Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu

23Terminology | 2022 | 29 doi.org/10.35321/term29-02 Two-word construction terms with adjective būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu LINA RUTKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: https://0000-0001-6661-3115 ANNOTATION The term is not used equally in all areas. In the field of construction, as the quantitative data shows, they are quite often used to create generic biword terms. The article discusses the relationship of 20th–21st century compound adjectives as terminological attributes with the main element of two-word construction terms according to the expressed idea – the lexical-relative meanings of compound adjectives are determined. The constructive structure of these adjectives, which realizes these meanings, is also reviewed. The study showed that in total, the compound adjectives that are secondary elements of construction terms have 12 lexical-relative meanings, and they are made according to 10 types of construction. In construction terminology, compound adjectives are used mainly to indicate the distinctive feature of the denotation marked with the main focus according to structure, shape, part of the distinctive fastening element and distinctive element. KEY WORDS: constructive structure, two-word term, lexical-relative meaning, construction, compound adjective, secondary term. ABSTRACT The scope of using compound adjectives in the terminology of different fields is uneven. As illustrated by quantitative data, they are rather widely used in cointhe relations between the ing specific two-word terms in the field of construction. The article discusses twentieth–twenty-first-century compound adjectives as terminological attributes and the main component of two-word construction terms in respect of the idea conveyed by them: the lexical-relational meanings of compound adjectives are identified. Their word-formation structure, through which the meanings are conveyed, is reviewed as well. The study revealed that twelve lexical-relational meanings are inherent in the compound adjectives used as secondary components of construction terms, and they are formed under ten word-formation patterns. Construction terminology is dominated by compound adjectives designating the distinctive feature of the denotatum expressed by the nimai of several words, i.e. compounds, or adjectives, terms that, like singulars, perform a nominative function and include the named subject in a complex system of terms of a particular field of science. Researchers Melania The main component in terms of composition, a property of form, a part of the būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu distinctive fastener, and the distinctive part. The main component in terms of composition, a property of form, a part of the distinctive fastener, and the distinctive part. KEYWORDS: word-formation structure, two-word term, lexical-relational meaning, construction, compound adjective, secondary component. ĮVADAS Įvairių mokslo sričių terminų sistemose vyrauja pastovieji sąvokų pavadiCabezas-García and Pamela Faber write that keywords are the primary way in which concepts of specialised fields are linguistically expressed (Cabezas-García, Faber 2017). Begoña Montero, who also argues that very often one scientific concept is expressed not by single words but by composite terms, points out that the nucleus (i.e. the main focus) of a composite term, through which the noun passes, should normally not be modified by more than three modifiers1. The compound term should be such that the semantic connections of the words are clear. These terms must convey logical, clear, accurate and concise information to the reader (Montero 1996: 68–69). The relevance of composite terms can be explained by the need to identify the concept as precisely and specifically as possible, while maintaining a high concentration of information in one lexical unit. It is probably possible to say that compound terms are one of the most expanding layers of lexicon, and this is primarily related to the intensive development of science. According to Tatjana Grigorjeva and Aistė Andriušytė, “the amount of scientific knowledge doubles every 10-15 years” (Grigorjeva, Andriušytė 2015: 11). This means that new knowledge often requires a lot of new terms. Compound terms are very varied in terms of form2 and can be studied in various aspects. According to Kazimieras Gaivenis, “[D]ominantly used in contemporary Lithuanian language are compound terms consisting of two elements, the majority of which are species terms” (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 94). 1 In Lithuanian linguistics, the terms definition, defining element, rather than modification, modifiable element or modifier, common in English-language literature, are more common. However, the latter can also be detected in some works (e.g., see Džežulskienė 2010). 2 As K. Gaivenis writes, “In dictionaries and standards of terms, the longest composite terms are seven words. In scientific texts there are even longer, so-called descriptive compound terms” (Gaivenis 2002: 17). For the types of compound terms defined by the terminologist, see. Gaivenis 2014 [1968]. 25Terminology | 2022 | 29 As the number of compound terms increases, so does their research. In the second half of the 20th century (1975) K. Gaivenis writes that Lithuanian iki šiol mažai kas domėjosi, nors įvairių mokslo sričių žodynuose jie sudaro language “composes the greater part of all terms” (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 61). In the minimum period, compound terms were mainly studied by this terminologist. In the 21st century, composite terms have become the subject of research by a large number of Lithuanian terminologists and other linguists. These terms are examined by scientists in various aspects and are based on empirical material from various fields. For example, Gintautas Akelaitis (2008) studied structural models of compound terms, and Albinas Drukteinis (2011) – syntactic models. Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler (2010) analyzed the synonymy of compound terms in physics. Alvydas Umbrasas (2010) in his monograph examined the relationships and expression of elements of composite terms of law. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė (2021) studied biword names of medical fields with the main focus on disease. In recent years, comparative studies of Lithuanian and other languages (mostly English) compound terms have increased considerably. Publications by Violeta Janulevičienė and Sigita Rackevičienė (2009), Laimutė Kitkauskienė (2009), Judita Džežulskienė (2010), Nijolė Litevkienė (2015) are worth mentioning. In foreign linguistics, researchers focus on automatic recognition of compound terms, their translation problems, the differences between compound term and textual phrase. In this article we choose to discuss one subgroup of one of the most common types of compound terms – two-word combinations – terms whose secondary accent is expressed by a compound adjective. The empirical material of the article is 20th–21st century pronouns and hybrid compound adjectives, which are secondary elements of two-word construction terms. It should be noted that in the texts of the construction field not one compound adjective with both borrowed verbs was found – all the adjectives discussed are functioning only in the construction terminology of the Lithuanian language and the action of compounding has occurred in the Lithuanian language. Such a seemingly narrow object was chosen taking into account quantitative data – it was established that, when performing the nomination of construction concepts, adjectives enriched with terminological attributes become quite often. In the 2002 Construction Terms Dictionary alone, 542 such terms were found. In total, the terms were collected from 55 sources (dictionaries, textbooks, textbooks, construction manuals, monographs, lecture notes, collections of articles), 635 non-repetitive units were collected – separate two-word terms with a subordinate accent expressed by a compound adjective. Lina Rutkienė26 Two-word construction terms with compound When būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu collecting material, it was planned to delve only into compound adjectives, regardless of their relationship with the main – noun – focus. However, such a terminological analysis of compound adjectives separated from the noun would be questionable, because the adjective, which is a subordinate of the tiniu dėmeniu, netenka savo savarankiškumo: būdamas termino sudėtinė compound term, together with the main accent denotes a certain – one – defined scientific concept. Therefore, it would not be possible to separate adjectives from nouns and examine them separately. However, even when denoting a single concept, two-word terms remain divisible both syntactically and according to the meaning expressed. “Their certificates can describe the main theme in various ways,” says K. Gaivenis (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 70). The aim of this article is to discuss the terminological aspect of the compound adjective, which is the secondary focus of two-word construction terms. Firstly, the aim is to examine the relationship of the compound adjective as a terminological attribute with the main element of the term according to the expressed idea, i.e. to determine its lexical-relative meanings. The article will also review the constructive structure of compound adjectives, by which these meanings are realized. During the study, it is expected to identify the enriched adjectives that are most often used as terminological attributes of construction terms. The main method of work is analytical descriptive. The method involves data collection, systematization, discussion and summarization of the results obtained. The terms collected by this method are divided into groups and examined as members of these groups. In the article, the classification is first presented according to the meaning of the main focus – according to it, two-word terms with a secondary focus expressed by a compound adjective are divided into thematic groups. After thematic grouping of empirical material, the lexical-relative meanings of secondary elements are studied. Quantitative data reveals the relation of lexical-relative meanings of the examined elements. The number of collected terms is written in units in each thematic group, and in the conclusions there is also a percentage expression – since the same lexical-relative meanings can be characteristic of members of different thematic groups, it is considered that it is appropriate to generalize them separately from the thematic group. The analysis of the empirical material of the article is essentially based on K. Gaivenis’s publication „Dvižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje“ (1975). The terminology of the second half of the 20th century was based on the dictionaries of terms (including technical ones). According to K. Gaivenis, 27Terminology | 2022 | 29 two-word terms “constitute 11 more commonly used grammatical configurations in contemporary Lithuanian language” (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 94), and one of them is a compound adjective + noun. The researcher notes that the saga -inis, -ė, the noun originators and „[I]ki šiol bene plačiausiai yra tyrinėtos lietuvių kalbos būdvardžių su prieparticipants of the passive kind lexical-relative meanings” (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 71). The researcher found that the secondary elements expressed by enriched adjectives are characteristic of five lexical-relative meanings, i.e. they can be used to indicate 1) a distinctive feature of the instrument or agent, 2) a distinctive detail, 3) the color of the body of an animal or plant, 4) the form of a separate organ, 5) the structure or consistency of a substance. As can be seen from the extensive research of K. Gaivenis, in the terminology of the Lithuanian language of the second half of the 20th century, the compound adjective is not characterized by a large variety of lexical-relative meanings. It is believed that it would be relevant to examine the terminology of another specific field – construction – in which the compound adjective is quite productive, to discuss its lexical-relative meanings. In addition, it is important to assess what other lexical-relative meanings, besides those established by the terminologist K. Gaivenis in the second half of the 20th century, can have the compound adjective used in terminology, and to supplement terminological studies in this aspect. Before beginning to delve into construction terminology, it is necessary to discuss the results of the research of compound terms in other fields related to the subject under consideration, to assess the place of compound adjectives in the terminology system of the fields under consideration. Although, as the data provided by K. Gaivenis shows, the compound adjective has only a few lexical-relative meanings, this does not mean that compound adjectives are rarely used as secondary elements of composite terms, although such a thought certainly arises. G. Akelaitis, having studied administrative compound terms, found that one model of two-word terms with prepositional subjunctive consists of adjective adjective (adjective, passive participle, numerals) or adjective with suffix -inis + noun, and the second one – noun originator + noun (Akelaitis 2008). The scientist does not speak about models with a compound adjective at all. From the study it is possible to conclude that the adjective is not used for administrative terms or is used so rarely that it is not appropriate to distinguish any model with it. A. Umbraso’s study of the terms of the basic law codes of 1918–1940 showed that Lina Rutkienė28 Two-word construction terms with the sum of almost 3,100 būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu two-word terms are only around 20 of those whose secondary terms are dėmenys išreikšti įvardžiuotinės formos negalinčiu turėti būdvardžiu, ir tarp jų vyrauja sudurtiniai būdvardžiai (Umbrasas 2010: 154). Kad sudurtiniai būdvardžiai kai kuriose terminų sistemose gana retai eina šalutiniais elements, as shown by P. Zemlevičiūtė’s study. The researcher, who carried out an analysis of medical names with the main accent disease in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, states that “[t]he research material found only one dependent accent, expressed by a compound adjective, the first accent of which is the proper pronoun, and the second – the noun stovis [proper noun disease].” (Zemlevičiūtė 2021: 248). Of course, the productivity of the compound adjective as a subordinate is very different in different periods in the terminology systems of different fields, but when summarizing the discussed studies, a common tendency becomes apparent – the compound adjective as a terminological attribute is often outcompeted by the nominative adjective, the passive participant and the noun originator. Based on the discussed research, the question arises: perhaps the wider use of the adjective for terminological needs, i.e. for the nomination of scientific concepts, is limited by the diversity of its lexical-relative meanings? The answer to this question will be attempted to be found in the study of two-word construction terms, the secondary accent of which is expressed by a compound adjective. COMPOSITE OFFICE GARDEN Compound adjectives are characterized by certain characteristics, which are important because they can “describe the characteristics of the terminologiškai. Adelės Valeckienės tvirtinimu, sudurtiniai būdvardžiai object in a much more specific and detailed way than the (non-compound) adjective expressed by a single word” (Valeckienė 1957: 279). Vincentas Drotvinas draws attention to productivity: in his opinion, both in ancient writings and in contemporary Lithuanian, the formation of compound adjectives “is one of the more productive ways of adjective formation” (Drotvinas 1963: 75). Nurulas Pratiwis and co-authors, asserting that enriched adjectives modify the noun more clearly and in more detail than the more commonly used unenriched adjectives, note that objects marked with nouns, described by attributes expressed by enriched adjectives, are easier to visualize (Pratiwi et al. 2016). linga use and Taigi, kuriant tikslius, trumpus, aiškios motyvacijos terminus, tiksenriched adjectives. According to Stasys Keinis, enriched 29Terminology | 2022 | 29 words help to avoid concentration of notes (Keinys 2005 [1983]: 130). Compound adjectives, as terminological attributes, denote an individual phenomenon, distinguishing it from specifinį, nekintamą pažymimuoju žodžiu pasakomo dalyko požymį. Jie apibendrintai ir tiksliai apibrėžia pagrindinu dėmeniu įvardijamą daiktą ar others that do not have such a characteristic (or for which this characteristic is not essential). The construction field biword terms refer to various (usually generic) concepts related to the construction of buildings and other structures (towers, ports, bridges, etc.), the straightening of roads, sewerage and gasification main networks, the management of construction processes, design, construction technology, foundations and other underground structures, work and fire safety. Since the constructional terminology is very broad, before examining the lexical-relative meanings of compound adjectives, two-word constructional terms with secondary elements expressed by compound adjectives, as mentioned in the introduction, are divided into thematic groups and further examined according to them. During the collection and analysis of empirical material, it was observed that not all thematic groups are used to use a compound adjective to make two-word construction terms. Most often, enriched adjectives are used to make two-word terms denoting the names of structures (mostly buildings), their parts and structures, building materials, intermediate construction products, as well as machines and tools. A considerable fiber of discussed two-word terms consists of the names of fasteners, less – names of abstract phenomena. It is not typical to use a compound adjective to express a subordinate when making terms naming persons, protective measures, documents, construction sites and construction technologies. LEXICAL-RELATIVE MEANS OF SECONDARY SUBSTANTIVES EXPRESSED BY COMPOSITE PRONOUNS AND WORKING STRUCTURE Before discussing the secondary elements according to lexical-relative meanings in more detail, it is necessary to draw attention to a tendency that emerged during the division of the empirical material: when the compounded adjectives are old common language words (here reference is made to the sources of the Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian Language), they fall into very different thematic groups and can go along with the attributes of construction terms denoting distant concepts. First of all, in terms of the quantitative criterion, this applies to the enriched adjectives with the conjugated roots -gubas, -a, -tisas, -a, as well as to the adjectives dvipusis, -ė, vienpusis, -ė. These adjectives have been used in construction terminology since ancient būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu times, and with them many two-word construction terms of different thematic groups have been made, the secondary elements of which denote a distinctive feature according to structure, e.g.: double wall KKGSP 1910, double panel CPK 1992, double height STŽ 2002, double notch MK 2000, double glazing STŽ 2002, double angle STŽ 2002, double window ŽŪS 1929, STŽ 2002, double glass CPK 1992, double control STŽ 2002, double bending STŽ 2002, double partition SA 2007, double coupling STŽ 2002; solid panel CPK 1992, solid cross-section MK 2000, solid frame STŽ 2002; double-sided arch STŽ 2002, double-sided seam SBPK 1995, double-sided reinforcement STŽ 2002, double-sided suction V 2008, double-sided plug STŽ 2002; single-sided load SGBT 1931, single-sided traffic STŽ 2002, single-sided entry ALKS 1993, single-sided connection ALKS 1993. In a large number of such two-word terms of different thematic groups, the adjective antraeilis, -ė (“less important”) is used as a secondary element, having the lexical-relative meaning of the subject’s evaluated characteristic: antraeiliai pastatai PLST 1972, antraeilis darbininkas STŽ 2002, antraeilis trobesys KS 1936, antraeilė sija BGD 1978, antraeilė ventiliacija STŽ 2022, antraeilis geležinkelis MT 1929. When a compound adjective is a new word in construction terminology, it is more often used with terms belonging to the same thematic group, for example, all two-word terms with the adjective daugiaatramis, -ė belong to the thematic group of building structures: daugiaatramė konstrukcija ALKS 1993, daugiaatramė sija MK 2000, daugiaatramis rėmas MK 1977, and all two-word terms with the accent greitaeigis, -ė – to the thematic group of building materials: greitaeigis cementas ALKS 1993, greitaeigis gypsas STŽ 2002, greitaeigis mišinys STŽ 2002, greitaeigis tinkas ALKS 1993. In principle, each thematic group has its own lexical-relative meanings of secondary elements. Their repeatability is presumably determined by analogous work, the need for which is presupposed by the requirements of systematicity, convenience and clarity of terms. This probably explains the recurring work structure, and even the same productive sands among the members of the same thematic groups. At the beginning of the formation of the scientific terminology of construction (from the beginning of the 20th century), two-word terms, whose secondary gausu. Keletą jų randame 1910 m. išleistoje iš rusų kalbos išverstoje knyfocus is a compound adjective, are not in the gel How and from what can be built cheap and durable farm huts: moldrebė 31Terminology | 2022 | 29 troba KKGSP 1910, mollipē siena KKGSP 1910, molpluke siena KKGSP 1910. The method of making the named object belonging to the thematic groups of these structures (buildings) and their constructions: the dvižodžių terminų šalutiniais dėmenimis pasakomas pagrindiniu dėmeniu troba is shaken out of clay, the wall is also peeled and peeled out of clay. These compound adjectives are characterized by the operative structure D → V3. In the booklet mentioned above, a two-word term with a secondary element denoting the consistency of the material was discovered – semi-smooth dough KKGSP 1910, which was made by simply adding the adverb to the adjective (Pv → B), leaving the adjective ending -a. It is also characterized by a Pv → B constructive structure, but the constructive structure is already systematic. Interestingly, the lexical-relative meanings of the secondary elements discussed in later sources were not detected. In the interwar period, as the construction terminology continued to develop, the compound adjectives were mainly secondary elements of two-word terms denoting structural structures and meant a feature related to the structure (e.g.: single flooring SGBT 1931, single-sided roof MGN 1933, see below for more details). A large number of compound adjectives – terminological attributes – appeared in construction terminology in the Soviet era. After Lithuania regained independence, the number of compound adjectives in construction terminology increased. 1. The largest group of colloquial terms consists of the names of buildings, their parts and structures, i.e. the results of construction activities. 1.1. Most of them (217) are terms whose secondary element, expressed by a compound adjective, tells the distinctive feature of the object according to the structure, i.e. tells how many or what certain parts (often the main structural ones) make up the defining object. The first syllable of a large number of such compound adjectives is based on the noun-controlling adverb many or the numerals from one to six, and 3 According to A. Valeckiene, “[S]yntaxically, all compound adjectives in Lithuanian are connective. One constituent part (usually the first one) is connected or controlled by the second one and indicates, supplements the meaning of the second part” (Valeckienė 1957: 279). In contemporary Lithuanian grammar (DLKG 2005) the terms definite (determinative) and constitutive (copulative) conjugations are used, but when it comes to conjugations whose second syllable is based on a verb, this classification is no longer applicable. A. Valeckienės proposed term connective enriched adjectives includes enriched adjectives of all types of action. Dependency relationships in this article are shown by an arrow: it points from the dependent stock to the main stock, i.e. in the direction of pull. Here and hereafter B – adjective, D – noun, Dl – participle, Į – noun, Pv – adverb, S – numeral, V – verb. Lina Rutkienė38 Two-word construction terms with an aggregate of būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu meanings, thus compound adjectives, it is assumed, can be used quite widely for the nomination of concepts of scientific fields. Of course, these data only provide information on one area. As for the constructive structure of compound adjectives in two-word construction terms, they are made according to 10 types of construction (see Figure 1). Figure 1. As can be seen from Figure 1, the productivity of four types of action is distinguished: B → D, S → D, D → V and Pv ← D / Pv → D. The second action is in most cases noun, much less often – verb or adjective. There is no single adjective found with a second sandu based on another part of the language. Many adjectives with secondary elements are made with the same first verbs. Among the adjective sands prevail those based on antonym adjectives thin – thick, low – high, as well as adjectives bulky, status, empty. Most numerals are supported by numerals from one to four, and most adverbs are supported by many adverbs. Many of the first compound adjectives are supported by the adverbs greitai, ilgai, mažai, trumpai. There is a noticeable tendency to artificially expand such groups in dictionaries. For example, in the Construction Terms Dictionary (2002) alone there are 107 biword terms in which the first syllable of a compound adjective in the subjunctive is dvi-, and 31 biword terms in which the compound adjective in the subjunctive has the first syllable many. Dd→uV Pvv←uD /Sh→uD Bh→uD Pvp→oD Pvv→uB Įš→uV Pvv→uV Įš→uD D →uD DI →uD 15,08 % 12,56 % 16,58 % 21,61 % 7,04 % 3,02 % 6,53 % 5,03 % 10,05 % 2,50 % 39Terminology | 2022 | 29 Apskritai galima pastebėti, kad kuriant aptariamuosius statybos termius are most often based on those already functioning in construction terminology (1957: durtiniais būdvardžiais, o ne daromi naujadarai. Kalbėdama apie bendrosios kalbos būdvardžius, A. Valeckienė teigia, kad sudurtiniai būdvardžiai žymi „dažnai tik vienam kokiam daiktui būdingą ypatybę“ (Valeckienė 279). However, in construction terminology, we see the opposite phenomenon: many of the same adjectives, passing through secondary subjects, describe different things. Figure 2 shows the enriched adjectives, which are the most frequently used as secondary elements of construction terms. Figure 2. For example, the adjective multilayered, -ė, is the subordinate element of 19 different two-word construction terms, rectangular, -ė – 18, and the adjective two-layered, -ė, as well as the adjectives thin-walled, -ė, hollow, -ė, are the subordinate elements of 16 two-word construction terms. In other words, when the concepts have coincident characteristics, the recognizable expression is first sought. Of course, such terms are easy to remember and convenient to use, but it is doubtful that in such a case other lexical units are not used sufficiently. CONCLUSIONS 1. Two-word terms with compound adjectives expressing subordinate elements are an important part of construction terminology. These terms denote generic concepts, mainly related to the means and results of construction activities: they designate building materials, structures, Lina Rutkienė40 Two-word construction terms with compound constructions, būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu intermediate construction products, machines and tools, fasteners. These two terms are often used to refer to the same abstract phenomenon. 2.The secondary elements of the two-word construction terms, expressed by enriched adjectives, can define the main elements in various significant aspects – these elements are characterized by 12 lexical-relative meanings. Thus, the compound adjective can be used quite widely for the nomination of concepts in the construction field. Such meanings as structure characteristics, form characteristics, structure characteristics, evaluative characteristics, potential characteristics, sensory perceived characteristics, are characteristic to members of more than one thematic group. 3. Pagal kiekybę iš visų išsiskiria sudurtiniai būdvardžiai, kuriais nutheir parts and show the distinctive feature of an abstract or concrete object according to its structure – as many as 45.70% of the collected terms have this meaning in the secondary elements expressed by compound adjectives. A smaller number of secondary elements are characterized by detalės dalį (11,15 proc.), išskiriamąją detalę (7,17 proc.). Dar mažiau sudurtinių būdvardžių, einančių šalutiniais dėmenimis, nurodo potencinę designating a feature of form (13.22%), a feature of attachment of the distinguishing element (4.94%), a feature of machine operation (4.78%), a feature of structure (3.50%), the duration of an abstract object (2.55%), a substance of which a certain amount is included in the main substance (1.91%), and a sensory feature (1.11%). The most rarely used enriched adjectives are the way of making the object (0.48%). The latter lexical-relative meaning in the terminology of constructive adjectives since the 20th century. the middle is no longer detected. 4. The majority of compound adjectives have an adjective structure B → D, S → D, D → V and Pv ← D / Pv → D. The most productive parts of nominative language are the noun, adjective, numerals and adverbs. There is a noticeable tendency to repeat the same songs. This is especially true of terms fixed in dictionaries. 5. Since different construction denotations may have the same basic characteristics, in construction terminology it is customary to express the specific features with the same compound adjectives. The most common terminological attributes in construction terminology are enriched adjectives multilayer, -ė, rectangular, -ė, two-layer, -ė, thin-walled, -ė, hollow, -ė, single, -a, single-sided, -ė, long-lasting, -ė, fine-grained, -ė, coarse-grained, -ė. 41Terminology | 2022 | 29 SOURCES AC – Armcement, aut. F. Bielinskis, P. 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Blaževičius, KABK – Composite Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1962. reinforced concrete structures: textbook, aut. G. Kaklauskas, D. Bačinskas, V. Gribniak, D. Jakubovskis, D. Ulbinas, E. Gudonis, A. Meškėnas, E. Timinskas, A. Sokolov, Vilnius: Technology, 2012. KAŠ – Heat resistant shamotte concretes: monograph, aut. S. Goberis, V. Antonovič, Vilnius: Technika: 2007. KKGSP – How and from what to build cheap and durable farm huts, ed. J. Bražinskas, Vilnius: Juozapo Zavadzki Press, 1910. KP – Structural steels, aut. A. Pavaras, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1978. KS – Rural construction, aut. P. Drąsutis, P. Gaižutis, L. Gudzinskas, J. Juška, P. Kalita, E. Kersnauskas, V. Švipas, Kaunas: Spindulys, 1936. MA – Resistance of materials, aut. K. Vasiliauskas, Kaunas: Vilnius, 1940. MBD – Mason and Concrete Work: Textbook, authors V. Adomavičius, J. Aleksejeva, A. Česas, R. Dovydaitė, Vilnius: Mintis, 2008. MDKM – Masonry works and installation of structures: textbook, author I. Ishchenka, Vilnius: Mintis, 1971. MGN – Urban residential buildings: requirements for their construction and their design, author V. Švipas, Kaunas: 1933. Varpas, MK – Wooden constructions: textbook, author. A. Valentinavičius, B. Valiūnas, Vilnius: Enciklopedija, 2000. MK – Metal constructions: textbook, aut. J. Paulauskas, A. Kvedaras, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977. MK – Masonry constructions, aut. A. Rozenbliumas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1956. MS – Clay construction, aut. New York, NY: State University of New York Press, 1928. MT – Wooden bridges, aut. S. Grinkevičius, Kaunas: Spindulys, 1929. Materials Science for Tile and Mosaic Plasterers: Textbook, aut. A. V. Aleksandrovskis, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. PAPŠ – Building finishing. Building insulation and plastering. Finishing with tiles and installation of finishing elements: textbook, authors M. Černius, E. Kuliešius, V. Rutkevičienė, V. Savarauskienė, Vilnius: Mintis, 2008. PK – Building structures. Part I: textbook, aut. A. Bistrickas, N. Geršas, J. Kapčius, K. Kaušinis, J. Mikuckas, V. Verbickis, B. Ziberkas, A. Žintelis, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1962. PK – Steel structures: textbook, aut. J. Paulauskas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1961. PLST – French-Lithuanian Construction Terms Dictionary, ed. A. Gudaitis, Vilnius: VISI, 1972. PNA – Insulation of Built Houses, ed. B. Vektaris, Kaunas: Raidė, 1994. PSAK – Building painting and upholstery gluing: textbook, author V. Butavičienė, V. Stasionienė, Vilnius: Thinking, 2008. PSDP – Durability of painted surfaces of building walls: monograph, aut. R. Miniotaitė, V. Stankevičius, Kaunas: Technologija, 2001. RLKP – Russian-Lithuanian Polytechnic Dictionary, ed. col. A. Novodorskis, L. Kumpikas, J. Mikuckas, J. Stanaitis, S. Vasauskas, J. Vidmantas, Vilnius: State publishing house of political and scientific literature, 1959. Lina Rutkienė42 Two-word construction terms with adjective būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu RNS – Log house construction: a guide, aut. R. Bortkūnas, T. Braškys, V. Čeikauskas, R. Daraškevičius, T. Gecas, T. Lapinskas, E. Norvaišas, M. Sakaitis, A. Sirvydis, T. Šlivinckas, G. Unikas, V. Uosaitis, Vilnius: Balto print, 2012. SA – Building acoustics: textbook, author V. J. Stauskis, Vilnius: Technika, 2007. SBPK – Safety and durability assessment of welded and seamless steel structures, aut. A. Kudzys, V. Vaitkevičius, Vilnius: Solertija, 1995. SDKŽ – Construction workers qualification guide, ed. S. V. Bashinskij, P. V. Blaževič, I. A. Petrov, Kaunas: Vilnius, 1940. SG – Precast reinforced concrete, aut. A. Bujokas, A. Stonys, Vilnius: Mintis, 1971. SGBT – Diapers. Reinforced concrete and concrete bridges, aut. J. Gabrys, Kaunas [n. s.], 1931. SGKP – Construction: installation and finishing of plasterboard panels, aut. A. Zienius, Vilnius: Lodvila, 2006. SISCh – Dynamics of characteristics of structural and engineering systems. Part I: textbook, aut. A. Janickas, Kaunas: Technologija, 2000. SK – Building structures: material of the conference to mark the 100th anniversary of the birth of Prof. A. Rozenbliubas, held in Vilnius on June 5-6, 2002, Vilnius, 2002. SKKS – Building structures: development and strengthening, authors D. Bačinskas, A. Baltrušaitis, A. Bičiulaitienė, E. Dulinskas, A. Endriukaitytė, A. Jarmolajev, V. Jokūbaitis, G. Jurkėnas and others, Vilnius: Technika, SM – Building materials: textbook, aut. S. 1998. Sčesnulevičius, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966. SM – Building materials, aut. C. R. Ramonas, Kaunas: Ūkininko patarėjas, 1993. SMG – Building materials and products: textbook, aut. B. Grigaliūnas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1974. SMU – Building materials. Fillings: textbook, aut. A. Naujokaitis, Vilnius: Technika, 2006. SP – Building Basics, aut. A. Ilyichev, A. Kokinas, J. Rebortovičius, vert. R. Kuosaitė. Vilnius: Vaizdas. SSM – Construction. I take it. Building materials, aut. J. Šimoliūnas, Kaunas: Spindulys, 1937. The Dictionary of Construction Terms, aut. A. Kudzys, A. Rosenas, B. Kudzienė, Vilnius: Lietuvos mokslas, 2002. HVAC – Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, author D. Gutauskaitė, Kaunas: Technologija, 1992. V – Ventilation: textbook, aut. E. Juodis, Vilnius: Technika, 2008. ŽŪS – Žemės ūkio statyba: bendroji dalis: statybos medžiagos ir trobesių dalys: vadovėlis, aut. L. Gimbutas, Kaunas: Spindulys, 1929. LITERATŪRA Akelaitis Gintautas 2008: Sudėtinių administracinių terminų struktūriniai modeliai. – Specialybės kalba: terminija ir studijos: mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys, Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universitetas, 5–13. Cabezas-García Melania, Faber Pamela 2017: Exploring the semantics of multi-word terms by means of paraphrases. – Temas actuales de terminología y estudios sobre el léxico, Granada, España: Comares, 193–217. Prieiga internete: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321225904_Exploring_the_ semantics_of_multi-word_terms_by_means_of_paraphrases. DLKG – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, red. V. Ambrazas, 4-as patais. leid., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2005. Drotvinas Vincentas 1963: Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos sudurtinių būdvardžių struktūriniai-semantiniai tipai (remiantis XVI–XVIII a. raštų medžiaga). – Kalbotyra 6, 75–97. Drukteinis Albinas 2011: Sintaksiniai sudėtinių jūreivystės terminų modeliai. – Res humanitariae 10, 234–255. Džežulskienė Judita 2010: Prepozicinė ir postpozicinė modifikacija: trižodžių angliškų ir lietuviškų terminų gretinamoji analizė. – Kalbotyra 62(3), 7–21. Gaivenis Kazimieras 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla. Gaivenis Kazimieras 2014 [1968]: Iš 2 ir 3 dėmenų sudarytų sudėtinių terminų tipai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje. – Kazimieras Gaivenis. Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 34–46. Gaivenis Kazimieras 2014 [1975]: Dvižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje. – Kazimieras Gaivenis. Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 60–97. Gaivenytė-Butler Jolanta 2000: Sudėtinių fizikos terminų sinonimijos atvejai terminų žodynuose. – Kalbos kultūra 73, 62–67. Grigorjeva Tatjana, Andriušytė Aistė 2015: Mokslinių tyrimų pagrindai: mokomoji knyga, Vilnius: Technika. 43Terminologija | 2022 | 29 Janulevičienė Violeta, Rackevičienė Sigita 2009: Nusikalstamų veikų pavadinimai lietuvių ir anglų kalbomis. – Socialinių mokslų studijos 4(4), 357–381. Keinys Stasys 2005 [1983]: Lietuviškų sudurtinių terminų daryba. – Dabartinė lietuvių terminologija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 129–182. Kitkauskienė Laimutė 2009: Statybos ir civilinės statybos terminus reiškiantys dvižodžiai junginiai anglų ir lietuvių kalbose. – Santalka 17(2), 52–60. Litevkienė Nijolė 2015: Trižodžių anatomijos derinamojo pažyminio ir nederinamojo pažyminio lietuviškų terminų ir lotyniškų atitikmenų priklausomybė. – Profesinės studijos: teorija ir praktika 15, 42–46. Prieiga internete: https://svako.lt/uploads/pstp-15-2015-6.pdf. Montero Begoña 1996: Technical Communication: Complex Nominals Used to Express new Concepts in Scientific English - Causes and Ambiguity in Meaning. – ESPecialist 17(1), 57–72. Prieiga internete: https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/esp/article/download/9476/7042. Pratiwi Nurul, Ohoiwutun Jos E. B., Waris Abdul 2016: Morphological analysis of compound adjectives in sentences in Brooke’s Heartland. – e-Journal of English Language Teaching Society (ELTS) 4(2). Prieiga internete: https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/243571-morphological-analysis-of-compoundadjec-fbc1995d.pdf. Umbrasas Alvydas 2010: Lietuvių teisės terminija 1918–1940 metais: pagrindinių kodeksų terminai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Valeckienė Adelė 1957: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos įvardžiuotinių būdvardžių vartojimas. – Literatūra ir kalba 2, 161–328. Zemlevičiūtė Palmira 2021: XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu „liga“ ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis. – Terminologija 28, 239–255. TWO-WORD CONSTRUCTION TERMS WITH THE SECONDARY COMPONENT EXPRESSED BY A COMPOUND ADJECTIVE Summary Compound adjectives denote an individual, specific, and stable feature of something that is expressed by the modified word. They describe the thing or phenomenon designated by the main component in a generalising and precise manner, distinguish it from others not possessing such a feature (or where such a feature is not essential) and can therefore be rather widely used for the nomination of scientific concepts. However, as illustrated by other scholarly studies, the terminological capacities of the compound adjective are underused in certain fields. In the field of construction, the compound adjective becomes a terminological attribute rather frequently: 635 distinct two-word terms with the secondary component expressed by a compound adjective were found in a total of 48 sources. The article employs the analytical-descriptive method to address compound adjectives from a terminological perspective: the relations between the secondary components of construction terms taking the form of compound adjectives and the main component are discussed in terms of the idea conveyed by them, i.e., their lexical-relational meanings are determined; the word-formation structure of compound adjectives, through which these meanings are conveyed. is reviewed; the compound adjectives that are most commonly used as the terminological attributes of construction terms are identified. The study revealed that the main components can be modified by the secondary components of two-word construction terms expressed by compound adjectives by conveying different aspects of meaning: as many as twelve lexical-relational meanings Lina Rutkienė44 Dvižodžiai statybos terminai su sudurtiniu can be expressed by these būdvardžiu išreikštu šalutiniu dėmeniu components. Therefore, the compound adjective can be racomponents expressed by compound ther widely used for the nomination of concepts in the field of construction. Compound adjectives denoting a distinctive feature of an abstract or concrete thing in terms of its composition stand out from others by their quantity: the secondary adjectives have this meaning in the case of as many as 45.70% of the terms collected in the study. This meaning is inherent in the secondary components comprising the terms of different thematic groups: names of structures, their parts, and constructions (daugiaaukštė aikštelė, dvirėmis langas), abstract names (daugiaciklis patvarumas, daugiapakopis režimas), and intermediate construction products (daugiasluoksnis kartonas, plonavielis tinklelis). A total of 13.22% of the secondary components modifying the main components of the terms from the thematic groups of structures, their parts and constructions, and intermediate construction products specify some property of form. Fewer secondary components describe a part of a distinctive fastener (11.15%) or a distinctive part (7.17%). Even fewer compound adjectives used as secondary components designate a potential property (4.94%), a machine operating property (4.78%), a structural property (3.50%), duration of an abstract thing (2.55%), a substance a certain amount of which constitutes the main substance (1.91%), and the property experienced through senses (1.11%). Compound adjectives are least commonly used to denote the method in which an object is made (0.48%). Formation of compound adjectives comprising two-word construction terms follow ten word-formation patterns. Four of them are most productive: adjective→noun, numeral→noun, noun→verb and adverb←/→noun. A number of compound adjectives val constituents are dominated by antonymic adjectives plonas–stori, žemas–aukštas, as well as adjectives stambus, status, tuščias. Most of the numerical constituents are based on the numerals from one to four, while most of the adverbial elements rely on the adverb daug. A few used as secondary components are formed using the same initial constituents. Adjectiof the initial constituents of compound adjectives feature adverbs, such as greitai, ilgai, mažai, trumpai. A tendency to artificially expand such groups in dictionaries is observed. As different denotata of the field of construction may demonstrate the same principal properties, there is a tendency in construction terminology to express specific components by the same compound adjectives. The most widespread terminological attributes in construction terminology are compound adjectives daugiasluoksnis, -ė, čiakampis, -ė, dvisluoksnis, -ė, plonasienis, -ė, tuščiaviduris, -ė, viengubas, -a, vienpusis, -ė, stailgalaikis, -ė, smulkiagrūdis, -ė, stambiagrūdis, -ė. Obviously, such terms are easy to remember and convenient to use, but there are certain doubts that other lexical units may be underused in this case. Retrieved 2022-08-26. Lina Rutkienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail: [email protected]