Oksana Smirnova. „Frame-Based Appoach to the EU Financial Terms with the Nominal Base ‘Risk/Risque/Rizika’ in English, French and Lithuanian (Konceptualiųjų freimų taikymas EU finansų srities anglų, prancūzų ir lietuvių kalbų terminų su pagrindiniu ...

288 Sigita Rackevičienė | doi.org/10.35321/term27-13 Oksana Smirnova FRAME-BASED APPROACH TO THE EU FINANCIAL TERMS WITH THE NOMINAL BASE RISK/RISQUE/RIZIKA IN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND LITHUANIAN (CONCEPTUAL FREIOUR APPLICATION IN THE EU FINANCIAL SECTENGLISH, FRENCH AND LITHUANIAN THE TERMS OF NEAR LANGUAGE WITH PATHE BASIC NOME RISK / RISQUE / RIZIKA ANALIZEI): doctoral dissertation Vilnius: Mykolas Romeris University, 2020, 253 p. SIGITA RACKEVIČIENĖ Mykolo Romerio universitetas On 4 September 2020, Oksana Smirnova defended her PhD thesis Frame-Based Appoach to the EU Financial Terms with the Nominal Base ‘Risk/Risque/Rizika’ in English, French and Lithuanian at Mykolas Romeris University (supervisor Prof. dr. Sigita in a trilingual parallel text in the field of finance, analysis based on frame semantics. The aim of the dissertation is to identify the frameworks that conceptualize risk-related situations in the financial field Rackevičienė). Disertacijoje O. Smirnova atliko terminų, nusakančių sąvoką RIZIKA and to compare the linguistic means used to express these situations in English, French and Lithuanian. The analysis of terms was carried out in two contextual levels – microand macro-context. The microcontext is defined in the dissertation as the noun risk / risque / rizika closest lexical 289Terminology | 2020 | 27 289Terminology | 2020 | 27 289Terminology | 2020 | 27 289Terminology | 2020 | 27 289Terminology | 2020 | 27 289Terminology | 2020 | 27 289Terminology | 2020 | 27 289Terminology | 2020 | 27 289Terminology | 2020 | 27 289Terminology | 2020 | 27 The macrocontext is understood in the dissertation as predicative argument structures formed by verbs, in which one of the arguments is a single-word or multi-word term with the noun accent risk / risque / rizika. For the purposes of the study, a parallel textbook of EU financial legislation documents was compiled in English, French and Lithuanian. The textbook has almost 3,000,000 words. For the micro-context analysis, 203 polynomial terms with the noun risk / risque / rizika were selected (70 English terms and their equivalents in French and Lithuanian). For the macrocontext analysis, 4314 English sentences with 45 verbs, 4360 French sentences with 54 verbs, 2075 Lithuanian sentences with 25 verbs, forming predicative argument structures, one of the arguments of which is a single-word or plural term with the noun accent risk / risque / rizika, were collected and annotated. The dissertation consists of introduction, theoretical and methodological parts, description of empirical research, conclusions, list of literature, appendices and abstracts in English and Lithuanian. The empirical material collected for the study is presented in the thesis appendices. Appendices include: a list of collocates of the English term risk and statistical data on the use of collocates in text, a list of English polyword terms selected for analysis and their French and Lithuanian equivalents, models of predicate argument structures implementing the frameworks identified during the analysis and examples of their expression in three languages. The introduction defines the most important parameters of the research and the scientific novelty, value, relevance and practical application of the results of the dissertation. The author emphasizes that the dissertation is significant in several aspects: 1) the methodology of revealing the cognitive structure of the concept of a specialized field presented in the dissertation allows to understand the interrelationships of this concept and related concepts in the specialized field; 2) the dissertation provides useful information for term creators and translators, as well as for natural language processing specialists developing automatic term recognition programs; 3) the predictive argument structures, which include terms, and their systematic description are important for translators because they help to formulate coherent parts of the text; semantic-syntactic models can also be used in machine- 290 Sigita Rackevičienė | this translation program; 4) the trilingual parallel text created for the dissertation is available to the public in the CLARIN repository and can be used for various research purposes; 5) the methodology and results of the dissertation can be used for the creation of terminology dictionaries based on the research of specialized textbooks. The first part of the dissertation presents the theoretical basis of the research, i.e. the principles of linguistic theories relevant to the research (cognitive linguistics, frame semantics, textual linguistics and comparative linguistics) and their application in terminology research. The second part of the dissertation is devoted to the presentation of the methodology of empirical research – the principles of compiling textbooks, the selection of the main research term and the principles of analysis of selected terms. The third part of the dissertation describes the analysis of the collected empirical data. This part consists of two chapters, dedicated to the analysis of the term risk/risque/rizika in microand macro-context. In the micro-context domain, the linguistic analysis was focused on the closest context of the term risk / risque / rizika, i.e. its collocates. The research aimed to classify polyword terms with different collocations of the main noun risk / risque / rizika into semantic categories based on the principles of frame semantics. The research was based on the analysis of the positions of the dependent elements of the noun risk / risque / rizika, which revealed the number and nature of the dependent elements and their semantic relationship with the main noun element. Based on the results obtained, the most abstract FrameNet project framework representing risk-related situations – RISK_scenario – was selected for further analysis, which was partly modified and adapted to the financial field. The elements of this framework became the basis for the semantic classification of polyword terms with the main element risk / risque / rizika: the terms were divided into semantic categories according to which element of the framework their dependent elements denote. A quantitative analysis of terms was carried out on several parameters, which helped to determine the quantitative distribution of terms according to semantic categories and according to their usage in financial texts. This analysis revealed the multifaceted nature of the related concept of RISK, its relationship with species concepts and showed which objects are given the greatest attention in the field of finance. The semantic analysis of polyword terms was followed by an analysis of the formal structure of these terms, revealing the diversity of the linguistic expression of universal semantic models in three languages. 291Terminology | 2020 | 27 The macro-context analysis focused on the positions of single-word terms risk / risque / rizika and polyword terms with the main focus risk / risque / rizika in predicative argument structures. The research aimed to reveal the relationship of the terms with other financial concepts. The basis of the study was the analysis of verbs connecting terms with the noun element risk / risque / rizika. These verbs form predicative argument structures that activate frames representing risk-related situations. Based on the results of verb analysis, the most suitable frames from the FrameNet project were selected and adapted to the study material. The frames were divided into categories and stages that the risk passes from the very beginning, when it appears, until the moment when specialists take measures to control it. Two frames were identified, revealing the first stage of risk perception (risk emergence and experience: CAUSE_RISK, EXPERIENCE_RISK), and two frames revealing the second stage of risk perception (risk identification and assessment and management and control: PERCIEVE and ASSESS_ RISK, CHANGE and CONTROL_RISK). After dividing the predicative argument structures into the corresponding frames, a three-stage analysis was carried out (analysis of frame elements and their interrelationships, analysis of syntactic expression of frames and analysis of lexical expression of frames), revealing both universal expression patterns and characteristic features of the studied languages. The fourth part of the dissertation deals with the issues of semantic equivalence assurance in trilingual parallel texts. This part revealed and summarized the means used to ensure semantic equivalence in the studied languages and their differences, which were constantly encountered throughout the research carried out in the dissertation. The fifth part of the dissertation presents the final results of the work – a cognitive map of the concept RISK, which shows the relationship between macroframes (terms expressed in macrocontext) and microframes (terms expressed in microcontext). The cognitive map reveals the process of perception of the concept of RISK in the financial field and the interrelationships of participants in risk-related situations. The conclusions of the dissertation highlight the advantages of applying the methodology based on the principles of frame semantics to multilingual analysis of financial terms: this methodology allows to perform semantic-syntactic analysis, providing important information both about the concepts described by these terms and their relationships with other concepts, as well as about the linguistic means of expression used in the analysis. 292 Sigita Rackevičienė | to express these concepts and their relationships. The analysis of the microcontext of the term risk / risque / risk based on the principles of frame semantics revealed the interrelationships of the specific concepts of RISK, described by polyword terms, and the analysis of the macrocontext based on the principles of frame semantics showed what processes and actions are related to the concept of RISK and with what other concepts it interacts. The conclusions also discuss the results of the analysis of language expression tools, allowing comparison of the data of the studied languages. The comparative analysis of the formal structure of polyword terms revealed the trends of term creation in the languages studied: the predominant term type according to the number of elements in all three languages are two-word terms, they make up the largest part of the English, French and Lithuanian terms collected for the study, which shows that the EU term creators comply with the basic requirement of language economy (shortness of terms); Noun dependent elements are connected to the main element in different ways – in English and Lithuanian they are usually connected directly (credit risk, kredito rizika), while in French they are connected with the prefix de (risque de crédit). Comparative analysis of the syntactic expression of frames revealed that most of the semantic-syntactic patterns in the studied languages coincide. The high number of overlapping patterns can be explained by the fact that the research material was collected from parallel texts of EU documents, which aim to ensure the equivalence of texts at both semantic and syntactic levels. The conclusions also point out that semantic equivalence is ensured differently in the microand macro-context parts of the trilingual parallel text. In the micro-context, semantic equivalence is achieved by identical or very similar linguistic means: most risk-related concepts are described by polyword terms composed of noun compounds; also in all three languages the lexical structure (number of elements and their meanings) of polyword terms is identical, in rare cases the number of elements in one of the languages (Lithuanian) is greater. In the macrocontext, Lithuanian stands out, in which semantic equivalence is often achieved by choosing different syntactic means than in English and French: verb constructions instead of nouns, constructs of the active kind instead of the passive kind, etc. This can be explained by the different structure of the languages studied. 293Terminology | 2020 | 27 Summarizing the findings of the research, the author of the dissertation notes that the analysis of the selected group of financial terms based on the principles of frame semantics allowed to create a cognitive map reflecting the process of perception of the concept of RISK in the field of finance. The analysis of the structures of predicative arguments helped to configure the main conceptual parameters of the cognitive map, and the analysis of nouns filling the opening positions of verbs helped to reveal the conceptual microenvironment. The cognitive map showed that the participants in risk situations are closely interconnected, their roles in relation to each other can change depending on the situation: the same participants can cause risk in one situation, experience it in another, and participate in risk management processes in another. O. Smirnova’s dissertation Frame-Based Approach to the EU Financial Terms with the Nominal Base ‘Risk/Risque/Rizika’ in English, French and Lithuanian is the first Lithuanian terminology work of this scope that brings language terminology data into the global research space based on the principles of frame semantics, opening up opportunities for international riame terminologinių duomenų tyrimui pritaikoma freimų semantikos metodika. Taigi, ši disertacija įtraukia Lietuvos terminologų darbus ir lietuvių projects aimed at revealing the mechanisms of cognition of the realities of specialized fields and the processes of constructing and conceptualizing subject knowledge. The dissertation is written in English, which allows for wide dissemination of its results. Retrieved 2020-11-29 Sigita Rackevičienė Mykolo Romerio universitetas Ateities g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail: sig[email protected]