai. – Terminologija 11, 119–144. mitkevičienė A. 2006: Literatūros mokslo terminų antonimija 1922–1942 m. – Terminologija 13, 134–148. mitkevičienė A. 2015: 1918–1940 metų lietuvių literatūros mokslo terminai. Daktaro disertacija, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Petronytė A. 1995: Lietuvos sveikatos departamento sukūrimas 1918–1920 m. – Acta musei historiae medicinae et pharmaciae Lithuaniae ii, kaunas, 118–124. stakulienė s. 2001: Lietuviškoji medicinos periodika: ištakos ir raida Lietuvoje iki XX a. trečiojo dešimtmečio. – Knygotyra 37, 220–233. Prieiga per internetą: http://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/afedora/get/ Lt-LDb-0001:J.04~2001~1367156338542/Ds.002.0.01.ArtiC. stakulienė s. 2007: Lietuviškos farmacijos periodikos ištakos ir raida Lietuvoje iki XX a. penktojo dešimtmečio. – Knygotyra 49, 122–137. Prieiga per internetą: www.zurnalai.vu.lt/knygotyra/article/ download/8017/5887. 199Terminologija | 2018 | 25 stropus r., tamašauskas k. A., Paužienė N. 2005: Žmogaus anatomija. Antrasis pataisytas ir papildytas leidimas, kaunas: vitae Litera. tercijonas v. 1968: sveikatos apsauga. – Lietuvių enciklopedija Xv. Lietuva, south boston: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla, 122–126. vaišvilienė r. 2013: Lietuviškai medicinos mokslo periodikai – 100 metų. – Medicinos teorija ir praktika 19(2), 208–213. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.mtp.lt/files/mtP2-18str-208-213psl.pdf. Župerka k. 1983: Lietuvių kalbos stilistika, vilnius: mokslas. Ахманова О. С. 2005: Словарь лингвистических терминов, Москва: КомКнига. Даниленко В. П. 1977: Русская терминология: опыт лингвистического описания, Москва: Наука. Татаринов В. А. 2006: Общее терминоведение: энциклопедический словарь, Москва: Московский Лицей. MEDIcAL TERMINOLOGy 100 yEARS AGO the paper deals with terms collected from over eighty popular science and informational articles on medicine and health published in Lithuanian periodicals (mainly newspapers) in 1918. terms are analysed in respect of the meaning and expression. some specialized medical periodicals ceased in 1918, therefore general publications – Moterų balsas, Darbo balsas, Dabartis, Vienybė, Lietuvos aidas, Pavasaris and Tėvynės sargas – started publishing information on the most important health issues, mainly infectious diseases (dysentery, typhus, influenza, etc.), their treatment and patient care. over 700 different terminological units were collected from the texts researched. 66% of terms are purely Lithuanian words, 17% are foreign words (mainly borrowings of Greek (apopleksija (apoplexy), bakterijos (bacteria)) and Latin origin (kamparas (camphor), daktaras (doctor)) and another 17% are words of mixed origin (hybrids (aptiekininkas „vaistininkas“ (pharmacist), operacinė (operating-room) and complex terms having elements of different origin (valgio virinamieji organai „virškinimo organai“ (digestive tract), ispanų liga „influenca“ (influenza)). the terms researched name body parts and organs, diseases, medical devices, persons, medical institutions and abstract concepts of medicine. one-word terms which are simple words of Lithuanian origin are quite rare (akis (eye), galva (head), plaučiai (lungs)). the majority of terms researched are derivates (nugarkaulis (backbone), kosulys (cough), niežai (scabies), gydytojas (doctor), ligoninė (hospital)). two-word terms are most frequent (tulžies pūslė (gall bladder), dėmėtoji šiltinė (spotted fever), ricinos aliejus (castor oil), vaistinės padėjėjas (pharmacy assistant), rentgeno kabinetas (X-ray room), three-word terms (vidurių šiltinės mikrobas (typhoid fever microbe), raudonojo kryžiaus ligoninė (red Cross hospital)) are not very common. there are quite a few synonymous terms in the researched texts (kruvinoji and dizenterija (dysentery), aptieka and vaistinė (pharmacy)). synonymous terms can be easily identified in the same text because they are used either together or interchangeably. it is more difficult to identify the synonymy between terms from different texts, in such cases the subject of a text, synonymy within the same text, features of the concept or an external source (for instance, LkŽe (Lithuanian Language Dictionary)) may help. in 1918 quite a few medical terms had alternative versions. Phonetic and orthographic variants are common (krūtinė and krutinė (chest), skarlatina and škarletina (scarlet fever), džiova and dziova (tuberculosis) irmedė and irmedė (influenza)), morphologic variants are rare (variants of a gender – karantina and karantinas (quarantine) and of endings – raumenys and raumens (muscles)). 200 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Medicinos terminija prieš 100 metų synonyms and variants were used because terminology was not settled; inconsistent usage was also caused by the author’s language knowledge and terminology known to him, editorial or publishing mistakes and the focus on easy and understandable presentation of medical information without paying much attention to expression. medical terminology of 1918 was influenced by the spoken language. Quite a lot of words – some of them are quite figurative – were borrowed from the colloquial usage (kruvinoji „dizenterija“ (dysentery), mažakraujė „anemija“ (anaemia), gyduolė „vaistas“ (drug), pribuvėja „akušerė“ (obstetrician), krimslys „kremzlė“ (cartilage), kraujo vaikščiojimas „kraujo cirkuliacija“ (blood circulation)). in that year some concepts of medicine still were vague, therefore there are some medical terms which are not precise (ausų užkaitimas, vidurių sluoga, skilvio sugedimas). medical terminology of 1918 provides an interesting, useful and unique information for the history of medicine in Lithuania (what health issues were topical, what diseases were common and how they were treated, what were the means of prevention, who treated patients and where it was done, etc.) as well as for the research of Lithuanian language and terminology. some terms which are currently used in the language of medical science were used 100 years ago, but in general medical terminology of that year differs from the modern terminology in figurativeness, Lithuanian origin and variety of meanings and expression. Retrieved 2018-07-19 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. vileišio g. 5, Lt-10308 vilnius e-mail palmira.zemle[email protected]