Salantų vardas dviejose XVII a. krikšto įrašų knygose

Mr. KniūKšta. The name of Salantai in two baptismal records of the 15th century 103 PRANAS KNIŪKŠTA Lietuvių kalbos institutas WORDS FOR TWO 15th century in the books of baptismal records In the past, the area was known as Salanta. In the past, this has been repeatedly mentioned by Matthew Valančius when he mentioned the past of Salanta. In the story of antanas tretininkas „Karė pas Salantų pilį“ it is said: „from Kretinga to Salantus, then called Skilančiai, there was no caste road“ (R i 384). In the bishopric of Žemaitija it is written that “in 1630 Mikalojus Pasanauskis built a wooden church in Skilandžiai, or Salantuose” (R ii 116). from the more widely known current publications the old name of Salantai Skilandžiai is mentioned in encyclopedias. In the Boston Lithuanian Encyclopedia, the article dedicated to Salantai begins as follows: "Salantai, formerly Skilandžiai..." (LE XXVi 326), it is repeated further: "In the beginning the area was called Skilandzi" (ibid., 327). The Soviet Encyclopedia of Lithuania also states that "Salantai settled in the village of Skilandžiai" (tLE iii 614). The year of the change of name is also indicated: „Salantais miestelis pradėta vadinti 1638“. What this statement is based on is not stated. The double name of Salantai, the transformation of Skilandžiai into Salantai and the establishment of Salantai are best shown in the 15th century baptismal records of the church of Salantai (1631 – 1640 and 1641 – 1659). They confirm the quoted statements about the name of Salantai, except that the town of Salantai was named from 1638. SkiLandŽiai iR Salantai IN THE 1631-1640 RECORD The old name of the town and the change of name is shown in the 1631-1640 christening record book, whose first page contains the main name (now some letters are erased): Metrica sive registrum baptizatorum ecclesiae Skiłąndensis, and after it in smaller letters as an explanation added: Sałąnty od r. 1631 do roku 1640 (a similar inscription Chrztu Sałąnty od r. 1631 do r. 1640 is pasted on the cover of the book). The book is stored in the Manuscripts Department of Martynas Mažvydas Library. 104 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 81 In the records of the book from 1631 to 1639 the name of the town is Skilandziai, only it is written according to the Polish spelling principles and with the Polish ending -ie. But the spelling is uneven and inconsistent, there are many different variants. The most commonly used are the letters "L" and "N". The prefix “l” is usually denoted by the letter with the hardness mark – ł, less often (but not rarely) by the simple letter l; there are entries with two letters l, which are also in one place plain (ll), in another with a hardness mark (łł). The diphthong “an” is usually written ąn, but often also an; there are entries with on and even with un. even the spelling of the first syllable has deviations – in addition to the usual Ski-, there is Sky-, even Skie-. here's how the whole variety of notations looks like: Skiłąndzie, Skiląndzie, Skiłandzie, Skilandzie, Skiłłąndzie, Skilląndzie, Skillandzie, Skiłondzie, Skielondzie. These noun forms are used after the prefix de – de Skiłąndzie, de Skilandzie, etc., but they are also found in Polish forms of the noun adapted to the prefix: de Skiłąndz, de Skiłłąndz, de Skylląndz, de Skiłłundz and with the ending -ow – de Skiłłąndziow. Since the name Skilandžiai was not widely used and had no tradition, such a variety of writings can be understood and partly justified. But there were also some really strange and incomprehensible writings. Meanwhile (in 1635) records appear where the place of parents and godparents is described in the singular form variants (written with a simple l) – Skilandas, Skilandis, Skylląndis, Skiląndzis: Christophorus aleknaytis Skiląndis, Christophorus kripaytis Skylląndis, Stanislay Jocubaytis Skiląndzis. When the name of a person is given after a surname, it is not considered to be a surname, but rather a place name. And since there is no prefix de in the front, they should be regarded as suffixes, similar to the adjective skilandiškis: kristupą aleknaitį Skilandį can be understood as aleknaitį skilandiškį. records from that period contain similar derivatives from other place names: Petrus Butkaytis notenis – Petras Butkaitis notėniškis; Georgiy Wisgaudaytis Gruszė laukis – George Wisgaudaytis of Gruszė; There are also Orlianis, klausgaylis, Tuzis, imboris and others, cf. erlėniškis, klausgalviškis, tuziškis, imbariškis. They are even added after female surnames – agnes Wałłentinaite kumpikis or applied to both male and female – Petrus Jucaitis et anna Žeymis. Here they are grammatically not compatible with the surnames, but it can be understood that Agnė Valentinaitė is from Kumpiki, Petras and Ona Jucaičiai are from Žeimiai. A couple of 1640 records in front of the singular form of Skilandis have the letter e, which probably denotes a summary of the prefix ex. In one of them (April) Mr. KniūKšta. The name of Salantai is recorded in two 15th century baptismal records as the parents of 105 children: nicolao Petrauskaytis et Catharina Gustaite e Skielundis. In this case, the singular form can be understood as a placename – from Skilandis. There is one record from 1635 where it is difficult to understand not only the morphological meaning of the place name, but also the word itself. one reference to a place in Shałłon in August: it is written that the child was baptized by Christophory Jankiewicz Commendary Shałłon, the child’s baptised father was Georgius Zebitis Shałłon, and the child is the father of Christophori Cripa Shałłondis. It is assumed that the child was baptized by the camendant of Salanty, so Shałłon should mean Salantùs. Maybe this is Salantų or part of Salanto Salon? And Shałłondis looks like the words Salantai (or "Hybrids and hybridization". Skilandžiai was named as a town for the first time in a record of March 1636: the child’s parents Jakutaitis and Grigalaitė are written de Skiląndzie – from Skilandžiai, the godfather aidukas (ayduk) – de oppido, – there is no place name, but it must be understood that the “opid”, or town, is Skilandžiai. A year later, in the March 1637 record, the town and its name are mentioned together – de oppido Skilandzie, de oppido Skiłąndziow. Once again, it must be said that in the records of 1638 and 1639 Salantai is not yet mentioned, as until then there are only Skilandžiai. However, the variety of notations has decreased – there are no variants with two l, but there are competing forms with simple and hardened l (ł). also compete forms with ąn and an (variants with on no longer seen). the new city name Salantai appears in the book in 1640 (first records in March). The forms of writing are not uniform, but not as diverse as Skilandžių: one l, simple or with a solidification mark (ł), the diphthong is marked ąn or an. a new thing – a sign similar to the letter j is written at the end of the word, somewhere else there is a clearly written y. The most common notations: with simple l and with ąn – Saląntj or with a strong (ł) and with simple diphthong an – Sałantj. Usually only the prefix de – de Saląntj precedes the place name, but there are also inscriptions with de oppido – de oppido Saląntj, de oppido Sałanty. In the 1640 records, Salantai is no longer called Skilandžiai, but there are personal names of this root Skilandaitis and Skilandienė. Skilandaitis is recorded from several places, and on March 18, the child’s parents Joannes Skiląndaitis et Hedvigis de Saląntj, the third witness of the baptism Hedvigis Skiląndziene (the place is not recorded, it can be understood that she is from the same place) are recorded. The town of Skilandžiai has become Salantai, and the inhabitants have remained as they used to be – Skilandžiai. records from 1631–1640 show the variety of the use of Skilandžiai and the general picture of the transition from Skilandžiai to Salantai. How Salantai became established and how their forms changed can be seen from the 1641-1659 record book. 106 Language Culture | 81 In the BOOK OF RECORDS 1641–1659 this book of baptismal records is kept in the archives of the church of Salantai and is called Salantensis Bapt. : ab anno 1641 ad 1659, is inscribed on its cover. from it (and from the records in the book) it appears that since 1641 that area is officially called In the name of the Salants. The name of Salantai in the book is found in the records of May 1641 (until then they are not included). In the record of May 19, the godfather is recorded as de oppido Saląnty – from the city of Salantai; May 24, the child’s parents – de oppido Saląnty, the godparents – de Saląntj. It is difficult to say why the inscriptions are ambiguous and how their meaning differs. Another duality is unclear – in one place the name of Salantai is written with a clearly visible Polish ending -y, elsewhere the ending is unclear, similar to the letter j (it may mean the sound "i" or a word abbreviation sign). The letter "l" is also written twice – in one case with the simple letter l, in another with the tikrai atsitiktinai, be jokio reikšmės skirtumo, todėl čia jų rašybos nebus paisoma ir visur rašoma paprastoji l. Dvejopą, tik jau aiškią prasmę turi to hardness mark – ł. These variants are used in the name of the name with the unusual consonant ąn, which allows the word to be read in two ways – to ignore the consonant sign and read Salantai according to the norms of written language or to omit the letter n and, taking into account the Polish spelling, to read in Samogitian – Salontā (Salontai). The name of Salantai is also written differently in the records of 1642 – somewhere de Saląnty, somewhere else de oppido Saląnty. But there are a couple of places where the godparents are written only a general reference to de Oppido, and the name of Salantas is not mentioned at all. from such writing it can be understood that it is already clear what it is. Somewhat different entries from the end of 1642 (November and December), written by another person, in a different handwriting and in a different, seemingly more deliberate order. There is no name of Salantų without a general reference (de Saląnty), it is written everywhere with the reference abbreviation opp. or oppd. After it, the name of Salantai is abbreviated everywhere, the abbreviation is marked everywhere with an abbreviation mark (here we will mark it with the mark 5) – de oppd. Saląnt5. The question arises – what limb is dropped and why. He is known for his work on the Opus Deum and the Opus Dei. Saląnt5 we see that the ending -y is missing, which corresponds to the Lithuanian ending of Salantų -ai. so oppd. Saląnt5 can also be understood as oppd. It is the capital of the province of Salta and of the municipality of Salta. However, the word Saląnt5 written with a dropped ending allows us to imagine a dropped singular ending here and to associate the name of the city with the name of the river Salantas or its dialect form Salonts. so Mr. KniūKšta. The name of Salantai appears in two 15th-century baptismal records books 107 Salanto miestas. There are even inscriptions that formally indicate one or another meaning: there is a place where the godmother is written de opp. Saląnton (November 17), where the word form comes from – from the city of Saląnton, and the place where the godmother de oppd. Saląnten (December 21) – from the city of Salantai. abbreviate the plural form of Salantai and the inscription oppd. Saląnty change to oppd. It made no sense. that's nothing new. the writing with the dropped end de oppd. Saląnt5 is easier to understand as an inscription where the singular ending of the river name Salantas has been dropped and the name is understood as the city of Saląnt. When Salantai had not yet had that name and was Skilandzė, they were just a town (or town) near Salantai. Since the prepositional construction can be replaced by the adjective (see guests from Kaunas – Kaunas guests, attack from the air – air attack), there could also be a city of the same meaning next to the city at Salanto. Instead of using Skilandžių, the city of Salantai became a real name, where the general word miestas (town) is necessary to indicate the place of residence. The name of the city can only be meaningful in conjunction with a relative word of this meaning. from the inscription oppd. Saląnt5 it is possible to understand that the name of the city, which originated from the river name, has acquired the plural form – from Saląnt came Salantai. This is a normal thing, there are more such place names, one of them is Pestys – Pesčiai. Having lost their direct connection with Salantai and having only the meaning of a city, Salantai can be used without a relative word – it can be both Salantų miestas and Salantai. such both possible and equivalent are entries in oppd. Saląnty and Saląnty. moving away from the river name, Salantai gradually moves away from the dialect expression of the word. The name of the river was mostly known by local people and it was Žemaičių, with a diphthong on – Salonts. Initially, the Žemaitijos form of the placename should have been more known than the official variant Salantai. Later, after moving away from the river name and entering a wider usage, the city name is combined with other real names used in writings and with general phonetic norms – Salontus is replaced by Salantai. The contradiction between the variants of the Žemaičių and the written language is weakened and the transition from the first to the second is softened by the diplomatic spelling of the name with ąn; the form Saląnty allows to jump from one form to another and freely move from Salontai to Salantai. Various variants of the name Salantai, their spelling and changes in usage are clearly shown in the records of subsequent years. In all records of 1643 the name of Salantai is written as it was at the end of 1642 – with the abbreviation of the general reference and with a dropped ending: de opp. 108 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 81 Saląnt٥, de oppd. Saląnt٥. iš tokio užrašymo Salantus tikrai galima suprasti kaip Salanto miestą. Kitoks yra tik vienintelis užrašas – Bakalaureus Saląnt٥, where there is no connection with the river name and where it can only be understood in one way – Salantų bachelor. More varied and controversial records of 1644. initially more commonly written as in 1643 – de oppd. Saląnt5, but there are also inscriptions without "opido", but with a dropped ending – de Saląnt5. even in the same entry (January 3) parents are written de oppd. 1955: The Mother of God, Saląnt 5. from the middle of the year, the second method takes effect. yes, with a dropped ending and without a general reference, the written name of Salantai was still artificial and illogical, so it is natural that since September there are entries with the ending – de Saląnty. The morphologically formalized city name becomes a real place name. But there is still no clearer order: on October 19 de Saląnty is written, on October 21 – de oppd. Saląnt5, November 21st again – de Saląnty, December 23rd – de Saląnt5. It is obvious that the use of the name Salantai is still unclear and unsettled. The first recorded use of the name is from 1645. from the beginning of the year, a return to dual logical entries. in the same month (February) the godfather is written de Saląnty, elsewhere de oppd. Saląnt5. the unabbreviated name of the city is written alone, and when the ending is dropped – with the general reference oppd. no entries without ending and without general reference. It is also the root of the local name. Since April, the name of Salantai is written without the unusual letter sample ąn – the n is dropped, leaving only the nasal letter ą. The spelling strangeness has been eliminated, but another inconvenience has arisen – the new spelling forced the name of Salantai to be read only in Žemaičių kalba, with the diphthong on – Salontai (Salontā). there are no more Salants for general consumption. In the same order (1645) the name of Salantai is written in the records of 1646: place name everywhere with the ending, the nasal letter ą in the root – Saląty, de Saląty. only in some cases preceded by the reference de oppd. Salad. But the most interesting and unexpected thing is that in that year the old name of the town Skilandžiai appears next to Salantai, also written with the nasal letter ą – Skilądzie. In one record of January 19, the parents and godparents are written from Salantai – de Saląty, in another record of the same day the godfather kasperas klovaitis is mentioned from Skilandžiai – de Skilądzie. On September 29, in one post the child’s parents are from Skilandžiai, in another post of that day the father Kasperas Klovaitis is from Salantai. It may be assumed that the names of Salantai and Skilandžiai refer to different locations, but this assumption is denied by Kasperas Klovaitis’ biography written in two parts. Mr. KniūKšta. The name of Salantai in two 15th-century baptismal records books 109 venamo vieta. The children, whose godfather is recorded as Kasperas Klovaitis, are the same parents – Nikolajus and Marina Jokūbaičiai from Kumpikai – it is to be assumed that the godfather Kasperas Klovaitis is the same person in both cases. so his place of residence must be the same, only differently written. From the beginning of 1647 the spelling of the root Salantai is changed again – the nasal letter ą is replaced by a diphthong, more often written on – Salonty, less often an – Salanty. There are various other inequalities and duality. the ending is not written equally – somewhere as before -y – Salonty, somewhere else (rarely) -i – Salonti. We also find endings without the abbreviation mark – de Salont. there are entries with two l – de Sallont, de Sallant. Alongside the placenames there are inscriptions with an added reference: de Salonty and de oppd. Salonty. there is no system, no effort to create it. There are even different entries in the same record: one person is written de Salonty, another is written de Salonti, one is written de Salanti, another is written de oppido Salanty. A similar confusion exists in the records of 1648 and 1649, but there some of the writing methods are more pronounced. In 1648 there are particularly frequent entries with two l – de Sallant, they disappear in the beginning of 1649. In those years there are more entries without endings, but here the ending is no longer dropped, but the non-Lithuanian, ending-less plural form of the nobleman is given, which is required by the prefix de: Magdalena kusayų te de Salont – Magdalena kusaitė iš Salantų. At the end of 1649 and the beginning of 1650, there are other names of places written in this way: de Skaudel – from Skaudaliai, de kłausgałw – from kłausgałw. The most striking and longest lasting is the competition between the Žemaitic and the co-literacy variants of Salantai. In exactly the same cases, one place is written Salonty, another Salanty. It is the choice of the recorder. For example, from the beginning of 1650 until October it is written Salonty, from October the entries are written in the other hand and the name of the city is written Salanty. The competition between dialectal and collateral forms continues until the end of 1653, and from 1654 Salanty is written everywhere and without reference oppd. – tik de Salanty. The current official form of the local name Salantai is formed and enters into force. CONCLUSIONS 1. In literature it is mentioned that the older name of Salantai was Skilandžiai. The 15th century (1631–1640 and 1641–1659) baptismal records of Salantų church best show the old name and the change of names. 110 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 81 2. from 1631 to 1639 inclusive, the name of the town is Skilandziai, but it is written very differently, mainly according to the Polish spelling principles: Skiłąndzie, Skiląndzie, Skiłandzie, Skilondzie and otherwise. It is written with the prefix de before the name – de Skiłąndzie, de Skilandzie... 3. the new name Salantai appears only in the records of 1640 and is also written differently: de Saląntj, de Sałantj, de oppido Salanty and so on. 4. from 1641 to 1659 there are successively Salantai, only here the variants of their writing are even more and more varied, and they constantly changed. In addition to the above, there are also: Sałąnty, Salanty, Salonty, de Sallont, de oppd. Salonty et al. 5. The main reason for this diversity was that it was a new, unsettled, untraditional place name. It is written according to the principles of Polish spelling, and the relationship between the Lithuanian name and Polish spelling is not easy to understand. Additional difficulties were caused by the dialectal and collateralized forms used for acceleration. Among other variants, there are inscriptions where the reference de oppido appears in the front, and the name of Salantai is written with a dropped ending and an abbreviation mark – de oppd – in its place. Saląnt5. such a notation can be understood as Salantų miestas or as Salanto miestą. This suggests that the original stage of the name Salantai could have been the city of Salanto. šaLtiniai Chrztu Sałąnty od r. 1631 do r. 1640 / Metrica sive registrum baptizatorum ecclesiae Skiłąndensis. – Lietuvos nacionalinės Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekos rankraščių skyrius (F 100–407). Salantensis Bapt.: ab anno 1641 ad 1659. – Salantų bažnyčios archyvas. LitERatūRa LE XXVi – Lietuvių enciklopedija 26, Bostonas: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidyk la, 1961. tLE iii – Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija 3, Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija, 1987. R i, ii – M. Valančius. Raštai 1, 2, Vilnius: Vaga, 1972. Received 12 June 2008 Mr. KniūKšta. 111 tHE naME OF SaLantai in tWO CHuRCH BOOKS OF BiRtH REGiStER OF tHE 17tH CEntuRY Summary Salantai previously had the name of Skilandžiai. a change in the name was best attested in the 17th century birth register books of the church of Salantai. Entries made between 1631 and 1639 contain the name Skilandžiai spelled in different ways: Skiłąndzie, Skilandzie etc. the name Salantai is only found in the entries made in 1640 and later; the name Skilandžiai is spelled in different ways: Skiląndzie, Skilandzie etc. the name Salantai is only found in the entries made in 1640 and later; the name Skilandžiai is spelled in different ways: Skiląndzie, Skilandzie etc. the name Salantai is only found in the entries made in 1640 and later; the name Skilandžiai is spelled in different ways: Skiląndzie, Skilandzie etc. the name Salantai is only found in the entries made in 1640 and later; the name Skilandžiai is spelled in different ways: Skiląndzie, Skilandzie etc. the name Salantai is only found in the entries made in 1640 and later; the name Skilandžiai is spelled in different ways: Skiląndzie, Skilandzie etc. the spelling of the word varies as well, e.g. Salanty, Sałąnty, Salonty etc. there are entries giving the reference oppido before the name: (de) oppido Sałąnty, (de) oppd. Salonty, some entries have the name with its ending missing: de Salont, de oppd. Saląnt5. the latter form with the mark signalling the absence of ending can be treated as the town of Salantas. the presently used official form Salantai has been firmly established in the birth registers since 1654 (speaks Salanty). PRanaS KniūKšta Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, Lt-10308 Vilnius