Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu

doi.org/10.35321/term29-02 Two-word construction terms with a compound adjective as the modifying constituent LINA RUTKIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ORCID id: https://0000-0001-6661-3115 ANNOTATION Compound adjectives are used to varying extents in the terminology of different fields. In construction, as quantitative data show, they are used fairly often to create specific two-word terms. The article discusses the relationship, in terms of the meaning expressed, between compound adjectives used as terminological attributes and the head constituent of two-word construction terms in the 20th–21st centuries, identifying the lexical-relational meanings of compound adjectives. It also surveys the derivational structure of these adjectives through which these meanings are realized. The study showed that compound adjectives serving as modifying constituents of construction terms have a total of 12 lexical-relational meanings and are formed according to 10 derivational patterns. The most commonly used compound adjectives in construction terminology indicate a distinguishing feature of the denotatum designated by the head constituent in terms of its structure, a feature of its shape, a distinguishing part of a fastener, or a distinguishing detail. KEYWORDS: derivational structure, two-word term, lexical-relational meaning, construction, compound adjective, modifying constituent of a term. ABSTRACT The scope of using compound adjectives in the terminology of different fields is uneven. As illustrated by quantitative data, they are rather widely used in coining specific two-word terms in the field of construction. The article discusses the relations between the twentieth–twenty-first-century compound adjectives as terminological attributes and the main component of two-word construction terms in respect of the idea conveyed by them: the lexical-relational meanings of compound adjectives are identified. Their word-formation structure, through which the meanings are conveyed, is reviewed as well. The study revealed that twelve lexical-relational meanings are inherent in the compound adjectives used as secondary components of construction terms, and they are formed under ten word-formation patterns. Construction terminology is dominated by compound adjectives designating the distinctive feature of the denotatum expressed by the Terminologija | 2022 | 29 23 main component in terms of composition, a property of form, a part of the distinctive fastener, and the distinctive part. KEYWORDS: word-formation structure, two-word term, lexical-relational meaning, construction, compound adjective, secondary component. INTRODUCTION In the terminology systems of various fields of science, fixed names of concepts consisting of several words predominate, that is, compound or multiword terms which, like single-word terms, perform a nominative function and incorporate the named subject into the complex terminology system of a particular field of science. Scholars Melania Cabezas-García and Pamela Faber write that multiword terms are the principal means by which concepts in specialized fields are expressed linguistically (Cabezas-García, Faber 2017). Begoña Montero, who likewise argues that a single scientific concept is very often expressed not by a single-word term but by a compound term, notes that the core of a compound term (i.e., the head), which is a noun, should generally not be modified by more than three modifiers1. A compound term should be such that the semantic relations between its words are clear. These terms must convey logical, clear, precise, and concise information to the reader (Montero 1996: 68–69). The relevance of compound terms can be explained by the need to name a concept as precisely and specifically as possible while retaining a high concentration of information in a single lexical unit. It can probably be argued that compound terms are one of the fastest-growing layers of the lexicon, primarily as a result of intensive scientific development. As Tatjana Grigorjeva and Aistė Andriušytė maintain, “the amount of scientific knowledge doubles every 10–15 years” (Grigorjeva, Andriušytė 2015: 11). Consequently, many new terms are often needed to name new knowledge. Compound terms are highly diverse in form2 and can be studied from various perspectives. According to Kazimieras Gaivenis, “[I]n contemporary Lithuanian, compound terms consisting of two components are used most frequently, the vast majority of which are subordinate terms” (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 94). 1 In Lithuanian linguistics, the terms “determinant” and “determinatum” are more customary than the terms “modification,” “modified element,” or “modifier,” which are frequent in English-language literature. However, the latter terms can also be found in some works (e.g., see Džežulskienė 2010). 2 As K. Gaivenis writes, “[T]he longest compound terms in terminological dictionaries and standards consist of seven words. Even longer, so-called descriptive compound terms occur in scholarly texts” (Gaivenis 2002: 17). For the types of compound terms established in terminology, see Gaivenis 2014 [1968]. 24 Lina Rutkienė Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu As compound terms increase in number, so too does research on them. In the second half of the twentieth century (in 1975), K. Gaivenis wrote that “compound terms in Lithuanian had attracted little interest, even though they constituted the greater part of all terms in dictionaries of various fields of science” (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 61). During this period, it was this terminologist who studied compound terms most extensively. In the twenty-first century, compound terms have become a research subject for a considerable number of Lithuanian terminologists and other linguists. Scholars examine these terms from various perspectives and draw on empirical material from different fields. For example, Gintautas Akelaitis (2008) studied the structural models of compound terms, while Albinas Drukteinis (2011) examined their syntactic models. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler (2010) analyzed issues of synonymy in compound physics terms. In his monograph, Alvydas Umbrasas (2010) examined the relations and expression of components in compound legal terms. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė (2021) investigated two-word medical names with liga as the head component. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in comparative studies of compound terms in Lithuanian and other languages (most often English). Notable publications include those by Violeta Janulevičienė and Sigita Rackevičienė (2009), Laimutė Kitkauskienė (2009), Judita Džėžulskienė (2010), and Nijolė Litevkienė (2015). In foreign linguistics, researchers’ attention has turned to the automatic recognition of compound terms and their translation problems, as well as to the differences between compound terms and textual phrases. This article focuses on a subgroup of one of the most widespread types of compound terms—two-word attributive (adjectival) phrases—namely, terms whose dependent component is expressed by a compound adjective. The empirical material consists of native and hybrid compound adjectives from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries that function as dependent components in two-word construction terms. It should be noted that no compound adjective with two borrowed elements was found in the construction texts examined: all the adjectives discussed are used exclusively in Lithuanian construction terminology, and the word-formation process took place in Lithuanian. This seemingly narrow subject was selected in view of quantitative data, which show that compound adjectives are fairly often used as terminological attributes in naming construction concepts. The Construction Terminology Dictionary (2002) alone contains 542 such terms. In total, terms were collected from 55 sources (dictionaries, textbooks, study books, construction reference works, monographs, lecture notes, and collections of articles), yielding 635 non-repeating units—individual two-word terms with a dependent component expressed by a compound adjective. Terminologija | 2022 | 29 25 When collecting the material, the original plan was to focus solely on compound adjectives, irrespective of their relationship to the head, nominal component. However, a terminological analysis of compound adjectives detached from the noun would be questionable, since an adjective functioning as the dependent component of a compound term loses its independence: as part of a term, it denotes a particular, singular, defined scientific concept together with the head component. Thus, adjectives cannot be separated from nouns and examined independently. Nevertheless, even when denoting a single concept, two-word terms remain analyzable both syntactically and in terms of the meaning they express. “Their modifiers can characterize the head component in various ways,” states K. Gaivenis (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 70). The aim of this article is to examine, from a terminological perspective, the compound adjective functioning as the dependent component of two-word construction terms. The primary objective is to analyze the relationship between a compound adjective, as a terminological attribute, and the head component of a term in terms of the meaning expressed—that is, to identify its lexical-relational meanings. The article will also review the word-formation structure of compound adjectives through which these meanings are realized. The study also seeks to identify the compound adjectives most frequently used as terminological attributes in construction terms. The main research method is analytical-descriptive. It involves collecting and organizing data, discussing it, and summarizing the results obtained. Using this method, the terms collected are divided into groups and examined as members of those groups. In the article, the classification is presented primarily according to the meaning of the head component: on this basis, two-word terms with a dependent component expressed by a compound adjective are divided into thematic groups. After the empirical material is grouped thematically, the lexical-relational meanings of the dependent components are examined in greater depth. Quantitative data reveal the distribution of the lexical-relational meanings of the components under study. The number of terms collected is given for each thematic group, while the conclusions also provide percentages. Since the same lexical-relational meanings may characterize members of different thematic groups, it is considered appropriate to summarize them and present them separately from the thematic groups. The analysis of the article’s empirical material is based primarily on K. Gaivenis’s publication “Two-Word Compound Terms in Contemporary Lithuanian” (1975). The terminologist studied terms included in terminology dictionaries from the second half of the twentieth century, including those in technical fields. According to the data presented by K. Gaivenis, 26 Lina Rutkienė Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu “Two-word terms in contemporary Lithuanian form 11 more frequently used grammatical configurations” (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 94), and one of them is compound adjective + noun. The scholar notes that “[T]o date, the lexical-relational meanings of Lithuanian adjectives with the suffix –inis, –ė, genitive nouns, and passive participles have probably been investigated most extensively” (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 71). The scholar established that subordinate constituents expressed by compound adjectives have five lexical-relational meanings, that is, they can indicate: 1) a distinguishing feature of an instrument’s or agent’s action, 2) a distinguishing detail, 3) the color of an animal’s or plant’s body, 4) the shape of an individual organ, and 5) the structure or consistency of a material. As is evident from K. Gaivenis’s extensive study, in the terminology of Lithuanian in the second half of the 20th century, the compound adjective is not characterized by a great variety of lexical-relational meanings. It would seem worthwhile to examine the terminology of another specific field—construction—in which compound adjectives are fairly productive, and to discuss their lexical-relational meanings. In addition, it is important to assess what other lexical-relational meanings, beyond those identified in the second half of the 20th century by terminologist K. Gaivenis, a compound adjective used terminologically may have, and to enrich terminological research in this respect. Before exploring construction terminology, it is also necessary to discuss the findings of studies on compound terms in other fields that relate to the topic under investigation, and to assess the place of compound adjectives in the terminology systems of those fields. Although, as the data presented by K. Gaivenis show, compound adjectives have only a few lexical-relational meanings, this does not yet warrant the conclusion that compound adjectives in general are rarely used as subordinate constituents of compound terms, although such a thought naturally arises. Having studied administrative compound terms, G. Akelaitis established that one model of two-word terms with a preposed subordinate constituent consists of a pronominal adjective, passive participle, or numeral in the definite form, or an adjective with the suffix -inis + noun, while the other consists of a genitive noun + noun (Akelaitis 2008). The scholar does not discuss models involving a compound adjective at all. The study may give the impression that compound adjectives are not used to form administrative terms, or are used so rarely that it is not worthwhile to identify any model involving them. A. Umbrasas’s study of the terminology of the principal legal codes of 1918–1940 showed that Terminologija | 2022 | 29 27 of nearly 3,100 two-word terms, only just over 20 have subordinate constituents expressed by an adjective that cannot take the definite form, and compound adjectives predominate among them (Umbrasas 2010: 154). P. Zemlevičiūtė’s study also shows that compound adjectives are relatively rarely used as subordinate constituents in some terminological systems. Having analyzed medical names from the late 19th to early 20th century with liga as the head constituent, the scholar states: “[I]n the material examined, there was only one dependent constituent expressed by a compound adjective, whose first constituent is the pronoun savas, and whose second is the noun stovis [savistovė liga]” (Zemlevičiūtė 2021: 248). Of course, the productivity of compound adjectives as subordinate constituents varies greatly across terminological systems in different fields and periods. However, a general trend emerges from the studies discussed: the compound adjective as a terminological attribute is often outcompeted by the definite adjective, passive participle, and genitive noun. On the basis of these studies, the question arises: might the limited variety of its lexical-relational meanings restrict the wider use of adjectives for terminological purposes, that is, for naming scientific concepts? The following investigation of two-word construction terms whose subordinate constituent is expressed by a compound adjective will attempt to answer this question. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES AS TERMINOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES Compound adjectives have certain features that are important from a terminological perspective. According to Adelė Valeckienė, compound adjectives can “describe the feature of the object denoted much more specifically and in greater detail than an adjective expressed in a single (non-compound) word” (Valeckienė 1957: 279). Vincentas Drotvinas draws attention to their productivity: in the author’s view, both in older texts and in contemporary Lithuanian, the formation of compound adjectives “is one of the more productive ways of forming adjectives” (Drotvinas 1963: 75). Nurul Pratiwi and co-authors, arguing that compound adjectives modify nouns more clearly and in greater detail than the more commonly used non-compound adjectives, note that objects denoted by nouns and described by attributes expressed by compound adjectives are easier to visualize (Pratiwi et al. 2016). Thus, compound adjectives should also be used when creating precise, concise terms with clear motivation. According to Stasys Kein io, compound adjectives 28 Lina Rutkienė Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu žodžiai padeda išvengti pažyminių susitelkimo (Keinys 2005 [1983]: 130). Sudurtiniai būdvardžiai, kaip terminologiniai atributai, žymi individualų, specifinį, nekintamą pažymimuoju žodžiu pasakomo dalyko požymį. Jie apibendrintai ir tiksliai apibrėžia pagrindiniu dėmeniu įvardijamą daiktą ar reiškinį, jį išskiria iš kitų, neturinčių tokio požymio (arba kurių tas požymis nėra esminis). Two-word terms in the field of construction denote various (usually subordinate) concepts related to the construction of buildings and other structures (towers, ports, bridges, etc.), the laying of main road, sewerage and gas-distribution networks, the management of construction processes, design, construction technology, the installation of foundations and other underground structures, and occupational and fire safety. Since construction terminology is very broad, before examining the lexical-relational meanings of compound adjectives, two-word construction terms with secondary constituents expressed by compound adjectives, as mentioned in the introduction, are divided into thematic groups and examined accordingly. When collecting and examining the empirical material, it was observed that the use of a compound adjective is not customary in forming two-word construction terms in all thematic groups. Compound adjectives are most often used to form two-word terms denoting buildings (mainly buildings), their parts and structures, construction materials, intermediate construction products, as well as machines and tools. A considerable number of the two-word terms under discussion denote fasteners, while fewer denote abstract phenomena. It is unusual to express the secondary constituent with a compound adjective when forming terms denoting people, protective equipment, documents, construction sites, and construction technologies. LEXICAL-RELATIONAL MEANINGS AND DERIVATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SECONDARY CONSTITUENTS EXPRESSED BY COMPOUND ADJECTIVES Before discussing the secondary constituents in greater detail according to their lexical-relational meanings, attention should be drawn to a trend that emerged while classifying the empirical material: when compound adjectives are old words in the general language (here, sources from the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language are used), they occur in very different thematic groups and may serve as attributes in construction terms denoting remote concepts. First and foremost, in terms of quantity, this applies to compound adjectives with bound stems -gubas, -a, -tisas, -a, as well as to the adjectives dvipusis, -ė, vienpusis, -ė. Terminologija | 2022 | 29 29 These adjectives have long been used in construction terminology, and many two-word construction terms from different thematic groups have been formed with them; their secondary constituents indicate a distinguishing feature in terms of structure, for example: dviguba siena KKGSP 1910, dviguba plokštė CPK 1992, dvigubas dygis STŽ 2002, dvigubas įkirtis MK 2000, dvigubas įstiklinimas STŽ 2002, dvigubas kampuotis STŽ 2002, dvigubas langas ŽŪS 1929, STŽ 2002, dvigubas stiklas CPK 1992, dvigubas valdymas STŽ 2002, dvigubasis lenkimas STŽ 2002, dviguboji atitvara SA 2007, dviguboji mova STŽ 2002; vientisa plokštė CPK 1992, vientisas skerspjūvis MK 2000, vientisas stovas STŽ 2002; dvipusė arka STŽ 2002, dvipusė siūlė SBPK 1995, dvipusis armavimas STŽ 2002, dvipusis siurbtuvas V 2008, dvipusis spraustelis STŽ 2002; vienpusis apkrovimas SGBT 1931, vienpusis eismas STŽ 2002, vienpusis įleidimas ALKS 1993, vienpusis sujungimas ALKS 1993. In a substantial proportion of two-word terms from these different thematic groups, the secondary constituent expressing the lexical-relational meaning of a subject’s evaluative characteristic is the adjective antraeilis, -ė (“less important”): antraeiliai pastatai PLST 1972, antraeilis darbininkas STŽ 2002, antraeilis trobesys KS 1936, antraeilė sija BGD 1978, antraeilė ventiliacija STŽ 2022, antraeilis geležinkelis MT 1929. When a compound adjective is a recent coinage in construction terminology, it more often forms terms belonging to the same terminological group. For example, all two-word terms with the adjective daugiaatramis, -ė belong to the thematic group of construction structures: daugiaatramė konstrukcija ALKS 1993, daugiaatramė sija MK 2000, daugiaatramis rėmas MK 1977; and all two-word terms with the constituent greitakietis, -ė belong to the thematic group of construction materials: greitakietis cementas ALKS 1993, greitakietis gipsas STŽ 2002, greitakietis mišinys STŽ 2002, greitakietis tinkas ALKS 1993. In essence, each thematic group has its own characteristic lexical-relational meanings for secondary constituents. Their recurrence is presumably driven by analogical word formation, which is prompted by the requirements of systematicity, convenience, and clarity in terminology. This may also explain both the recurring derivational structure and even the same productive components among members of the same thematic groups. At the outset of the formation of scientific construction terminology (from the beginning of the 20th century), there were few two-word terms whose secondary constituent was a compound adjective. A few can be found in the booklet translated from Russian and published in 1910, How and from what to build cheap and durable farm buildings: moldrebė 30 Lina Rutkienė Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu troba KKGSP 1910, mollipė siena KKGSP 1910, molplukė siena KKGSP 1910. Šių statinių (pastatų) ir jų konstrukcijų teminėms grupėms priklausančių dvižodžių terminų šalutiniais dėmenimis pasakomas pagrindiniu dėmeniu įvardijamo daikto padarymo būdas: troba nudrebiama iš molio, siena taip pat nulipinama ir nuplukama iš molio. Šiems sudurtiniams būdvardžiams būdinga darybinė struktūra D → V3. Minimoje knygelėje aptiktas dvižodis terminas su medžiagos konsistenciją žyminčiu šalutiniu dėmeniu – pusiauskista tešla KKGSP 1910, kuris padarytas prieveiksmį tiesiog pritraukus prie būdvardžio (Pv → B), paliekant būdvardžio galūnę -a. Medžiagos konsistenciją žymintis šalutinis dėmuo, paremtas sudurtiniu būdvardžiu, aptiktas ir tarpukario statybos literatūroje: pusrupis smėlis SSM 1937. Jam taip pat būdinga Pv → B darybinė struktūra, tik daryba jau sistemiška. Įdomu, kad vėlesniuose šaltiniuose aptartų šalutinių dėmenų leksinių-santykinių reikšmių nepavyko aptikti. During the interwar period, as construction terminology continued to develop, compound adjectives chiefly served as secondary components of two-word terms denoting building structures and expressed a property related to the structure’s composition (e.g., vieneilės grindinys SGBT 1931, vienašlaitis stogas MGN 1933; see below for a more detailed discussion). A large number of compound adjectives serving as terminological attributes entered construction terminology during the Soviet period. Compound adjectives in construction terminology continued to increase in number after Lithuania regained its independence. 1. The largest group of the terms under consideration consists of names for buildings, their parts, and structures—that is, the results of construction activity. 1.1. Of these, the greatest number (217) are terms whose secondary component, expressed by a compound adjective, denotes a distinguishing structural property of the object: that is, it states how many or what kinds of particular parts (often principal structural elements) make up the defined object. In a substantial proportion of these compound adjectives, the first component is based on the adverb daug, which governs a noun, or on a numeral from one to six, while 3 According to A. Valeckienė, “From the standpoint of syntactic dependency, all Lithuanian compound adjectives are subordinative. One component (usually the first) is attached to or governed by the second and specifies or supplements the meaning of the second component” (Valeckienė 1957: 279). The Grammar of Contemporary Lithuanian (DLKG 2005) uses the terms determinative and copulative compounds; however, this classification obviously does not apply to compounds whose second component is based on a verb. A. Valeckienė’s proposed term subordinative compound adjectives covers compound adjectives of all formation types. In this article, dependency relations are shown by an arrow directed from the dependent component to the head, that is, in the direction of attraction. Here and below, B denotes an adjectival component, D a nominal one, Dı a participial one, Į a pronominal one, Pv an adverbial one, S a numeral one, and V a verbal one. Terminologija | 2022 | 29 31 the second is a noun denoting that particular structural part of the object being named (Pv ← D or S → D): daugiaangė konstrukcija STŽ 2002, daugiaangis pastatas PK 1962, daugiaangis tiltas STŽ 2002, daugiaaukštė aikštelė STŽ 2002, daugiaaukštis garažas STŽ 2002, daugiaaukštis rėmas MK 1977, daugiaklostės durys ALKS 1993, dviaukštis namas ALKS 1993, dviaukštis pastatas STŽ 2002, dvirėmis langas ALKS 1972, dvisluoksnė siena APKS 1960, dvistulpė kolona STŽ 2002, dvišlaitis stogas MS 1928, MK 2000, keturaukštis pastatas PK 1962, keturšlaitis bokštas PK 1962, keturšlaitis stogas KS 1936, STŽ 2002, penkiaaukštis namas PNA 1994, GNSK 1962, šešiabutis namas AC 1964, vienšlaitis stogas CPK 1992, viensluoksnės durys KS 1936, vienstiklis langas STŽ 2002, vientakiai laiptai STŽ 2002. It can be observed that the antonymy of the adverbs daug and mažai, which form the basis of the first components of compound adjectives, also gives rise to antonymy between the terms themselves: daugiaaukštis pastatas PK 1962 – mažaaukštis pastatas SM 1993, STŽ 2002, daugiaaukštis trobesys MK 1956 – mažaaukštis trobesys MK 1956. Since different buildings and their parts may share the same structural properties, it is customary to express specific differentiating components with the same compound adjectives. Secondary components expressed by compound adjectives of the B → D formation pattern denote what kind of structural building parts make up the defined object, e.g.: stačialentės durys STŽ 2002, stambiablokė siena SISCh 2000, stambiablokis namas STŽ 2002, stambiapanelis namas RLKP 1959, stambiaplokštis pastatas STŽ 2002, stambiaplokštė siena ŠVOK 1992. 1.2. A considerably smaller group of names in the thematic category of construction outputs under discussion consists of two-word terms whose secondary component denotes an external property—namely, the shape—of the object named by the term’s head (62 such terms were found). The first component of the compound adjective serving as the secondary component is usually based on the adverb pusiau, while the second is an adjective denoting a rounded or circular shape (Pv → B): pusapskritė arka STŽ 2002, pusapvalis langas STŽ 2002, pusiauapskrita arka ŽŪS 1929. Compound adjectives with the discussed lexical-relational meaning and the B → D formation pattern are rare (e.g.: sma ilia galė arka STŽ 2002, stačiašlaitis stogas ALKS 1972). 1.3. The secondary component of a few (6) terms in this thematic group, naming structural parts of buildings, indicates a potential property of the building structure: savirės durys ALKS 1993, savivėris liftas STŽ 32 Lina Rutkienė Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu 2002, self-supporting wall ALKS 1993. In all cases, the first component of a compound adjective serving as a dependent component is pronominal, while the second is verbal. From a formal perspective, the derivational structure of such adjectives is I → V, although, on the other hand, the relationship between these components can be interpreted as subjective rather than objective. Semantic analysis shows that the pronominal component denotes not the object toward which the action is directed (i.e. not pierces itself or holds itself), but the agent performing the action; that is, it indicates that the action is performed by itself (the lift and the doors close by themselves, the wall supports itself). 1.4. The dependent components of terms in 3 of the thematic groups under discussion have a lexical-relational meaning of evaluative property; they are expressed by the same adjective: secondary building PLST 1972, secondary railway MT 1929, secondary structure KS 1936. 1.5. As might be expected, properties perceived through the senses should not be characteristic of construction objects. Indeed, among the dependent components expressed by compound adjectives, only one with this lexical-relational meaning was found: semi-warm roof deck SP 1965. 2. The second-largest thematic group comprising two-word terms with dependent components expressed by compound adjectives consists of material names. In this group, the lexical-relational meanings of the dependent components are even more varied. 2.1. When naming materials, the dependent component expressed by a compound adjective most often indicates the potential of the material denoted by the head component (25 terms). The onomasiological basis is the material’s capacity to change its state; another relevant feature is the rate of this change. The second, verbal, component of the compound adjective indicates that the material has a certain potential, while the first, adverbial, component indicates the rate or manner of that potential (Adv → V): fast-burning material STŽ 2002, quick-drying paint ALKS 1993, quick-slaking lime PSAK 2008, quick-setting concrete STŽ 2002, quick-setting cement STŽ 2002, quick-setting Portland cement STŽ 2002, slow-slaking lime PSAK 2008, slow-hardening cement ALKS 1993, slow-setting cement ALKS 1993, STŽ 2002, killed steel ALKS 1993. Terms in this group also display antonymy, based on the antonymy of the adverbs quickly and slowly, which underpin the first components of the compound adjectives. The potential of a material can also be expressed by compound adjectives with the derivational structure I → V. However, of all the different two-word Terminologija | 2022 | 29 33 terminų – savitempis betonas STŽ 2002, savitempis cementas MBD 2008, savitempis gelžbetonis STŽ 2002 – šalutiniu dėmeniu eina tas pats sudurtinis būdvardis savitempis. Taigi, negalima teigti, kad L → V darybos tipas dvižodžių statybos medžiagų pavadinimų daryboje yra produktyvus. 2.2. Among material names, 21 terms were recorded in which the material is distinguished by the dependent component according to its structure. The second, nominal, component of the compound adjective usually names the essential structural element, while the first, adjectival, component indicates a qualitative property of that element. The compound adjectives serving as these dependent components have the derivational structure Adj → N: open-pore material SMG 1974, fine-grained asphalt concrete STŽ 2002, fine-grained cement BGD 1978, fine-pore crushed stone BS 1976, fine-pore material MTPM 1976, fine-pore tuff BS 1976, coarse-grained concrete ALKS 1993, coarse-grained asphalt concrete STŽ 2002, coarse-grained steel KP 1978, coarse-pore concrete MK 1956, coarse-pore expanded-clay concrete SG 1971. 2.3. Dependent components expressed by adjectives with the derivational structures N → N and Adv ← N indicate the composition of a material; in this case, the first component denotes a quantitative property of one of the material’s constituents: two-component mastic PAPŠ 2008, two-component material BAPK 2010, single-component material ALKS 1993, two-coat paint ALKS 1993; multilayer material STŽ 2002, multilayer insulation STŽ 2002. Twenty such terms were found. 2.4. Eighteen dependent components expressed by compound adjectives have a lexical-relational meaning of an evaluative property of the subject, but essentially one and the same adjective predominates—high-grade (Adj → N): high-grade gypsum SM 1966, high-grade ceramic SM 1966, high-grade concrete STŽ 2002, high-grade cement STŽ 2002, high-grade clay MK 1956. The adjective high-quality occurs less often (e.g., high-quality steel STŽ 2002). Since the end of the 20th century, the adjectives low-grade, low-mark have also been used in construction terminology, for example: low-grade concrete STŽ 2002, low-mark concrete ALKS 1993; their first component is based on the antonym low of the adjective high. It may be assumed that analogical derivation was used in this case. 2.5. Terms whose dependent components indicate a material of which a certain quantity is incorporated into the material denoted by the head component of the two-word term are characteristic only of the thematic group of material names: low-carbon steel STŽ 2002, low-cement concrete KAŠ 2007, low-lime ash SMU 2006, low-lime cement ALKS 1993, low-slag mixture ALKS 34 Lina Rutkienė Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu 1993, low-water gypsum STŽ 2002 (12 such terms were identified). As the examples show, the first component of all the compound adjectives is based on the adverb little, and the second on a noun (Adv ← N). Derivational motivation and, of course, semantic grounding make it possible to determine the derivational structure (i.e., to distinguish the adverb little from the adjective small). 2.6. As in the previously discussed thematic group of buildings, their parts and structures, among material names one can also find several (i.e., 6) secondary components expressed by compound adjectives and denoting lexical-relational meanings of qualities perceived through the senses. A few more were found, but all are based on the adverb half and the antonymous adjectives hard and soft (Adv → Adj): semi-hardwood SMG 1974, semi-hard soil GMLD 1992, semi-soft steel STŽ 2002. 3. The thematic group of two-word names for machines, devices and equipment, i.e., tools for construction work, also contains many terms with secondary components expressed by compound adjectives. Such terms are particularly numerous among machine names. The following lexical-relational meanings are characteristic of the secondary components under consideration: 3.1. A structural feature of a machine, device or piece of equipment is indicated: a distinctive part of the object denoted by the head component, possessing a particular quantitative or qualitative feature and constituting one of its most important elements, is specified (45 terms). Most compound adjectives have the derivational structure Adv ← N or N → N: multi-bucket ditch digger ALKS 1993, multi-bucket excavator ALKS 1993, multi-bucket excavator CPK 1992, multi-wheel road roller ALKS 1993, two-wheeled wheelbarrow SDKŽ 1940, two-wheeled cart STŽ 2002, multi-spindle machine MK 1977, two-shaft mixer STŽ 2002, single-bucket loader SBPK 1995, single-bucket excavator STŽ 2002, three-wheeled concrete mixer (“concrete mixer”) SSM 1937, one-wheeled wheelbarrow SDKŽ 1940. 3.2. A distinctive operating feature of a machine, device or piece of equipment is specified: two-way jack STŽ 2002 (N → N), self-propelled grader STŽ 2002 / self-propelled paver STŽ 2002, self-propelled crane STŽ 2002 (Inf → N), dump truck PAPŠ 2008 (Inf → V). However, the feature most often relates to the direction in which the tool operates: backhoe excavator STŽ 2002, reverse-action shovel STŽ 2002, rear-loading scraper STŽ 2002, rear-dumping truck STŽ 2002, forward-moving excavator STŽ 2002, forward-moving shovel ALKS 1993. These compound adjectives have the derivational structure Adv → N or Adv → V; the first component is based on Terminologija | 2022 | 29 35 antoniminiais prieveiksmais pirmyn ir atgal. Tiesa, Statybos terminų žodyne (2002) teikiami ir dvižodžiai terminai, kurių atributinio pažyminio funkciją atliekantis sudurtinis būdvardis turi kitokią darbinę struktūrą, t. y. B → D: įvairiakryptis ventiliatorius STŽ 2002, įžambiaverstuvis buldozeris STŽ 2002. Aptariamųjų terminų rasta 30. 4. The secondary components of two-word terms denoting fasteners characteristically specify a distinctive part of the fastener (70 such terms were collected). The second, nominal component of the compound adjective naming it indicates the part of the item denoted by the head component, while the first component—adjectival (Adj → N), nominal (N → N), numeral (Num → N) or participial (Part → N)—specifies one of the following: a) the shape or another external feature of that part of the fastener, by which one fastener differs from another, is indicated: round-headed rivet STŽ 2002, round-headed wood screw ALKS 1993, round-headed bolt STŽ 2002, square-headed wood screw ALKS 1993, square-headed bolt STŽ 2002, wide-headed nail STŽ 2002, flat-headed bolt STŽ 2002, expansion bolt STŽ 2002, expansion bolt STŽ 2002; b) pasakomas tvirtinimo detalės dalių kiekis: dvigalvė vinis STŽ 2002, šešiakampė veržlė MT 1929; c) the visibility of a part of the fastener is specified: countersunk wood screw ALKS 1993, countersunk bolt STŽ 2002. 5. The secondary components of two-word terms denoting intermediate products characteristically indicate either the shape by which objects named by the head components differ from one another (octagonal tile MTPM 1976, eight-sided tile SM 1966, quadrilateral board SSM 1937, triangular board STŽ 2002 (Num → N); chamfered-edge glass STŽ 2002, planed-edge board STŽ 2002 (Part ← N) (21 terms)), or structure (multimolecular film PSDP 2001) (1 term), or composition (multi-void slab ALKS 1993, multilayer film RNS 2012, multilayer block SMG 1974, multilayer cardboard STŽ 2002, multilayer plywood STŽ 2002 (Adv ← N); solid rod MA 1941, wide-flange profile MK 2000, fine-wire mesh ALKS 1993 (Adj → N); five-layer panel MK 2000, seven-layer panel MK 2000, seven-hole block MDKM 1971 (Num → N) (47 terms)). 36 Lina Rutkienė Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu 6. The thematic groups of names for apartments are old and numerous. Unlike these, the thematic group of abstract names was very small at the beginning of the development of construction terminology; moreover, no two-word terms with secondary components expressed by compound adjectives were found in it. Later, as construction terminology developed, an increasing number of abstract names were formed in the second half of the twentieth century. Among them, two-word terms with secondary components expressed by compound adjectives also emerged, but they began to enrich construction terminology in greater numbers only in the twenty-first century. 6.1. When the main component of a two-word term denotes an abstract entity, the secondary component expresses a distinguishing feature in terms of structure, that is, it indicates how many constituent parts—usually stages—expressed by the second element of the compound adjective make up the entity named by the main component of the term (14 such terms were found). The first element of most compound adjectives is based on the adverb daug, and the second on a noun (Adv ← N): daugia,icė apkrova SBPK 1995, daugiaciklis patvarumas STŽ 2002, daugiapakopis režimas RNS 2012, daugiapakopis griuždymas STŽ 2002, daugiapakopis valymas STŽ 2002. Less frequently, compound adjectives with the derivational structures Adj → N (mažaciklis nuovargis BAPK 2010) and Num → N (dvit arpsnis projektavi-mas STŽ 2002) are used to express this lexico-relational meaning. 6.2. The names in this thematic group are characterized by secondary components based on the antonymic adjectives ilgalaikis, -ė and trumpalaikis, -ė (Adj → N), which indicate the duration of the abstract entity denoted by the main component: ilgalaikė relaksacija STŽ 2002, ilgalaikis bandymas STŽ 2002, ilgalaikis įlinkis ALKS 1993, ilgalaikis poveikis STŽ 2002, trumpalaikė apkrova KABK 2012, trumpalaikė vertė STŽ 2002, trumpalaikis apgyvendinimas SA 2007, trumpalaikis bandymas ALKS 1993, trumpalaikis poveikis KABK 2012, trumpalaikis stipris KABK 2012, trumpalaikis procesas STŽ 2002. A total of 16 such terms were collected. To summarize the analysis, it is worth returning to the study conducted by K. Gaivenis. As noted, the terminologist’s study showed that secondary components expressed by compound adjectives have five lexico-relational meanings. These findings suggested that the use of the compound adjective as a terminological attribute might be limited. Studies by other researchers also confirmed this view. However, an analysis of two-word construction terms revealed greater terminological potential for compound adjectives: secondary components of two-word construction terms expressed by compound adjectives are characterized by 12 lexico-relational Terminologija | 2022 | 29 37 meanings; thus, compound adjectives may be used quite widely, it would seem, to designate concepts in various fields of science. Of course, these data provide information about only one field. As for the derivational structure of compound adjectives occurring in two-word construction terms, they are formed according to 10 derivational types (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Derivational types of compound adjectives functioning as secondary components of two-word construction terms As can be seen from Figure 1, four derivational types stand out in terms of productivity: Adj → N, Num → N, N → V and Adv ← N / Adv → N. In most cases, the second element is nominal; much less often, it is verbal or adjectival. No compound adjective with a second element based on another part of speech was found. Many compound adjectives functioning as secondary components are formed with the same first elements. Among adjectival elements, those based on the antonymic adjectives plonas – storas, žemas – aukštas predominate, as do those based on the adjectives stambus, status, tuščias. Most numeral elements are based on numerals from vieno iki keturių, while most adverbial elements are based on the adverb daug. A considerable number of first elements in compound adjectives are also based on the adverbs greitai, ilgai, mažai, trumpai. There is a noticeable tendency to artificially expand such groups in dictionaries. For example, the Statybos terminų žodynas (2002) alone contains 107 two-word terms whose secondary-component compound adjective has dvi- as its first element, and 31 two-word terms in which the compound adjective has daug as its first element. 38 Lina Rutkienė Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu In general, it can be observed that the construction terms under discussion are usually formed using compound adjectives already in use in construction terminology, rather than by creating new words. Speaking about adjectives in general language, A. Valeckienė states that compound adjectives denote “a characteristic often peculiar to only one particular thing” (Valeckienė 1957: 279). However, we see the opposite phenomenon in construction terminology: many of the same adjectives used as subordinate components describe different things. Figure 2 presents the compound adjectives most often used as subordinate components of construction terms. Fig. 2. Compound adjectives—the most frequent terminological attributes in construction terminology For example, the adjective daugiasluoksnis, -ė is used as the subordinate component in 19 different two-word construction terms; stačiakampis, -ė in 18; and the adjective dvisluoksnis, -ė, like the adjectives plonasienis, -ė, tuščiaviduris, -ė, is a subordinate component in 16 two-word construction terms. Thus, when concepts share features, recognizable expression is sought first. Such terms are, of course, easy to remember and convenient to use, but it is questionable that other lexical units are not used sufficiently in such cases. CONCLUSIONS 1. Two-word terms with subordinate components expressed by compound adjectives are an important part of construction terminology. These terms denote specific concepts, mostly related to the means and outcomes of construction activity: they name construction materials, structures, their parts and Terminologija | 2022 | 29 39 assemblies, intermediate construction products, machines and tools, and fasteners. Less often, such two-word terms denote abstract phenomena. 2. The head components of two-word construction terms whose subordinate components are expressed by compound adjectives can be characterized in various semantic respects; these components exhibit 12 lexical-relational meanings. Thus, a compound adjective can be used quite broadly to name concepts in the field of construction. Meanings such as a feature relating to composition, a feature of shape, a feature of structure, an evaluative feature, a potential feature, and a feature perceived through the senses are characteristic of members of more than one thematic group. 3. In quantitative terms, the most prominent group comprises compound adjectives denoting a distinctive feature of an abstract or concrete entity in terms of its composition—fully 45.70% of the subordinate components expressed by compound adjectives in the terms collected have this meaning. A smaller proportion of subordinate components denote a feature of shape (13.22%), a distinctive part of a fastener (11.15%), or a distinctive detail (7.17%). Even fewer compound adjectives used as subordinate components indicate a potential feature (4.94%), a feature of a machine’s operation (4.78%), a feature of structure (3.50%), the duration of an abstract entity (2.55%), a material present in a certain quantity within the principal material (1.91%), or a feature perceived through the senses (1.11%). The least frequent meaning expressed by compound adjectives is the method by which an object is made (0.48%). This last lexical-relational meaning has not been attested among compound adjectives in construction terminology since the mid-20th century. 4. Most compound adjectives exhibit the derivational structures B → D, S → D, D → V, and Pv ← D / Pv → D. The most productive parts of speech are nouns, adjectives, numerals, and adverbs. There is a tendency to repeat the same components. This is particularly true of terms recorded in dictionaries. 5. Since the same principal features may characterize different denotata in the field of construction, construction terminology commonly expresses specific components using the same compound adjectives. The most frequent terminological attributes in construction terminology are the compound adjectives daugiasluoksnis, -ė, stačiakampis, -ė, dvisluoksnis, -ė, plonasienis, -ė, tuščiaviduris, -ė, viengubas, -a, vienpusis, -ė, ilgalaikis, -ė, smulkiagrūdis, -ė, stambiagrūdis, -ė. 40 Lina Rutkienė Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu ŠALTINIAI AC – Armocementas, aut. F. Bielinskis, P. Buškūnas, Vilnius: Vaizdas, 1964. ALKS – Anglų–lietuvių kalbos statybos terminų žodynėlis, sud. J. Stonys, Vilnius: VISI, 1972. APKS – Akmens panaudojimas kaimo statyboje, aut. V. Vitkauskas, Vilnius: Vaizdas, 1960. BAPK – Betonas ir armatūra: pagrindinės konstrukcinės savybės: mokomoji knyga, aut. D. Zabulionis, Vilnius: Technika, 2010. BGD – Betono ir gelžbetonio darbai, aut. V. Mažeika, Vilnius: Pergalė, 1978. BS – Betonai ir skiediniai: žinynas, aut. A. Čechovas, vert. J. Dyčmonas, A. Žvirėnas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. BŽSM – Bendrosios žinios apie statybos mašinas: paskaitų konspektas, aut. D. Midvikis, J. Starkus, Vilnius: LTSR aukšt. ir spec. vid. mokslo ministerija, 1982. CPK – Civilinių pastatų konstrukcijos: vadovėlis, aut. A. Nakas, J. Gajauskas, M. Prikšaitis, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1992. GMLD – Gruntų mechanikos laboratoriniai darbai, aut. F. Norkus, Kaunas: Technologija, 1992. GNSK – Gyvenamųjų namų statybos klausimai: mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys, vyr. red. K. Blaževičius, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1962. KABK – Kompozitais armuotos betoninės konstrukcijos: vadovėlis, aut. G. Kaklauskas, D. Bačinskas, V. Gribniak, D. Jakubovskis, D. Ulbinas, E. Gudonis, A. Meškėnas, E. Timinskas, A. Sokolov, Vilnius: Technika, 2012. KAŠ – Kaitrai atsparūs šamobetoniai: monografija, aut. S. Goberis, V. Antonovič, Vilnius: Technika: 2007. KKGSP – Kaip ir iš ko galima statyti pigius ir tvermingus ūkio trobesius, vert. J. Bražinskas, Vilnius: Juozapo Zavadzkio spaustuvė, 1910. KP – Konstrukciniai plienai, aut. A. Pavaras, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1978. KS – Kaimo statyba, aut. P. Drąsutis, P. Gaižutis, L. Gud zinskas, J. Juška, P. Kalita, E. Kersnauskas, V. Švipas, Kaunas: Spindulys, 1936. MA – Medžiagų atsparumas, aut. K. Vasiliauskas, Kaunas: Vilnius, 1940. MBD – Mūrininko ir betonuotojo darbai: vadovėlis, aut. V. Adomavičius, J. Aleksejeva, A. Česas, R. Dovydaitė, Vilnius: Mintis, 2008. MDKM – Mūro darbai ir konstrukcijų montavimas: vadovėlis, aut. I. Iščenka, Vilnius: Mintis, 1971. MGN – Miesto gyvenamieji namai: jiems statomi reikalavimai ir jų projektavimas, aut. V. Švipas, Kaunas: Varpas, 1933. MK – Medinės konstrukcijos: vadovėlis, aut. A. Valentinavičius, B. Valiūnas, Vilnius: Enciklopedija, 2000. MK – Metalinės konstrukcijos: vadovėlis, aut. J. Paulauskas, A. Kvedaras, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977. MK – Mūrinės konstrukcijos, aut. A. Rozenbliumas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1956. MS – Molio statyba, aut. K. Reisonas, Kaunas: Valstybės spaustuvė, 1928. MT – Mediniai tiltai, aut. S. Grinkevičius, Kaunas: Spindulys, 1929. MTPM – Medžiagotyra tinkuojamoms plytelių ir mozaikos klojėjams: vadovėlis, aut. A. V. Aleksandrovskis, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. PAPŠ – Pastato apdaila. Pastato šiltinimas ir tinkavimas. Apdaila plytelėmis ir apdailos elementų montavimas: vadovėlis, aut. M. Černius, E. Kuliešius, V. Rutkevičienė, V. Savarauskienė, Vilnius: Mintis, 2008. PK – Pastatų konstrukcijos. I dalis: vadovėlis, aut. A. Bistrickas, N. Geršas, J. Kapčius, K. Kaušinis, J. Mikuckas, V. Verbickis, B. Ziberkas, A. Žintelis, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1962. PK – Plieninės konstrukcijos: vadovėlis, aut. J. Paulauskas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1961. PLST – Prancūzų–lietuvių statybos terminų žodynėlis, sud. A. Gudaitis, Vilnius: VISI, 1972. PNA – Pastatyti namų apšiltinimas, reng. B. Vektaris, Kaunas: Raidė, 1994. PSAK – Pastato dažymas ir apmušalų klijavimas: vadovėlis, aut. V. Butavičienė, V. Stasionienė, Vilnius: Mintis, 2008. PSDP – Pastatų sienų dažytų paviršių ilgaamžiškumas: monografija, aut. R. Miniotaitė, V. Stankevičius, Kaunas: Technologija, 2001. RLKP – Rusų–lietuvių kalbų politechninis žodynas, red. kol. A. Novodorskis, L. Kumpikas, J. Mikuckas, J. Stana itis, S. Vasauskas, J. Vidmantas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1959. Terminologija | 2022 | 29 41 RNS – Raštinio namo statyba: žinynas, aut. R. Bortkūnas, T. Braškys, V. Čei kauskas, R. Daraškevičius, T. Gecas, T. Lapinskas, E. Norvaišas, M. Sakaitis, A. Sirvydis, T. Šlivinckas, G. Unikas, V. Uosaitis, Vilnius: Balto print, 2012. SA – Statybinė akustika: vadovėlis, aut. V. J. Stauskis, Vilnius: Technika, 2007. SBPK – Suvirintų ir besiūlių plieninių konstrukcijų saugos ir ilgalaikiškumo įvertinimas, aut. A. Kudzys, V. Vaitkevičius, Vilnius: Solertija, 1995. SDKŽ – Statybos darbininkų kvalifikacijos žinynas, reng. S. V. Bašinskij, P. V. Blaževič, I. A. Petrov, Kaunas: Vilnius, 1940. SG – Surenkamas gelžbetonis, aut. A. Bujokas, A. Stonys, Vilnius: Mintis, 1971. SGBT – Sauskeliai. Gelžbetoniniai ir betoniniai tiltai, aut. J. Gabrys, Kaunas [n. s.], 1931. SGKP – Statyba: gipso kartono plokščių montavimas ir apdaila, aut. A. Zienius, Vilnius: Lodvila, 2006. SISCh – Statinių ir inžinerinių sistemų charakteristikų dinamika. I dalis: mokomoji knyga, aut. A. Janickas, Kaunas: Technologija, 2000. SK – Statybinės konstrukcijos: konferencijos, skirtos prof. A. Rozenbliubo 100-osioms gimimo metinėms pažymėti, įvykusios Vilniuje 2002 m. birželio 5–6 d., pranešimų medžiaga, Vilnius, 2002. SKKS – Statybinės konstrukcijos: kūrimas ir stiprinimas, aut. D. Bačinskas, A. Baltrušaitis, A. Bičiulaitienė, E. Dulinskas, A. Endriukaitytė, A. Jarmolajev, V. Jokūbaitis, G. Jurkėnas ir kt., Vilnius: Technika, 1998. SM – Statybinės medžiagos: vadovėlis, aut. S. Ščesnulevičius, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966. SM – Statybos medžiagos, aut. Č. R. Ramonas, Kaunas: Ūkininko patarėjas, 1993. SMG – Statybinės medžiagos ir gaminiai: vadovėlis, aut. B. Grigaliūnas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1974. SMU – Statybinės medžiagos. Užpildai: mokomoji knyga, aut. A. Naujokaitis, Vilnius: Technika, 2006. SP – Statybos pagrindai, aut. A. Iljičiovas, A. Kokinas, J. Rebortovičius, vert. R. Kuosaitė. Vilnius: Vaizdas. SSM – Statyba. I tomas. Statybinės medžiagos, aut. J. Šimoliūnas, Kaunas: Spindulys, 1937. STŽ – Statybos terminų žodynas, aut. A. Kudzys, A. Rosenas, B. Kudzienė, Vilnius: Lietuvos mokslas, 2002. ŠVOK – Šildymas, vėdinimas ir oro kondicionavimas, aut. D. Gutauskaitė, Kaunas: Technologija, 1992. V – Vėdinimas: vadovėlis, aut. E. Juodis, Vilnius: Technika, 2008. 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Zemlevičiūtė Palmira 2021: XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu „liga“ ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis. – Terminologija 28, 239–255. TWO-WORD CONSTRUCTION TERMS WITH THE SECONDARY COMPONENT EXPRESSED BY A COMPOUND ADJECTIVE Summary Compound adjectives denote an individual, specific, and stable feature of something that is expressed by the modified word. They describe the thing or phenomenon designated by the main component in a generalising and precise manner, distinguish it from others not possessing such a feature (or where such a feature is not essential) and can therefore be rather widely used for the nomination of scientific concepts. However, as illustrated by other scholarly studies, the terminological capacities of the compound adjective are underused in certain fields. In the field of construction, the compound adjective becomes a terminological attribute rather frequently: 635 distinct two-word terms with the secondary component expressed by a compound adjective were found in a total of 48 sources. The article employs the analytical-descriptive method to address compound adjectives from a terminological perspective: the relations between the secondary components of construction terms taking the form of compound adjectives and the main component are discussed in terms of the idea conveyed by them, i.e., their lexical-relational meanings are determined; the word-formation structure of compound adjectives, through which these meanings are conveyed, is reviewed; the compound adjectives that are most commonly used as the terminological attributes of construction terms are identified. The study revealed that the main components can be modified by the secondary components of two-word construction terms expressed by compound adjectives by conveying different aspects of meaning: as many as twelve lexical-relational meanings Terminologija | 2022 | 29 43 can be expressed by these components. Therefore, the compound adjective can be rather widely used for the nomination of concepts in the field of construction. Compound adjectives denoting a distinctive feature of an abstract or concrete thing in terms of its composition stand out from others by their quantity: the secondary components expressed by compound adjectives have this meaning in the case of as many as 45.70% of the terms collected in the study. This meaning is inherent in the secondary components comprising the terms of different thematic groups: names of structures, their parts, and constructions (daugiaaukštė aikštelė, dviremės langas), abstract names (daugiaciklis patvarumas, daugiapakopis režimas), and intermediate construction products (daugiasluoksnis kartonas, plonavielis tinklelis). A total of 13.22% of the secondary components modifying the main components of the terms from the thematic groups of structures, their parts and constructions, and intermediate construction products specify some property of form (pusapskritė arka, pusapvalis langas; aštuoniakampė plytelė, keturkampė lentutė). Fewer secondary components describe a part of a distinctive fastener (11.15%) or a distinctive part (7.17%). Even fewer compound adjectives used as secondary components designate a potential property (4.94%), a machine operating property (4.78%), a structural property (3.50%), duration of an abstract thing (2.55%), a substance a certain amount of which constitutes the main substance (1.91%), and the property experienced through senses (1.11%). Compound adjectives are least commonly used to denote the method in which an object is made (0.48%). Formation of compound adjectives comprising two-word construction terms follow ten word-formation patterns. Four of them are most productive: adjective→noun, numeral→noun, noun→verb and adverb←/→noun. A number of compound adjectives used as secondary components are formed using the same initial constituents. Adjectival constituents are dominated by antonymic adjectives plonas–storas, žemas–aukštas, as well as adjectives stambus, status, tuščias. Most of the numerical constituents are based on the numerals from one to four, while most of the adverbial elements rely on the adverb daug. Quite a few of the initial constituents of compound adjectives feature adverbs, such as greitai, ilgai, mažai, trumpai. A tendency to artificially expand such groups in dictionaries is observed. As different denotata of the field of construction may demonstrate the same principal properties, there is a tendency in construction terminology to express specific components by the same compound adjectives. The most widespread terminological attributes in construction terminology are compound adjectives daugiasluoksnis, -ė, stačiakampis, -ė, dvisluoksnis, -ė, plonasienis, -ė, tuščiaviduris, -ė, viengubas, -a, vienpusis, -ė, ilgalaikis, -ė, smulkiagrūdis, -ė, stambiagrūdis, -ė. Obviously, such terms are easy to remember and convenient to use, but there are certain doubts that other lexical units may be underused in this case. Gauta 2022-08-26 Lina Rutkienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected] 44 Lina Rutkienė Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu