Termininiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje

doi.org/10.35321/term29-01 Terminological Adjectives in Online Media ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-1555 ABSTRACT Continuing research into the use of terms in online media, this article analyzes adjectives with specialized meanings that are relevant to terminology. Drawing on the DELFI.lt corpus, it seeks to identify usage trends for terminological adjectives included in general dictionaries. It examines whether such adjectives are used in the media as components of terms, whether they merely occur with nouns or noun phrases that function as terms without forming part of those terms, and whether terminological adjectives retain a subject-specific meaning in the media that allows them to be considered units of specialized vocabulary. Adjective use is analyzed with regard to syntactic function. KEYWORDS: terms, specialized vocabulary, adjectives, corpus, attributive phrases. ABSTRACT Continuing the research on the use of terms in online media, the article analyses specialised adjectives relevant to terminology. The aim is to determine the usage tendencies of terminological adjectives, which are included in general dictionaries. The research, based on the corpus of DELFI.lt, is intended to ascertain whether such adjectives are used in the media as constituents of terms or they only modify nouns or noun phrases that function as terms, without being constituents of those terms, and whether terminological adjectives retain a special meaning in the media, allowing them to be considered units of specialised lexis. The usage of adjectives is analysed considering their syntactic functions. KEYWORDS: terms, specialised lexis, adjectives, corpus, attributive phrases. 6 Asta Mitkevičienė | Terminiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje Traditionally, only nouns and noun phrases—nominal word groups and nominal phrases1—are regarded as terms and as fully-fledged designations of concepts. For example, Kazimieras Gaivenis maintained that adjectives may occur “only as components of complex terms, but they cannot be considered independent terms” (Gaivenis 2002: 31). In some recent and foundational works in Western terminology, not only nouns but also adjectives, verbs, and adverbs are recognized as terms (e.g., Cabré 1999 111; L’Homme 2020: 63)2. The terminological status of adjectives is affirmed in Kaarina Pitkänen-Heikkilä’s article (2015), in which the author draws on data from botany (plant morphology)3. Regardless of whether adjectives should be considered terms (an issue that will not be examined further in this article), it is clear that their place in terminology systems is indisputable: adjectives occur as subordinate components of complex terms, that is, together with nouns or noun phrases they form terminological units. In addition, the terminology literature distinguishes another large group of attributive adjectives relevant to terminology and terminography—term collocates, which simply describe terms (see de Santiago González, Grcic Simeunovic 2017: 203). Both term collocates and components of terms may be adjectives from either specialized or general vocabulary. Adjectives used with a specialized (domain-specific) meaning can be considered terminological adjectives4. In Lithuanian terminology, adjectives have so far been analyzed mainly as subordinate components of terms, with their formal expression and/or semantics being discussed (e.g., Gaivenis 2014: 60–97; Stunžinas 2004; Auksoriūtė 2016; Zemlevičiūtė 2020, among others). Their terminological status has not been considered. In this article, continuing research into the use of terms in popular online media (see Mitkevičienė 2020, 2021), 1 Complex terms also include, for example, nouns linked by coordination and chains of word groups. According to Gintautas Akelaitis, not all three-word and multiword terms should be considered word groups (Akelaitis 2008: 6), although the syntactic construction they constitute is not explained. In this article, as is customary in Lithuanian terminology, complex terms will be treated as word groups. 2 Nouns are still considered prototypical terms. 3 Terminographers should take note of her relevant observation that specialized adjectives used in domain-specific texts as predicatives rather than as attributive modifiers should have their own entries in terminological dictionaries, since forming nominal abstracts from them or noun phrases containing them would be unnatural. 4 Adjectives that have become nouns and perform the function of terms should be mentioned separately. Such adjectives are, of course, to be considered genuine terms. They fall outside the scope of this article, but the fact that an adjective occurring as a subordinate component may begin to be used in place of the whole term reinforces the terminological value of adjectives. Terminologija | 2022 | 29 7 The terminological adjectives are analyzed. The aim is to identify the usage tendencies of terminological adjectives in the media. The study seeks to determine whether such adjectives are used as components of terms, whether they merely occur with nouns or noun phrases functioning as terms without being part of those terms, and whether terminological adjectives retain a subject-field meaning (at least an approximate one) in the media, allowing the adjective to be regarded as a unit of specialized vocabulary. Terminological adjectives are part of specialized, or subject-field, vocabulary5, and those most relevant to the public also enter general usage and, from there, general dictionaries (on specialized vocabulary in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (BŽ), see Naktinienė 2002; it should be added that only nouns are mentioned there). Six adjectives from the field of medicine6 were selected for the study; they are included in the BŽ and the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (DŽ). The adjectives were selected using the advanced search function in the E. kalba system, filtering words in both dictionaries by the label med.; frequent adjectives without this label but relevant to medical language and terminology were also included. Next, the adjectives selected were checked to see which are more widely used in the media, although, undoubtedly, the mere fact that these adjectives are included in general dictionaries shows that they are not (or should not be) restricted to narrow specialized usage. Inevitably involving some subjectivity, the selection comprised the following international (more precisely, of international origin) (a) and Lithuanian-origin (b) relational adjectives7: a) immuninis, alerginis, antivirusinis and b) lėtinis, erkinis. A qualitative adjective, alergiškas, was deliberately added to these adjectives, in the hope that its contrast with alerginis would bring out terminologically significant features, although it can already be anticipated that functioning as a term component is not typical of it. The adjectives selected for the study originated in subject-field language; that is, they entered general usage from terminology or subject-field language, not the other way around. This is supported by lexicographic (see E. kalba) and terminographic data. The most comprehensive Dictionary of Medical Terms (MedŽ) published to date, issued as early as 1980, Apie dalykinės kalbos sąvoką ir santykį su specialiąja kalba žr. Kontutytė 2007. Į LR terminų banką įtraukti angliško termino language for special purposes (LSP) atitikmenys specialioji kalba (iš LST ISO 1087-1:2005), dalykinė kalba, specialioji kalba (iš Lingvodi dak tikos terminų žodyno, 2012). Medicine is among the fields whose terminology most often reaches the public. On the basis of dictionary labels, Vida Žilinskienė found that the third edition of the DŽ included 227 medical terms, with the vocabulary of three subject fields exceeding that number (Žilinskienė 1997: 46). Funkcinėje gramatikoje – klasifikuojamieji būdvardžiai (Valeckienė 1998: 123). 8 Asta Mitkevičienė │ Termininiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje adjectives were also included as separate entries, among which several objects of this study can be found: imuninis, lėtinis, erkinis. The source for the study is DELFI.lt, a 70-million-word corpus representing online media, compiled from 2014–2016 publications of the popular news portal of the same name (for further details, see LKKŽ 2019: 14–15). The same corpus has already been used to study terms in the media (Mitkevičienė 2020, 2021); moreover, this corpus in particular (as well as the database compiled on its basis) is used in research on Lithuanian multiword expressions (e.g., Bielinskienė et al. 2019; Kovalevskaitė et al. 2021, among others)8. Thus, after selecting the adjectives mentioned above, their concordances were analyzed. In total, more than 3,300 lines were reviewed: lėtinis – 1,084, imuninis – 949, alergiškas – 455, alerginis – 434, antivirusinis – 221, erkinis – 170. First, on the basis of context, the lines concerning health or medical matters were selected. This made it possible to set aside examples of non-subject-field, more precisely non-medical, use of the adjectives. Next, at the phrase level, the nouns modified by the adjectives were identified, and at the sentence level, the adjectives’ use as predicatives9. Since the analysis of adjective use takes their syntactic function into account, adjectives as attributes and as predicatives are examined separately (cf. footnote 3). An adjective signals a typical term structure and a distinguishing feature in the attributive position; therefore, in analyzing attributive adjectives, the first step was to determine in which combinations they form a component—a dependent element—of a term. To this end, attributive combinations found in the corpus were searched for in medical dictionaries and reference works, the LR Terminology Bank, the Encyclopedia of Lithuania (VLEe), and other sources (see below), as well as Google Scholar10. Nevertheless, it should be acknowledged that this method of determining whether combinations are terms (by form and subject field) is deficient; on the other hand, there is no 8 Kaip jau pabrėžta anksčiau (Mitkevičienė 2021), į DELFI.lt tekstyną įeina heterogeniški tekstai: juose pateikiama informacijos iš pranešimų spaudai, mokslo populiarinimo ar mokslinių darbų, tekstuose gali būti cituojama ar atpasakojama tiek medicinos specialisto kalba, tiek tiesiogiai su medicina nesusijusio adresanto teiginiai, pateikiamos žurnalisto interpretacijos ir pan. Tos skirtybės, be abejo, turi įtakos ir terminų bei specialiosios leksikos vartosenai, tačiau dėl šaltinio pobūdžio (žiniasklaidos tekstynas, o ne konkretūs tekstai) šiame tyrime į tas skirtybes nėra atsižvelgiama – tiriamoji medžiaga analizuojama kaip internetinės žiniasklaidos diskurso, kurio adresatas – plačioji visuomenė, dalis. 9 The concept of predicative includes copular predicatives, free secondary predicatives, and obligatory secondary predicatives; there are no clear-cut morphosyntactic boundaries between them (Holvoet, Tamulionienė 2005: 137). In traditional grammar, secondary predicatives are called predicative modifiers (ibid.: 117). 10 The article does not distinguish between terms used in scientific and popular-science contexts, or between those used by medical researchers and practitioners (doctors, etc.). Terminologija | 2022 | 29 9 another potentially reliable method of identifying terms is selection by specialists in the subject area (moreover, this method is more difficult to implement). The article avoids presenting quantitative data because it is not always possible to say with certainty that a particular phrase is a term; furthermore, as will become clear below, the same concepts may be named differently in different sources. ATTRIBUTIVE USAGE Immune. This adjective has not yet been defined in BŽ, and does not appear in DŽ. The Lithuanian Database of Fixed Expressions includes the term-functioning phrase immune system, with a frequency of 783. This accounts for about 83 percent of all occurrences of the adjective immune. The corpus also records other terms in which this adjective functions as a subordinate component: immune protection, immune response, immune cells, immune mechanisms, immune memory, immune processes, immune serum, immune profile, etc. The terminological status of these phrases is confirmed by the data in the Explanatory Dictionary of Immunology and Allergology Terms (AIATŽ), VLEe, and/or the search results of Google Scholar. The adjective in question also forms attributive phrases with abstract nouns, e.g., immune production, immune resistance, immune forces, immune powers, etc., which are not terms, although they are used in health-related contexts. The nouns in these phrases often express a positive evaluation of the immune system (or immunity). Nevertheless, the boundary between terms and non-terms is not clear-cut. For example, during the study the phrase immune causes was initially classified as a non-term, but the classification later had to be revised when it was discovered that the phrase is included in the LR terminology bank (the sources cited in the term entry are Nomenclature of Medical Histology and Embryology (2001) and Terms of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (1998)). It should also be noted that phrases occurring in the corpus may be treated as non-terms, yet can function as subordinate components of terms (cf. the corpus example immune origin and the term skin reaction of immune origin in IATE). Moreover, in coherent text, terms are elliptically shortened and shorter variants are used, so the adjective modifies another noun and stands in for a phrase; cf. immune component in the corpus and components of the immune system in AIATŽ 200. Another group of attributive phrases with immune that emerged comprises phrases whose head is a medical term, but the phrases themselves 10 Asta Mitkevičienė | Terminiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje do not function as terms, such as immune hormones, immune genes. In these phrases, the adjective is not part of the term. The broader context of the phrases suggests that they help convey information more clearly about less familiar concepts—cytokines (a) and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)11 (b): (a) They are like i m m u n e h o r m o n e s that coordinate immune reactions, the immune response. [Gyvenimas] (b) These results do not contradict earlier studies, which showed that i m m u n e g e n e s, known as MHC, are more diverse <...>. [Gyvenimas] It can be argued that not only the nouns making up these phrases, but also the adjective, are considered by the communicators to be understandable to non-specialists, since only in that case can they serve an explanatory function. Allergic and allergy-prone. Allergic is defined in BŽ as “related to allergy,” thus by reference to a word that functions as a term (allergy). A review of this adjective’s concordance in the study corpus showed that it is most often used in the phrase allergic reaction (about 60 percent of the lines)12, that is, as a subordinate component of a term. The corpus also contains other attributive phrases with allergic whose terminological status is unquestionable, since, like allergic reaction, they are included in AIATŽ. These are allergic bronchial asthma, allergic disease, and the synonymous terms allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. Shortened variants of medical terms with allergic are also recorded in the corpus, e.g., allergic dermatitis (cf. allergic contact dermatitis in AIATŽ), allergic asthma, although the relationship of the latter to the above-mentioned term allergic bronchial asthma is debatable, since, for example, the term listed in TLK-10-AM is specifically allergic asthma. The terminological status of other phrases with allergic is assessed on the basis of their use in medical texts (usage was checked in Google Scholar and a small Allergy corpus13). On this basis, the phrases allergic processes, allergic inflammation, allergic rash, allergic dermatosis, allergic diseases, etc., can probably be considered terms. In several attributive phrases in the corpus 11 The abbreviation MHC denotes a concept that is named inconsistently in Lithuanian—major histocompatibility complex in AIATŽ, tissue compatibility complex in VLEe. 12 Also counted here are phrases with intervening words, e.g., allergic inflammatory reaction. 13 The 117,000-word Allergy corpus was compiled automatically by the article’s author in early 2021 from texts on the websites allergomedica.lt and rutadubakiene.com, using Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff et al. 2014). Terminologija | 2022 | 29 11 The concepts are named by compounds, i.e., they can be regarded as terms; however, in them the adjective would compete with the noun genitive, e.g.: allergy tests, allergy test, allergy symptoms. The term status of the compound allergic irritation is doubtful, although the compound is from the medical field, while allergic cases, whose head is not even a term, should be considered an example of imprecise expression altogether. The related adjective allergy-prone is included in the BŽ with two meanings, the first of which—the literal one—is from the medical field. This meaning (“sensitive to allergens”) is explained with reference to the noun allergen, which functions as a term (cf. allergic – through an allergy)14. The dominant syntactic use of this adjective is predicative (about 62 percent of concordance lines), while its attributive use is semantically restricted15. In the corpus, it modifies nouns denoting living beings (person, individual, child, infant, patient, consumer, singer; dog, horse, etc.), of which only patient is a term in medicine and health sciences16. In some cases, the modified noun is omitted and the adjective is used substantivally, cf. S p e c i a l m u d w r a p s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r t h o s e a l l e r g i c t o h o n e y. [Gyvenimas] The compound allergic skin stands out: the adjective describes a human organ, and the compound itself is probably a term17. Other attributive uses recorded in the corpus are incorrect, because the adjective allergy-prone is used with the wrong meaning—“causing an allergy,” i.e., instead of allergy-inducing, cf.: an allergy-prone plant, an allergy-prone product. Chronic. The BŽ adjective chronic is defined as “lasting slowly, over an extended period”; a synonym is given (chronic), and the examples are from or related to the medical field (chronic exposure). The definition of the lexical meaning itself does not point to medicine. In the LR Terminology Bank, terms containing the component chronic belong, according to the sources—the dictionaries—to the field of defence: chronic exposure, chronic exposure dose, and chronic radiation sickness. 14 Many adjectives relevant to specialist language can only be explained on the basis of domain-specific information (L’Homme 2020: 62). 15 In the BŽ, the first meaning of the word allergy-prone is illustrated only by examples of its predicative use. 16 The Lithuanian database of fixed expressions contains 2 compounds: allergy-prone person (frequency 91) and allergy-prone child (23). 17 The Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language contains the compound allergy-prone eyes. 12 Asta Mitkevičienė | Terminiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje In the media, the adjective under discussion is most often used in a medical or health context. It is used as a dependent component of terms, e.g.: chronic disease, chronic infection, chronic depression, chronic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic migraine, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic cerebral ischemia, chronic urticaria, chronic intoxication, chronic pancreatitis, chronic anxiety, chronic prostatitis, chronic pain, chronic diarrhea, chronic sinusitis, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic venous insufficiency, chronic hepatitis C (cf. chronic viral hepatitis C TLK-10-AM), chronic inflammatory process, chronic aortic valve insufficiency, etc. Whether a phrase is considered a term was determined on the basis of the TLK-10-AM and SNOMED CT nomenclatures, as well as Google Scholar search results. As the examples show, terms with chronic are both highly specialized (chronic autoimmune thyroiditis) and more widely used (chronic diarrhea, cf. the synonyms diarrhea, diarrhoea). This adjective expresses one of the essential characteristics of diseases, symptoms, or conditions, and is therefore a productive component in medical terminology and language. The adjective chronic is often used to explain other concepts, e.g.: Interstitial cystitis is a chronic, inflammatory, nonbacterial bladder disease. [Gyvenimas] The chronic neurological disorder narcolepsy occurs when the brain does not properly regulate sleep-wake cycles. [Gyvenimas] The adjective chronic also characterizes concepts designated by terms, but the adjective itself is not part of those terms, e.g.: chronic Crohn’s disease, chronic diabetes, chronic obesity, etc. Here the adjective simply names a characteristic of the concept expressed by the term (Crohn’s disease, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are chronic diseases). Essentially, the adjective is redundant, but it is likely added to the term to emphasize the characteristic it expresses, for the sake of clarity or didactic purposes. The corpus contained phrases in which the adjective in question describes something other than a term; moreover, the phrases themselves are not terms, e.g.: chronic problems, chronic health issues, chronic disease scenario, etc. On the other hand, such phrases are also used in a health context. Antiviral. The adjective antiviral is included in the BŽ, where it can be found by searching under the label med., with two meanings: the first, more recent one is in the field of computing (“intended for the prevention of and protection against computer viruses”), while the second, original meaning is in the medical field (“intended for treating diseases caused by viruses”). Terminologija | 2022 | 29 13 Antiviral functions as a dependent component of terms, while in computer terminology it is transterminologized (borrowed) from the medical field18. In the LR Terminology Bank, terms containing the component antiviral are exclusively from the field of informatics: antivirus program, antivirus bulleting program, antivirus viewing program, so the adjective is used with a different meaning in these terms. In the corpus under study, the adjective antiviral was used in a non-computing sense in fewer than a quarter (about 22%) of the concordance lines for the word. The adjective functions as a dependent component of medical terms, e.g.: antiviral drugs, antiviral preparations, antiviral treatment, etc. It also describes nouns that do not directly point to medicine and health sciences and are more broadly used, so it is impossible to say precisely whether such phrases are terms or not, e.g.: antiviral effect, antiviral substance, antiviral properties, antiviral qualities, etc. In addition, only the broader context made it possible to determine that these phrases are used in health and natural-science contexts (interdisciplinary terminology and lexicon are a natural fact of language), rather than in a computing context. The adjective’s usage shows that the lexical meaning of the word antiviral is broader (“acting against, directed against viruses”) than indicated in the BŽ, where it is associated only with treatment. With different meanings, the adjective antiviral forms attributive phrases that function as terms or term components with the same nouns (e.g.: protection, measure), cf.: (a) In 2007, a group of scientists <...> discovered and described in the journal “Science” a new bacterial a n t i v i r a l p r o t e c t i o n system, which they named CRISPR. [Mokslas] It is essential to secure your phone immediately by installing a n t i v i r a l p r o t e c t i o n. [Mokslas] (b) Recent studies have shown that it fights various infections very effectively and is an effective a n t i v i r a l m e a s u r e. [Gyvenimas] We conducted the experiment to draw the computer security community’s attention to the lack of testing of many a n t i v i r a l m e a s u r e s <...>. [Mokslas] 18 It is of course possible to argue that antiviral was formed from the computing term virus, but it cannot be denied that this adjective was already used in Lithuanian and, moreover, that its usage was probably not narrow (cf. the term antiviral drugs, which is relevant even to the general public and is included in the Medical Encyclopedia (MedE)). 14 Asta Mitkevičienė | Terminiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje Interestingly, the related adjective virusinis is used in the corpus under study predominantly (about 77 percent of nearly 400 occurrences) in a medical or health context. Most often, this adjective forms terms together with infekcija – virusinė infekcija, virusinės žarnyno infekcijos, virusinės kvėpavimo takų infekcijos and so on. The latter adjective also occurs as a secondary term component in compounds such as virusinė liga, virusinis uždegimas, virusinis meningitas, virusinis hepatitas, virusinė sloga, virusinės dalelės, virusiniai patogenai and so on. Tick-borne. The general dictionary includes the adjective erkinis under the label med.; used on its own, not in a compound, its derivational meaning and lexical definition, “caused by ticks” (general dictionary), do not directly orient it toward the field of medicine—the base word is not an actual medical term, although it is probably attributable to medical vocabulary19. It could be argued that the adjective in question becomes specialized only when used as a secondary component of a term (both the general dictionary and bilingual dictionaries (see E. kalba) give the same example—the medical term erkinis encefalitas). Nevertheless, as noted in the introduction, the adjective erkinis is included in MedŽ. The DELFI.lt corpus contains 170 concordance lines with the adjective erkinis, and in every instance it is recorded as an attributive component used in a medical or health context. As expected, the compound erkinis encefalitas predominates (97 percent of cases)—probably the best-known term containing the adjective in question. The other compounds in the corpus are erkinė boreliozė and erkinė infekcija. The question arises as to whether the adjective in these compounds functions as a term component—that is, whether these two-word combinations are terms. The compound erkinė boreliozė can be treated either as a one-word term accompanied by a clarifying adjective or as an elliptically shortened term. This conclusion follows from examining the disease names in reference sources: Laimo liga (Lymė’o liga), Laimo boreliozė (= boreliozė) VLEe; Laimo liga (boreliozė) ULAC; boreliozė (Laimo liga) ligos.lt; Laimo liga, boreliozė VPLŽ; but Laimo liga, erkinė Laimo boreliozė MedE; Laimo liga (erkinė sisteminė boreliozė) ILŽ; Laimo liga (erkinė Laimo boreliozė) Wikipedia. It may be added that the term boreliozė is much less frequent in the corpus than Laimo liga (11 and 171, respectively). The other compound, erkinė infekcija, could not be found in the term dictionaries and reference works consulted, and a search in Google Scholar yielded no results, 19 The article erkės is included in MedE. At present, the LR term bank lists only one term with the component erkinis – erkinė pažaidą, which is a clothing term and is unrelated to medicine. Terminologija | 2022 | 29 15 so although its form is traditionally terminological, it cannot be stated with certainty that the compound is a term and that erkinis functions in it as a subtype component. PREDICATIVE USE Noun modifiers (attributes), discussed in the previous section, express predication at the noun-phrase level, whereas predicatives express predication at the sentence or clause level (Čižik-Prokaševa 2010: 2; see also Holvoet, Tamulionienė 2005: 118). Among the adjectives examined, the qualitative adjective alergiškas stands out because, as noted, it is used predominantly as a predicative, for example: It is known that as many as 10 percent of the entire population may be allergic to domestic animals. [Gyvenimas] Its dependent component—the object of the quality (content)20—essentially coincides with the object of the term alergija (on compound terms containing alergija, see Mitkevičienė 2021: 107–114), cf.: Both children and adults can be allergic to nuts. [Gyvenimas] <...>, after Clostridia bacteria were injected into the mouth and stomach, the allergy to nuts disappeared. [Mokslas] On the basis of syntactic semantics, one may suppose that the adjective alergiškas comes closer to terms, unlike its related relational adjective alerginis, which most often functions as a term component. This would also allow alergiškas to be considered a terminological adjective, although it does not characteristically function as a term component or term modifier. Furthermore, a paradigmatic criterion is proposed for determining whether a predicative unit is terminological: its morphological and semantic relation to a term (L’Homme 2015); alergiškas and alergija meet this criterion. In the material under study, the other adjectives discussed are either not used predicatively (erkinis, antivirusinis), or predicative use is rare or very rare—recorded in no more than two percent of the concordance lines for a given adjective (lėtinis, imuninis, alerginis). Adjectives used predicatively and nouns functioning as subjects are transformed compound terms (a, b) or transformed attributive combinations in the health domain (c), for example: 20 Labutis 1998: 84, 73; Jakaitienė 2010: 67. 16 Asta Mitkevičienė | Terminiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje (a) Stress may be acute or chronic. [Gyvenimas] (cf. chronic stress) (b) If treatment is started in time, a person recovers more quickly, the disease does not become chronic, and the likelihood of suicide and depression recurrence decreases. [Gyvenimas] (cf. chronic disease) (c) Indeed, the reasons why eyebrows peel may also be allergic <...>. [Gyvenimas] (cf. allergic causes) In some cases, the adjective of a transformed term in predicative position is replaced by a noun phrase containing that adjective. It may be assumed that this is intended to convey subject-specific information as clearly as possible, for example: If the rashes are not of allergic origin, the more persistent, fluctuating-course dermatitis continues to occur. [Gyvenimas] (cf. allergic rash) FIGURATIVE (NON-MEDICAL) USAGE The meanings of the adjective antiviral and their relationship have already been discussed in the previous section—they are both domain-specific, but belong to different fields of knowledge. Of the other adjectives examined, only allergic has a systematic meaning that arose through transfer and is recorded in lexicography; cf. allergic “2. easily irritated by something; syn. intolerant, hostile” BŽ. Accordingly, in the media it is also used in this metaphorical, de-specialized (no longer domain-specific) meaning (allergic to military adventurism, etc.), although the literal meaning clearly predominates in the material under study. Several terms with the adjectives discussed have also been recorded in the corpus in a determinologized21 meaning. These are immune system, immune cells; chronic disease; allergic reaction (the latter only once), for example: Both the terrorist attacks in France and Russia’s attempts to intimidate its neighbours are dangerous not because our adversaries are fundamentally strong, but because our political and cultural immune system is weak. [Unspecified] This is how the hereditary chronic disease of democracy keeps reminding us of itself—the elected representatives are unable to represent the people. [Žinios] This means that some words or actions of the prime minister caused an allergic reaction in some members of the population. [Žinios] Terms used in a determinologized meaning are well known to the public and frequent—they meet the necessary condition for determinologization (see Gaivenis 21 In the article, determinologization is understood solely as the use in a figurative sense of a word or word combination that performs a term function. This is a narrow conception of determinologization. Terminologija | 2022 | 29 17 Fig. 1. Use of terminological adjectives in the media 2014: 242). Here, the view is adopted that it is the complex terms themselves that are determinologized, and not (only) their components. The adjective erkinis is used in phrases only in its domain-specific sense, and the terms containing it are not determinologized. Another of the adjectives under consideration, antivirusinis, occurs in the figurative phrase antivirusinė programa, but that phrase functions as a term in another field—computing. An additional review of the concordances for these two adjectives in the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language allows us to state with greater confidence that they are used only in their domain-specific sense. The adjective lėtinis serves as an attributive component in phrases unrelated to the field of health, e.g.: (a) lėtinė defliacija, lėtinis kapitalo bėgimas, (b) lėtinis nepasitenkinimas, lėtiniai vėluotojai, etc. Although the adjective lėtinis began to be used as a medical lexical item (see the examples in LKŽe and its card file in E. kalba) and functions in this way most often, its meaning is quite broad. In examples such as those listed, the adjective is either used in its principal sense (a), or in another sense or shade of meaning not distinguished in dictionaries—“recurring,” “constant”—that is, also in the sense of chroniškas, cf. “recurring (usually of something bad)” (BŽ), “constant” (DŽ) (b). Nevertheless, the association with illness and the resulting negative connotation seem to persist, for example: 18 Asta Mitkevičienė | Termininiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje We are already witnessing chronic capital flight from the country; each year its scale amounts to about 4–5 percent of GDP, and the budget can no longer cover such a shortfall. [Business] On the basis of the material examined, it can be argued that the adjective lėtinis is used both in a despecialized sense and as a component of a determinologized complex term, that is, in a determinologized language unit (lėtinė liga). CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the use of six adjectives from the field of medicine in popular online media (see Fig. 1) showed that they are most often used in their specialized (domain-specific) sense. The predominant use of the relational (classifying) adjectives imuninis, alerginis, lėtinis, antivirusinis and erkinis is attributive, whereas that of the qualitative adjective alergiškas is predicative. All the relational adjectives examined occur as components of complex terms; some terms (imuninė sistema, alerginė reakcija, erkinis encefalitas), given their frequency in the concordance for the particular adjective, can be considered prototypical examples of that adjective’s use in the media. Relational adjectives also occur with terms (e.g., lėtinis diabetas), although the adjective itself is not a component of those terms, even if the attributive phrase looks like a term in form. The adjective is likely added for didactic purposes or to convey domain-specific information more clearly. Adjectives also describe nouns or noun phrases that do not function as terms (at least in medicine) (e.g., imuninė gamyba); this is precisely how the adjective alergiškas is generally used in attributive position. Analysis of predicative adjective use confirmed that the adjective alergiškas should also be considered terminological: it correlates with the related term alergija, since it is used with the same dependent words, which perform the function of content objects. Not all the relational adjectives examined are used predicatively in the media; those that are form, with the sentence subject, transformations of complex terms or of attributive phrases relating to the subject matter of the same domain. Figurative, non-domain-specific uses of the adjectives studied are not common in the media; alergiškas is used somewhat more often in a despecialized sense and is the only one of those examined with a figurative dictionary meaning. 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TERMINOLOGICAL ADJECTIVES IN ONLINE MEDIA Summary The article discusses specialised adjectives relevant to terminology (terminological adjectives). It is aimed at determining the usage tendencies of Lithuanian terminological adjectives in media. The research seeks to ascertain whether terminological adjectives are used in the media as constituents of terms or they only modify nouns or noun phrases that function as terms, without being constituents of those terms, and whether terminological adjectives retain a special meaning (at least approximate) in the media, allowing them to be considered units of specialised lexis. Terminological adjectives are part of specialised lexis, and those most relevant for the public also move to general usage and later are included in general dictionaries. Six medical adjectives included in general dictionaries of the Lithuanian language are discussed in the article. Without avoiding subjectivity, the following relational adjectives were chosen: imuninis ‘immune’, alerginis ‘allergic’, antivirusinis ‘antiviral’, letinis ‘chronic’, and erkinis ‘tick-borne’. Purposefully, the qualitative adjective Terminologija | 2022 | 29 21 alergiškas ‘allergic’ was also added to these relational adjectives, with the anticipation of highlighting terminologically significant features in its opposition to alerginis ‘allergic’. The source of the research is the publicly available DELFI.lt corpus compiled from publications of the popular news portal of the same name and representing online media. Since the syntactic functions of adjectives were taken into account, adjectives as attributes and as predicatives were analysed separately. As the typical structure of a term and the generic property is signaled by the adjective in the attributive position, the first task in analysing the attributive adjectives was to identify the phrases in which they function as constituents of a term. Analysis of the usage of six medical adjectives in popular online media shows that they are mostly used in a specialised meaning. The dominant usage of the relational adjectives imunitinis, alerginis, lėtinis, antivirusinis and erkinis is attributive, and of the qualitative adjective alergiškas predicative. All analysed relational adjectives function as constituents of terms; due to their frequency in the concordance of a particular adjective, some terms (imuninė sistema ‘immune system’, alerginė reakcija ‘allergic reaction’, erkinis encefalitas ‘tick-borne encephalitis’) can be considered prototypical examples of the usage of those adjectives in the media. Relative adjectives also modify terms without being constituents of those terms, although the model of the attributive phrase is analogous with a term. It is likely that the adjective is added for a didactic purpose or to convey the domain information more clearly. Adjectives also modify nouns or noun phrases that do not perform the functions of terms (at least in medicine), which is how the adjective alergiškas is usually used in the attributive position. The analysis of the predicative usage of adjectives confirmed that the adjective alergiškas can also be considered a terminological unit: it correlates with semantically and morphologically related term alergija ‘allergy’. Both are used with the same contentives. Not all analysed relational adjectives function as predicatives in media, and those that function form transforms of complex terms or attributive phrases of the same domain with the subject of the sentence. The figurative non-specialised usage of the adjectives studied is not frequent in the media; alergiškas, the only one of the studied ones with a figurative meaning in general dictionaries, is used slightly more often in its despecialised meaning. The adjectives analysed (not all, though) function as constituents of determinologised phrases: they are constituents of determinologised terms. Received 2022-10-17 Asta Mitkevičienė Institute of the Lithuanian Language 5 P. Vileišio St., LT-10308 Vilnius Email [email protected] 22 Asta Mitkevičienė | Terminiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje