Nauji žodžiai su dėmeniu „techno-“

J. Michaelis. new words with emphasis techno-185 JURGITA MIKELIONIENĖ kauno technologijos universitetas The connection between language and culture is very close. language immediately reacts to new cultural expressions, naming them with foreign or native words. In this article, the words that designate the realities of one of the subcultures – technoculture – are analyzed in various respects, and they have the element that best represents it – the element of Greek origin techno- (Greek: technē – craft, art), which is “the first element of compound words, denoting the connection of their meaning with technique, craft, method” (TŽZ 2003: 731). In the works of Plato, Socrates or Aristotle, the term was associated with the art of governing, healing, hunting, building, weaving, playing the flute or lyre, shipping, making wheels and some other crafts, and in a broad sense – with philosophy or a way of life in general (Brennan 2002). although the focus of techno has now been taken over by the natural and exact sciences, we can see that the semantic roots had an artistic meaning. Therefore, the semantic diversity of technoculture and of the entire lexicon with this accent should not be surprising. Technoculture, which became popular in Europe in the 1980s, has already become a part of mass culture and has become popular among a large number of young people. Even a single use of one or another new word at the moment may one day become universal, therefore the overview and analysis of techno-accent derivatives is relevant. The status of Technoir-like elements (expo-, info-, popir, etc.) in Lithuanian linguistics is not unambiguous. According to Stasys Keinis (1999), such an international form, like a prefix of this kind, is placed before a word of any form, without changing its expression at all. This is a semi-affinity (semi-affinity). However, the tendency of their and their derivatives’ proliferation is obvious (kupčinskaitė 1997). Separately are examined the elements moto- (klimavičius 2005), euro- (Ryklienė 1999). Not fully defined place of non-Lithuanian elements in the Lithuanian language system, too little research on their actual use – perhaps the most important reasons that allow such elements to spread and to find new formations made with them. 186 kAlBoS kUlTūRA | 81 Most of these new words are far removed from the original techno meaning of the term, i.e. they are not so much directly related to any technique, but specifically to a new type of music, a new look, tattoos where the traditional dragons, hearts or sharks are not drawn, but pipes (technobiomechanics), interiors decorated with metal structures, even new synthetic drugs and other quite shocking and not generally accepted elements. The technostyle denies the past, comfort, ideal order, and perhaps that is why our dictionaries are very careful about admitting new words that designate it. Į Lietuvių kalbos žodyną, naujausius dabartinės lietuvių kalbos ir tarptautinių žodžių žodynų leidimus iš viso įtraukta tik 11 analizuojamo modelio leksemų (žr. 1 lentelę): technokratas, technokratė ir iš jų išvesti technokraiš žodynuose fiksuotų – technomuzika ir tizmas, technokratija, technokratinis, -ė, taip pat technologas, technologė – technologija, technologinis, -ė, technologiškas, -a, technologiškumas. naujesni technosfera. Table 1. +++ technocracy +++ technocratic, -ė –+ – technocratism – – + technologist, technologist +++ technology +++ technological, -ė +– – technological, -a +– – technologicalness +– – technomusic – – + technosphere – – + Such a seemingly scarce range of international words with the accent technovertosen is contradicted by examples recorded in the Textbook of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (http:// donelaitis.vdu.lt) or directly used in Lithuanian web pages. J. Michaelis. new words with emphasis techno-187 se. Obviously, the lexicon has been supplemented with new borrowed words or words made from foreign elements (sometimes even both non-independent) (technodromas, technogrupė, technoindividas, technokoridorius, technoparkas, technozauras), and there are also hybrid new creations or equivalents (technoamžius, technoskruzdėliukas, technovakarėlis). In addition to compound words with the first accent techno-, there are word combinations in which this accent becomes an independent lexicon. This happens when such a prepositional element becomes very common. This kind of techno usage is recorded in Bronislovas Piesarskas’ popular English-Lithuanian Dictionary (2002) and the electronic dictionary Tildė (2004) based on it, where the reference new word is provided next to the definition of “electronic dance music”. In combinations with the word techno, the vocabulary of the music world prevails: techno music, rising techno melodies, techno vinyls, techno club, techno festival, techno scene or techno style in general, techno design, techno culture, even techno ideology, etc. The word often used with techno or the terms created with it (god, guru, legend, pioneer, flagbearer) quite poetically identifies a person with considerable authority among techno music fans, e.g.: [...] played the first star worthy of a solid honorarium – the Swedish techno god Grovskopa; Minimal techno/techno g ur u, currently based in the German capital, started their career in Ontario; US techno le g en da is coming to Lithuania; The self-introducing Irish minimal techno is back in the ramnešys, the author of three albums [...] The statistics of the textbook (table 2) clearly show that the mass media is the main source of such words made from non-independent international sources, not to mention the uncensored and unedited expanses of the Internet. Table 2. Techno as a self-contained lexicon in contemporary Lithuanian texts Part of the textbook Word Number of uses periodikai techno 82 literatūra (knygos) techno 7 literatūra (grāmatas) techno 3 in all parts 92 188 kAlBoS kUlTūRA | 81 as it can be seen, this type of vocabulary prevails in the periodicals accumulated in the text. However, the question of the normativity of techno as an independent lexicon is debatable. In the normative book Lithuanian Spelling and Interpunction (1992) prepared by nijolė Sližienė and Adela Valeckienė it is stated that non-independent international elements, e.g.: foto-, moto-, termo, etc. are not used separately. and although techno is not mentioned among the listed elements, it should be understood that the same rules must apply to it in written language for the time being. However, the recorded examples in which techno, in the meaning of techno music, is in the position of a factor or adjective, rather than an incoherent sign (as in the previous cases), show the increasing independence of this element, e.g. : Played heavy techno; Moms listen to techno, too. In such cases, when an unaltered word of another language has the meaning of an independent word in Lithuanian (e.g., alpha particle, Hindi language, rondo music), it is written separately (lkRS 1992). Most of the new words discussed in this article, or simply those that are not fixed in dictionaries (and therefore seem new), are to be considered necessary or terminological new words, because they name new realities: Love Parade, which attracted at least 800,000 fans of techno music in Berlin on Saturday; [...] he has not denied that technoculture is linked to drugs; [...] the technosphere is the sphere of scientific and technical creation of man and human society; [...] national and international techno-bureaucracy, high-ranking state officials. Among the examples, there are also more expressive stylistic innovations, mainly in periodical publications, fiction and philosophical literature. He owned all those technocracks, waving their wings in the shelter, blowing up crazy tails; Geo-individuals, techno-individuals are not subjects: personality can only be a property of organic nature; Techno-optimists will say that a decade ago no one believed that every child would have a mobile phone. not all new words with the accent technovartosena meet the requirements of the norm: some are only grammatically formalized (technohaus, technofanas), and there are completely unadapted (technoparty), e.g. : Today I'm going to technoparty; Yesterday's technohouse still rattled in my ears... other languages (e.g. German, Russian) use the same new words as in Lithuanian, especially naming things related to music. This type of new word J. Michaelis. new words with the accent techno-189 in the mentioned languages are considerably more, especially the abundance of unadapted English words (Techno-Boys1, Techno-Cluster, Techno-Queen, Techno-Power, Techno-T-Shirts). This is probably because, as if by an unwritten agreement, the names borrowed from modern music trends or contemporary cultural phenomena in general are not changed: Techno Trance, Techno Hardcore, Techno Acid, etc. (Girčienė 2005). from inertia, often in the same or related context, more unadapted alienations arise. For example: German – Techno-Boys, Techno-Queen, Techno-Power, Techno-T-Shirts, Techno-Rave, Techno-Groove; rusų – Техно-парти, Техно-стар, Техно-арт, Taip pat kaip ir lietuvių kalboje lygiagrečiai vartojami ir naujieji hibridai, pvz.: vokiški – Techno-Abend, Techno-Herz, Techno-Jahre, Techno-Erzählung, Techno-Liebhaber; Russian – techno-wave, techno-news, techno-power; in Техно-Траффик, Техно-триллер. Lithuanian texts are recorded technoaidas, technoamžius, technoaudinys, technomėgėjas, technovakarėlis and so on. In Russian, this suffix is more often used in the names of companies, and there are more derivatives directly related to specific technologies than to music or technoculture than in Lithuanian; emphasis techno often goes and the second word sandu, e.g. : КаскадТехно, Драйв-Техно (the only eurotechno found in Lithuanian). Examples of other languages of similar structure or origin only confirm the fact that the influence of English is universal, and future forecasts promise an increasing number of new borrowings, and especially value and hybrid derivatives. The longevity of technoculture is difficult to predict, so it is impossible to predict how many and what new words will become, if not universal, then at least dictionaries elements. According to Alan Metcalf (2002: 168), the president of the American Dialectologists' Association, who is the curator of slang and new words, the test period during which it becomes clear whether a new word will have long-term prospects or will be rejected is 40 years. He writes that even very common new words sometimes fail this test. However, the pace of globalization, the recording of analogous examples in other languages suggests that in the future there should be a great number of forms with the accent techno or some other, reflecting a new cultural expression. It is also obvious that non-independent elements from the forms of construction can easily be converted into independent lexems. since the future lexicography will be increasingly influenced by computer technologies, which will lead to the fact that the lexical fixation of the lexem will be determined by frequency, rather than subjective 1 Thanks to kTU student Aistė Švabyte, who chose examples from the German written language textbook CoSMoS ii (http://www.ids-mannheim.de). 190 kAlBoS kUlTūRA | 81 to look at the current state of the language and its new changes, to decide what is casual use and what is already the result of kriterijai, svarbu, kad vartosenoje plistų tikrai reikalingi ir kiek įmanoma labiau prie lietuvių kalbos sistemos pritaikyti naujažodžiai. Būtina atsilanguage development (kniūkšta 1996: 37). It is equally important that, while the status of such language elements (such as techno and similar) is not completely clear, the established orthographic norms of the Lithuanian language should be observed. liTeRATūRA Brennan T. 2002: Technē. – in e. Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, london: Routledge. Retrieved May 15, 2006, from http://www.rep. routledge.com/article/A135 Girčienė J. 2005: Naujųjų skolinių atitikmenys: struktūra ir vartosena, Vilnius: lietuvių kalbos institutas. keinys S. 1999: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Šiauliai: Šiaulių universitetas. klimavičius J. 2005: Motoir motor-: tarptautiniai skoliniai ir lietuviški dariniai. – Kalbos kultūra 78, 90–110. kniūkšta P. 1996: kalbos tvarkybos tikslas – ugdyti kalbą. – Kalbos kultūra 68, 28–39. ku p č i n s k a i t ė A. 1997: nelietuviškų kalbos elementų (dėmenų) vartojimo polinkiai. – Kalbos kultūra 69, 56–61. M e t c a l f A. 2002: Predicting. New Words: The Secrets of Their Success, Boston, nY. Piesarskas B. 2002: Didysis anglų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera. Ryklienė A. 1999: Euras, euro, euro-. – Kalbos kultūra 72, 47–50. lkRS 1992: Lietuvių kalbos rašyba ir skyryba. Parengė n. Sližienė ir A. Valeckienė. Vilnius: Mokslas. 2003: International Dictionary of Words, Vilnius: Alma littera. Received 11/07/2008 J. Michaelis. new words with emphasis techno-191 neW WoRDS WiTH THe ConSTiTUenT TECHNOSummary The paper gives an overview of derivatives with the international component technoand offers their structural and semantic analysis. in lithuanian usage the number of the above-type of words due to the impact of english and englishspeaking countries is on the increase. Some of those words refer to concepts of sub-cultures; others should be treated solely as stylistically marked language innovations. A similar situation might be observed in German and Russian. The spelling of words with the component technovaries. The most deviant is the usage of techno as an individual lexeme. it is important to observe and register the actual use of the new lexemes and give evaluation to it; however, it is also important to observe the existing spelling rules. JURGiTA Mikelionienė kauno technologijos universitetas Gedimino g. 43, lT-44240 Kaunas [email protected]