Termininiai būdvardžiai internetinėje žiniasklaidoje

Term adjectives in online media6Asta Mitkevičienė doi.org/10.35321/term29-01 Thermal adjectives in online media ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-1555 ANNOTATION The article, continuing the research on the usage of terms in online media, analyzes adjectives of special meaning relevant to terminology. Based on DELFI.lt textbook, the aim is to determine the usage tendencies of term adjectives included in general dictionaries. It is explained whether such adjectives are used in the media as elements of terms, or whether they only go with nouns or noun combinations that perform term functions, not being part of those terms, or whether term adjectives in the media retain a substantive meaning that allows them to be considered as units of special lexicon. The use of adjectives is analyzed according to their syntactic function. KEY WORDS: terms, special vocabulary, adjectives, lexicon, attributive compounds. ABSTRACT Continuing the research on the use of terms in online media, the article analyses specialised adjectives relevant to terminology. The aim is to determine the usage tendencies of terminological adjectives, which are included in general dictionaries. The research, based on the corpus of DELFI.lt, is intended to ascertain whether such adjectives are used in the media as constituents of terms or they only modify nouns or noun phrases that function as terms, without being constituents of those terms, and whether terminological adjectives retain a special meaning in the media, allowing them to be considered units of specialised lexis. The usage of adjectives is analysed considering their syntactic functions. KEYWORDS: terms, specialised lexis, adjectives, corpus, attributive phrases. 7Terminology | 2022 | 29 Traditionally, only nouns and noun-like combinations of words are considered terms, noun-like phrases1 as full-fledged names of concepts. For example, Kazimieras Gaivenis stated that adjectives can be “only elements of compound terms, but they cannot be considered independent terms” (Gaivenis 2002: 31). In some recent and fundamental works of Western terminology, not only nouns but also adjectives are recognized as veiksmažodžiai, prieveiksmiai (pvz.: Cabré 1999 111; L’Homme 2020: 63)2. Būdvardžių terminiškumas konstatuojamas Kaarinos Pitkänen-Heikterms, which is the case in the article (2015), in which the author refers to botany (plant morphology) data3. Regardless of whether adjectives are to be regarded as terms or not (this question will not be discussed further in this article), it is obvious that their place in terminological systems is undisputed – adjectives are secondary elements of compound terms, i.e. together with nouns or noun-word combinations they form terminological units. In addition, the terminology literature distinguishes another large group of attributive adjectives relevant to terminology and terminography – term collocates, which simply describe terms (see de Santiago González, Grcic Simeunovic 2017: 203). Both the term collocates and the term elements are adjectives of the special or general lexicon. Adjectives used with a special (objective) meaning can be considered as term adjectives4. In Lithuanian terminology, adjectives are so far mainly analyzed as secondary elements of terms – their formal expression and / or semantics are discussed (e.g.: Gaivenis 2014: 60–97; Stunžinas 2004; Auksoriūtė 2016; Zemlevičiūtė 2020 and others). Their terminology is not discussed. In this article, further developing the research on the usage of terms in popular online media (see: Mitkevičienė 2020, 2021), 1 compound terms also include, for example, nouns linked by conjunction, chains of word combinations. According to Gintautas Akelaitis, not all three-word and polyword terms are to be considered word combinations (Akelaitis 2008: 6), but what this would be a syntactic construction is not explained. In this article, as usual in Lithuanian terminology, compound terms will be treated as combinations of words. 2 Nouns are still considered prototypical terms. 3 Her idea is relevant to terminology, that special adjectives, which are used in subject texts as predicates, rather than as indicative (modifiers), must have independent articles in the dictionaries of terms, because abstracts of nouns or noun combinations made from them would be unnatural. 4 Separately mentioned are adjectives that perform the function of terms. Such adjectives are, of course, considered to be proper terms. They go beyond the scope of this article, but the fact that an adjective with a subjunctive can be used instead of the whole term reinforces the terminological value of adjectives. Thermal adjectives in online media 8Asta Mitkevičienė analyzes the termal adjectives. The aim is to determine the usage trends of term adjectives in the media. The aim is to find out whether such adjectives are used as elements of terms, or whether they only go with nouns or noun combinations that perform term functions, not being part of those terms, or whether term adjectives in the media retain a substantive meaning (at least approximately) that allows the adjective to be considered a unit of special lexicon. Termal adjectives are part of the special or subject-specific lexicon5, and the most relevant ones for society also enter the general usage, and from there – into the general dictionaries (about the special lexicon in the General Lithuanian Dictionary (GLD) see 1. Naktinienė 2002; it should be added that only nouns are mentioned there). For the study, 6 adjectives of the medical field6, which are included in the BZ and Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (DŽ), were selected. When selecting adjectives, the detailed search function in the E. language system was used and in both dictionaries filtered words were selected by selecting the certificate med., as well as frequent adjectives and those without such a certificate, but relevant to medical language and terminology. Afterwards, we looked at which of the selected adjectives are more widely used in the media, although, undoubtedly, the mere fact that these adjectives are included in general dictionaries shows that they are not (or should not be) only a narrow specialized usage. Without avoiding subjectivity, the following relative adjectives of international (or more precisely, international root) (a) and Lithuanian origin (b) were chosen7: a) immune, allergic, antiviral and b) chronic, erythematous. To these adjectives, in order to emphasize the terminologically significant characteristics in opposition to allergic, the qualitative adjective allergic has been added, although it can be assumed in advance that the function of the term spot is not typical for it. The adjectives selected for the study originated in the professional language, i.e. they entered the general usage from terminology or professional language, and not vice versa. This is supported by lexicographic (see E. language) and terminological data. In the most comprehensive Dictionary of Medical Terms (MedŽ), published as early as 1980, 5 On the concept of the technical language and the relationship with the special language see. Contributed 2007. The LR term bank includes the equivalents of the English term language for special purposes (LSP) special language (from LST ISO 1087-1:2005), subject language, special language (from Lingvodidaktikos terminų žodynas, 2012). 6 Medicine belongs to those fields whose terminology most often reaches the public. Vida Žilinskienė determined that the third edition of the DŽ contained 227 medical terms, but the vocabulary of 3 subject areas outnumbered them (Žilinskienė 1997: 46). 7 In functional grammar – classifiable adjectives (Valeckienė 1998: 123). 9Terminology | 2022 | Adjectives were included in 29 separate articles, and among them you can find several objects of this study – immune, chronic, erythematic. The source of the study is the 70 million word textbook DELFI.lt, which represents the online media and consists of publications of the popular news portal of the same name in 2014–2016 (see LKKŽ 2019: 14–15). The same textbook has already been used for researching terms in the media (Mitkevičienė 2020, 2021), and it is this textbook (and the database based on it) that is used for researching Lithuanian constant compounds (e.g. Bielinskienė et al. 2019; Kovalevskaitė et al. 2021 et al.)8. Thus, after selecting the adjectives, the analysis of their concordances was carried out. In total, more than 3,300 lines were reviewed: chronic – 1,084, immune – 949, allergic – 455, allergic – 434, antiviral – 221, erythema – 170. According to the context, those verses were selected in the first place, which are written about health or medical matters. This is to distinguish examples of adjective usage that is not professional, more precisely, non-medical. Then, at the level of the word combination, the modifiable nouns of adjectives are determined, at the sentence level – the use of adjectives as predicates9. When analyzing the usage of adjectives, their syntactic function is taken into account, so adjectives are examined separately as attributes and as predicates (see footnote 3). Typical term structure and species characteristics are signalled by the adjective in the position of the attribute, therefore, when analyzing attributive adjectives, it was first attempted to determine in which compounds they are a component of the term – a secondary accent. To this end, the attributive compounds found in the text were searched in medical dictionaries and reference books, LR terminų bankas, Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia (VLEe) and others (see below), Google Mokslinčiuje10. However, it must be acknowledged that such a method of determining the termality of compounds (by form and field) is deficient, on the other hand, it is not 8 As already emphasized earlier (Mitkevičienė 2021), the DELFI.lt textbook includes heterogeneous texts: they contain information from press releases, popular science or scientific works, the texts can be quoted or recounted both in the language of a medical specialist and statements of a recipient not directly related to medicine, journalist interpretations are provided, etc. These differences, of course, also affect the use of terms and special vocabulary, but due to the nature of the source (media texts, not specific texts), these differences are not taken into account in this study – the research material is analyzed as part of the online media discourse, which is addressed to the general public. 9 The concept of predicate includes conjunction predicates, free secondary predicates and necessary secondary predicates; There are no strict boundaries between them from a morphosyntactic point of view (Holvoet, Tamulionienė 2005: 137). The second predicate in traditional grammar is called a tarynic notation (see also: 117). 10 The article does not distinguish between science and popular science, terms used by medical researchers and practitioners (physicians, etc.). Term adjectives in online media 10 Asta Mitkevičienė Another possible method of determining terms is completely reliable – the selection of terms by specialists in the subject area (moreover, this method is more difficult to implement). The article avoids providing quantitative data, because it is not always possible to say with certainty that a particular compound is a term, and, as will be seen below, the same terms may be referred to differently in different sources. ATTRIBUTIVE USE Immune. This adjective BŽ is not yet defined, and DŽ does not have it. The Lithuanian language constant compounds database includes compound performing the term immune system, with frequency 783. This represents about 83% of all cases of use of the adjective immunis. There are more terms in the text where this adjective plays a secondary role: immune defence, immune response, immune cells, immune mechanisms, immune memory, immune processes, immune serum, immune profile, etc. The terminology of these compounds is confirmed by the Explanatory Dictionary of Immunology and Allergology Terms (EDIAT), VLEe data and/or Google Scholar search results. The verbal adjective together with abstract nouns also form attributive compounds, such as immune production, immune resistance, immune strength, immune power, etc., which are not terms, although used in the context of health themes. Compound nouns often express a positive assessment of the immune system (or immunity). However, the boundary between terms and non-terms is not strict, for example, during the study, the compound immune causes was initially assigned to non-terms, but later the division had to be adjusted, because it was found that it was included in the LR term bank (sources of term articles – Medicininės histologijos ir embriologijos vardynas (2001) and Veterinarinės anatomijos, histologijos ir embryologijos terminai (1998)). In addition, the compounds used in the text may be treated as non-terms, but they may be sub-elements of terms (see the textbook example immune origin and the term immune skin reaction IATE). In addition, in a cohesive text, terms are abbreviated in elliptic form, shorter variants are used, so that an adjective modifies another noun and replaces a compound, e.g. immune component in a text and immune system components in AIATŽ 200. Another prominent group of attributive compounds with immune – compounds whose main focus is the medical term, but the compounds themselves 11Terminology | 2022 | 29 does not perform a term function, such as immune hormones, immune genes. The adjective is not part of the term. The broader context of the compounds suggests that such compounds allow for a clearer conveyance of information about žiau žinomas sąvokas – citokinus (a) ir didįjį audinių dermės kompleksą (MHC)11 (b): (a) They are like some kind of i m u n i n i a i h o r m o n a i, which coordinate immune reactions, immune response. [Life] (b) These results do not contradict earlier studies that showed that the i m u n i n i g e n a t i o n, known as MHC, is more diverse <...>. [Life] It can be argued that not only the nouns forming these compounds, but also the adjectives are considered understandable by the addressees and non-specialists, because only in this case they can perform an explanatory function. Allergic and non-allergic. Allergic BD is interpreted as “allergy-related”, thus through a word that functions as a term (allergy). When reviewing the concordance of this adjective in the research text, it was noted that it is most often used in the compound allergic reaction (about 60% of the lines)12, i.e. it goes as a secondary term focus. The text also contains more attributive compounds with allergic, the terminology of which is not in doubt, since they, like allergic reaction, are included in the ICD-10. This is allergic bronchial asthma, allergic disease, synonymous terms allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. The text contains abbreviated medical terms with allergic variants, e.g.: allergic dermatitis (see allergic contact dermatitis AIATŽ), allergic asthma, although the latter's relationship with the aforementioned term allergic bronchial asthma can be discussed, because, for example, the ICD-10-AM presents precisely the compound allergic asthma. The usage of other compounds with allergic terminology is determined by the usage in medical texts (the usage was checked in Google Scholar and a small Allergy textbook13). Based on this, it is probably possible to consider as terms the compounds allergic processes, allergic inflammation, allergic rash, allergic dermatitis, allergic diseases, etc. 11 The abbreviation MHC denotes a concept, which in Lithuanian is called differently – the great tissue harmony complex AIATŽ, the tissue compatibility complex VLEe. 12 This includes compounds with interjections, such as allergic inflammatory reaction. 13 117 000 words Allergy textbook was automatically compiled by the authors of the article at the beginning of 2021 from the texts of the websites allergomedica.lt and rutadubakiene.com, using Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff et al. 2014). Thermal adjectives in online media 12 Asta Mitkevičienė niai tests, allergic junginiais įvardijamos sąvokos, t. y. juos galima laikyti terminais, tačiau būdvardis juose būtų daiktavardžio kilmininko konkurentas, pvz.: alergitest, allergic symptoms. The term allergic irritation is doubtful, although the compound is from the medical field, and allergic cases, the main focus of which is not even a term, are generally considered an example of inaccurate expression. The relative adjective allergic is included in the BZ with two meanings, the first of which is direct – from the medical field. That meaning (“sensitive to allergens”) is interpreted based on the noun allergen (cf. allergic – through allergy)14. The dominant syntactic use of this adjective is predicative (about 62% of the concordance lines), while its attributive use is semantically limited15. In the text, it is the attribute of nouns that denote living beings (man, person, child, baby, patient, consumer, singer; dog, horse, etc.), of which only patient is a term of the medical and health sciences16. In many cases, such an indicative word is omitted, and the adjective is used as a noun, e.g. A l e r g i š k i m s m e d u i recommended special dirt wraps. [Life] The result is the compound allergic skin – an adjective that describes a human organ, and the compound itself is probably a term17. The other attributive expression recorded in the text is incorrect, because the adjective allergic is used in the wrong meaning – “causing an allergy”, i.e. instead of allergenic, e.g.: allergic plant, allergic product. Chronic. The adjective chronic is interpreted as "slowly, lasting for a longer period of time", a synonym (chronic) is given, and examples are from or related to the medical field (chronic radiation). The interpretation of the lexical meaning itself is not oriented to medicine. In the LR term bank terms with accent chronic belong to the field of defence according to sources – dictionaries: chronic radiation, chronic radiation dose and chronic radiation disease. 14 Many adjectives relevant to business language can only be explained based on facts (L’Homme 2020: 62). 15 The first meaning of the word allergiškas is illustrated only by examples of its predicative use. 16 In the Lithuanian language database of constant compounds there are 2 compounds – allergic person (frequency 91) and allergic child (23). 17 In contemporary Lithuanian texts, the compound allergiškos akys can be found. 13Terminology | 2022 | 29 The adjective discussed in the media is usually used in the context of medicine or health. It is used as a secondary focus of terms such as: chronic disease, chronic infection, chronic depression, chronic runny nose, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic migraine, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic cerebral ischemia, chronic urticaria, chronic intoxication, chronic pancreatitis, chronic anxiety, chronic prostatitis, chronic pain, chronic diarrhea, chronic sinusitis, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic venous insufficiency, chronic hepatitis C (see chronic viral hepatitis C ICD-10-AM), chronic inflammatory process, chronic aortic valve leakage, etc. Whether a compound is considered a term or not is determined by ICD-10-AM, SNOMED CT nomenclature, as well as by Google Research search results. As can be seen from the examples, the terms with chronic are both highly specialized (chronic autoimmune thyroiditis) and broader in usage (chronic diarrhea, cf. synonyms diarrhea, diarrhea). This adjective expresses one of the essential characteristics of diseases, symptoms or conditions, so it is a productive spot in medical terminology and language. The adjective chronic is often used to explain other concepts, e.g. : Interstitial cystitis is an inflammatory, non-bacterial disease of the bladder. [Life] Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder that occurs when the brain does not properly regulate sleep-wake cycles. [Life] The adjective chronic also describes concepts marked with terms, but the adjective itself is not part of those terms, e.g.: chronic Crohn’s disease, chronic diabetes, chronic obesity, etc. – the adjective simply names a characteristic characteristic of the term (Cron’s disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity are chronic diseases). In principle, the adjective is redundant, but it is attached to the term probably to emphasize the characteristic expressed by the adjective for clarity or for didactic purposes. In the text there were compounds where the colloquial adjective does not describe the term, and the compound itself is not a term, e.g.: chronic problems, chronic health problems, chronic disease scenario, etc. On the other hand, such compounds are also used in a health context. Antiviral. The adjective antivirusný in the BZ, where it can be found by searching with the certificate med., is included with two meanings: the first, newer, is in the field of computing („for the prevention and protection against computer viruses“), and the second, primary, is in the field of medicine („for the prevention and protection against viruses“). 14 Asta Mitkevičienė). Antiviral functions as a secondary term, and in computer terminology it is transterminologized (borrowed) from the field of medicine18. In the LR term bank, terms with the accent antivirus are only from the field of computer science: antivirus program, antivirus monitoring program, antivirus viewing program, so the adjective is used in them with another meaning. In less than a quarter (about 22%) of the concordance lines of the word antivirus, the adjective is used in a non-computing sense. The adjective is the secondary substantive of medical terms, e.g.: antiviral drugs, antiviral preparations, antiviral treatment, etc. It also describes nouns that are not directly oriented to the medical and health sciences, are of broader usage, so it is impossible to say exactly whether such compounds are terms or not, e.g.: antiviral effect, antiviral substance, antiviral properties, antiviral properties, etc. Moreover, it is only from a broader context that it is established that these compounds are used in the context of health and natural sciences (interdisciplinary terminology and lexicon are a natural fact of language), rather than in the context of computing. The usage of the adjective shows that the word antivirus has a wider lexical meaning (‘acting against viruses’) than in the BG, where it is only associated with treatment. The adjective antivirusný in different meanings forms attributive compounds, going through terms or term elements, with the same nouns (e.g.: ochrana, prostriedok), cf. : (a) In 2007, a group of scientists <...> discovered and described in the journal Science a new system of bacterial s i n t e r v i s i n g, which they named CRISPR. [Science] It is necessary to immediately take care of the security of the phone – install a n t i v i r u s i n ę a p s a u g ą. [Science] (b) Recent studies have shown that it is excellent in combating various infections and is effective in the treatment of a n t i v i r u s i n e p r i e m o n ė. [Life] We carried out the experiment to draw the attention of the computer security community to the lack of verification in many v i r u s i n g p r o g r a m s <...>. [Science] 18 Of course, it is possible to argue that antivirusinis is derived from the computer term virusas, but it cannot be denied that such an adjective was already used in the Lithuanian language and, moreover, its use was probably not narrow (see the term antivirusiniai vaistai, which is relevant even to the general public and is included in the Medical Encyclopedia (MedE)). 21Terminology | 2022 | 29 LKŽe – Lithuanian Language Dictionary (vols. I–XX, 1941–2002), electronic version, editors: G. Naktinienė (editor), J. Paulauskas, R. Petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, J. Zabarskaitė, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2005 (updated version, 2018). Online access: www.lkz.lt. LR terminų bankas. Online access: http://terminai.vlkk.lt/ [accessed September 2022]. MedE – Medical encyclopedia 1–2, edited by V. J. Grabauskas and others, Vilnius: Science and encyclopedias publishing house, MedŽ – Astrauskas Vytautas, 1991–1993. Biziulevičius Stasys, Pavilonis Salezijus, Vaitilavičius Adomas, Vileišis Aleksandras. Medical Terms Dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1980 [search via raštija.lt]. Mitkevičienė Asta 2020: Terms in online media (exploratory study). – Terminology 27, Mitkevičienė Asta 2021: Terms and no longer terms in the popular 108–127. media. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 84, 98–121. Naktinienė Gertrūda 2002: Presentation of special vocabulary in the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary. – Language Culture 75, 47–56. Pitkänen-Heikkilä Kaarina 2015: Adjectives as terms. – Terminology 21(1), 76–101. SNOMED CT – SNOMED CT browser. Online access: https://www.snomed.lt/snomed-ct/ [viewed July 2020]. Stunžinas Robertas 2004: Compound adjectives in electrical engineering terminology. – Terminologija 11, 52–69. ICD-10-AM – ICD-10-AM Systemic List of Diseases, 2015. Online access: http://ebook.vlk.lt/e.vadovas/ index.jsp. ULAC – Infectious Diseases. 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TERMINOLOGICAL ADJECTIVES IN ONLINE MEDIA Summary The article discusses specialised adjectives relevant to terminology (terminological adjectives). It is aimed at determining the usage tendencies of Lithuanian terminological adjectives in media. The research seeks to ascertain whether terminological adjectives are used in the media as constituents of terms or they only modify nouns or noun phrases that function as terms, without being constituents of those terms, and whether terminological adjectives retain a special meaning (at least approximate) in the media, allowing them to be considered units of specialised lexis. Terminological adjectives are part of specialised lexis, and those most relevant for the public also move to general usage and later are included in general dictionaries. Six medical adjectives included in general dictionaries of the Lithuanian language are discussed in the article. Without avoiding subjectivity, the following relational adjectives were chosen: imuninis ‘immune’, alerginis ‘allergic’, antivirusinis ‘antiviral’, lėtinis ‘chronic’, and erkinis ‘tick-borne’. Purposefully, the qualitative adjective 22 Asta Mitkevičienė alergiškas ‘allergic’ was also added to these relational adjectives, with the anticipation of highlighting terminologically significant features in its opposition to alerginis ‘allergic’. The source of the research is the publicly available DELFI.lt corpus compiled from publications of the popular news portal of the same name and representing online media. Since the syntactic functions of adjectives were taken into account, adjectives as attributes and as predicatives were analysed separately. As the typical structure of a term and the generic property is signaled by the adjective in the attributive position, the first task in analysing the attributive adjectives was to identify the phrases in which they function as constituents of a term. Analysis of the usage of six medical adjectives in popular online media shows that they are mostly used in a specialised meaning. The dominant usage of the relational adjectives imuninis, alerginis, lėtinis, antivirusinis and erkinis is attributive, and of the qualitative adjective alergiškas predicative. All analysed relational adjectives function as constituents of terms; Due to their frequency in the concordance of a particular adjective, some terms (imuninė sistema ‘immune system’, alerginė reakcija ‘allergic reaction’, erkinis ecefalitas ‘tick-borne encephalitis’) can be considered a prototypical example of the usage of that adjective in media. Relative adjectives also modify terms without being constituents of those terms, although the model of the attributive phrase is analogous with a term. It is likely that the adjective is added for a didactic purpose or to convey the domain information more clearly. Adjectives also modify nouns or noun phrases that do not perform the functions of terms (at least in medicine), which is how the adjective alergiškas is usually used in the attributive position. The analysis of the predicative usage of adjectives confirmed that the adjective alergiškas can also be considered a terminological unit: it correlates with the semantically and morphologically related term alergija 'allergy'. Both are used with the same contentives. Not all analysed relational adjectives function as predicatives in media, and those that function form transforms of complex terms or attributive phrases of the same domain with the subject of the sentence. The figurative non-specialised usage of the adjectives studied is not frequent in the media; The word "allergic", the only one of the studied ones with a figurative meaning in general dictionaries, is used slightly more often in its despecialised meaning. The adjectives analysed (not all, though) function as constituents of determinologised phrases: they are constituents of determinologised terms. Retrieved 2022-10-17 Asta Mitkevičienė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania E-mail [email protected]