Naujieji svetimžodžiai su šaknimi „blog-“ ir jų atitikmenys

50 Languages culture | 81 JURGITA GIRČIENĖ Vilnius Pedagogical University Newest foreign words WITH THE ROOTS BLOGS AND THEIR The article discusses new foreign words having the root blogand their Lithuanian equivalents: the competitive usage tendencies of lexical variants and the attitudes of language users are studied by various methods. also examines the reasons for the (non-) spread of Lithuanian variants, based on the results of the study, recommendations of variants are provided. It is stated that the concept of blògo (blog < weblog < web „network (web)“ + log „record“ < logging „documentation of the sequence of actions performed by a computer program“)1 began to be used in Lithuania around 1999, after the creation of the first Lithuanian blog www.gobbitas.lt (see spiridavičiūtė 2007: 35). This phenomenon is defined in computer dictionaries as “a collection of articles (impressions, news, events, reflections, etc.) published on a website. articles are usually published in retrospective chronological order’ (KtaŽ 2007)2. the foreign word blògas (the variant veblogas is also detected in the usage) brought a number of – over 20 – related foreign words. The most commonly used foreign word of the same root blogger "blog writer, author", very common, used not only by professionals in this field, but also by scientific researchers, the term blog(o)sphere "the totality of blogs", somewhat rarer species names of the phenomenon under discussion: audioblog "material contained in audio files", videoblog, vblog, vlog "material contained in video files", photoblog, flog "photo blog", moblog "mobile phone blog created", link(b)log "from1 Sources, based on which the basic forms and definitions of foreign words are established, are listed in the list of sources. Many of the new foreign words are not yet included even in the dictionaries of new words or online encyclopedias that record language changes, so their approximate meanings are described based on (sometimes limited) usage. 2 For more detailed information on the etymology of foreign words and the definition of the phenomenon named by them, see: Miliūnaitė 2008: 27–31) J. GirčIENė. New foreign words with the root bad and their equivalents 51 rodų blogas“; To the generic names would be added profblogas „blog written by a professional“, slogas „spam blog“, superblogas „popular blog“. Important terms for specialists are blogfarm „blog placement place“, blogorama „blog review“, blogroll „list of the author’s favorite blog links“, blogger „blog rating system“. rare foreign word bad "blog writing" (because it competes with the more common hybrid bad), very rare (one-time) foreign words bloggerism "blogging system", blogger "blogger", blogoinkubatorius "blog placement place" (synonym of blogfarm), blogdialogue "blog dialogism", blogodepression "state when it is impossible to write a blog". A large number (over 10) of co-roots with Lithuanian suffixes have been found in Vartosena. Some of them are transliterated synonyms of the aforementioned foreign words, e.g.: blòginimas, blògavimas, blogeriavimas and blogingas; blogger, blogger, blogger and blogger. The suffix of the verb blòg-inti “to write a blog” is considered to be a means of adaptation to the Lithuanian language’s grammatical system rather than a means of acting (cf. Keinys 1984: 114; Mikelionienė 2000: 70). In usage, the synonym blòguoti (very rare) and several prepositional derivatives: išblògiti, pablògiti, nublògiti, apiblògiti, priblògiti have been noted. the foreign word blògas was proposed only in early 2005. The first was a stack. It has not been widely used and has been criticized by language users. In January 2007, the consultation bank of the State Lithuanian Language Commission (hereinafter referred to as VlKK Kb) already had a two-word equivalent for internet blog. In March 2007, a survey of language users on the VlKK website http://www.vlkk.lt/ invited them to vote for the following Lithuanian names of this reality: blog, internet blog, personal journal, mind-map (see Jakovlevas 2007: 15; spiridavičiūtė 2007: 35). In spoken language VlKK Kb as possible substitutes for the foreign word blògas are provided internet diary, blog, personal journal; blogger and its transliterated variant blògintojas are treated as slang words. in common language, Lithuanian variants are suggested for use (internet) blogger, blogger (see http://www.vlkk.lt/konsultacijos). Among the language publications that provide information not only about the foreign word blògas, but also about the equivalents of several other foreign words with the same root, the online Computer Terms Explanatory Dictionary (KtaŽ 2007) is worth mentioning. blog, interneto dienoraštis (weblog, blog); blog, interneto dienoraštis (weblog, blog); audio blog, audio web blog; video blog, online video journal (video blog, vlog); entries in 52 Language Culture | 81 Search box fragment of the word blog-, the following search results are given: audio blog, blog, video blog – it is as if to show the editors of dictionaries more inclined to the borrowed blògas one-word equivalent (http://www.likit.lt/term/z2odynas.html). In the table are presented other equivalents of the above mentioned more common foreign words with the root blòg found in the usage (here are also included dictionaries recommended in the speaking time – almost all of them are also considered as usage variants). 1 lEntEla. blòg and its synonyms blòg blog blog, (veblogas) personal blog blogger blogger, (interneto) blogger, (blògintojas, blogger writer, interneto personal blog write (fill) a blog, write a bloggerovas, blogo autorius, (interneto) blogo blogūnas, blògietis) blog (blòguoti) tinklaraštininkauti, tinklaraščiauti blogingas tinklaraščio rašymas interneto dienoraščio rašymas (blòginimas, blògavimas, blogeriavimas) blog(o)sfera tinklaraštija interneto dienoraščių visuma blogrolas tinklaraščių sąrašas interneto dienoraščių sąrašas blogorama garsinis tinklaraštis garsinis interneto dienoraštis, internetinis garso dienoraštis fotoblogas fototinklaraštis, nuotraukų fotodienoraštis tinklaraščių apžvalga interneto dienoraščių apžvalga audioblogas garso, (blog) blog moblog mobile mobile internet blog blog videoblog video blog, video blog, online video blog video blog, video blog, online video blog video blog, video blog, online video blog Of the other 39 blogs, 14 use only Lithuanian variants (tinklaštis, less often use borrowed and Lithuanian variants (tinklaštis and blogas, bloglaraštininkas and bloglaraštininkas), 13 only borrowed (blogas, blogeris), the same number (13) of blogs blogeris) for interchange. Of the latter, five tend more to Lithuanian names: foreign (vblog, vlog) words are either one-time, or only found in references; or consistently choosing the videoblog blog older and more commonly used Lithuanian variant blogas, but for the time being J. GirčIENė. New foreign words with the root badand their equivalents 53 In order to determine the competition tendencies of lexical variants, the main focus was placed on the targeted public free usage (for the term see Miliūnaitė 2008) – blogs: 1) a statistical analysis of blogs was carried out and 2) a questionnaire survey of bloggers. 3) general usage: based on the general internet search engine Google, a statistical analysis was carried out, a qualitative study was carried out to determine the evolution of the competition of lexical va riants. 1. 45 most visited blogs were selected for the study of lexical variants. These blogs were included in the list of winners of Lithuanian blog elections 2008 (http://visiblogai.lt/index.php/Rinkimai08) published on the website of Lithuanian blog encyclopedia and in the list of most visited blogs published on the website of Lithuanian blog ranking (http://www.blogologas.lt/). to establish the current situation, the most recent, i.e. recent months, blog posts and lists of topics and links were examined. leaving the foreign word blogger and other blogdariniai without widespread equivalents, or foreign words perform an explanatory, metallinguistic function, e.g.: “Blogas” – first of all this is the Lithuanianized English term “Blog”, which is an abbreviation of the original term “Weblog”. It is translated into Lithuanian as a blog. so we found out that “Blogs” in Lithuanian are called blogs. but what is this phenomenon? Blogs - a unique space that can be managed by its author himself: unrestricted to write his thoughts, publish photos, place links, receive comments from Internet users. The first blogs were found in Japan in 1996-1997, when several Internet users published their daily news on their personal websites. probably the main reason for the popularity of blogs – simplicity and freedom. Today, blogs are so widespread that almost everyone has one – from teenagers sharing their joys to high-ranking entrepreneurs and organizations. Blogs are specialized websites or areas of general websites that provide 54 Languages Culture | 81 rios host frequently written publications, arranged in chronological order, in which authors, so-called “bloggers”, express their thoughts, events, observations and ideas on a chosen topic. Blogs usually comment on content of a chosen topic, such as music, cinema, food, politics or news; many blogs function as personal diaries. A typical blog consists of text, images and links to other blogs, pages or other information related to the topic of the blog. Most blogs are text-based, but “photoblogs” and “videoblogs” are also popular. [http:// kasyrablogas.lt]3 In this particular case, the graphical separation of foreign words would also indicate a tendency to use Lithuanian terms. attention should be drawn to the word combination personal diary – it is not used as a universal equivalent of the foreign word blòg (see blog), but as a narrower term, the name of one of the types of blog. 2. in order to verify whether the results of the study of blogs' lexical variants really show current usage tendencies, to clarify the reasons for choosing variants, their possible dependence on demographic and social factors, a questionnaire survey of bloggers was conducted. asked: 1) which of the following options (blog / blog / internet blog / other; blogger/blogger/blogger/other; blog / blog / other) the respondent uses and why; 2) whether the choice of option depends on the circumstances. More than 50 questionnaires were distributed – they were first sent to the authors of the most visited blogs studied, later, in order to achieve greater representativity, the number of participants was supplemented by other respondents (e.g., younger age). We received 21 questionnaires, most of them from the authors of the most read blogs. the age of the respondents: 16-30 years; 17 men and 4 women were interviewed, almost all of them had (uncompleted) tertiary education, i.e. studies either completed (from 23 years) or still continuing (18-23 years) – not equal in age; with the exception of the only school-age (16 years) representative and a 24-year-old respondent with secondary education. More than a third of respondents have activities or interests, professions related to information technology; somewhat less – with economics and finance, (internet) advertising, marketing; there are specialists in law, personnel management, history, physics. The relevant text elements in blacked-out or thinned font in the examples of subjects 3 here and below are distinguished by the author of the article, the linguistic expression and graphic signs (quotes, etc.) are authentic. J. GirčIENė. The number of new foreign words with the root blog and their equivalents 55, although not very high, basically corresponds to the portrait of a typical blogger drawn by blog researchers and bloggers themselves: there are no studies yet, but it is believed that the age of bloggers in Lithuania is 15-30 years (Spiravičiūtė 2007: 36). What is the portrait of a Lithuanian blogger? <…> Which one? A young man, in his twenties (maybe a little older), white, not emphasizing his faith. He is interested in computers (perhaps even more strictly – a programmer) or a marketing specialist. [www.nepo.lt/lt/nuomone/kritika/koks-tas-lietuvisko-blogerio-portretas, 2007 11 16] After examining the use of specific lexicals (the lexicalized combinations of them), it became apparent that respondents choose only those Lithuanian equivalents that contain the part of the compound word bloglarašt- (except in the only case when the respondent indicates that he chooses an internet blog, because his blog belongs to this type of blogs). taking into account the longer history of foreign words (the new word blog and its derivative blogger and the compound to write a blog are proposed later than the first corresponding words blog, internet blog, personal blog); a diary; writing an internet blog), it can be said that the aforementioned blogs are quite successfully competing with their predecessors foreign words. A similar number of respondents reported using them, e.g.: write (fill) a blog (14) / blog, write (to) a blog (14: 11 and 3); blog (15) / blog (16); blogger, blog author (10: 5 and 5) / blogger, blog author (18: 15 and 3) (respondents could indicate using several names of the same reality). So far, only the latter pair of Lithuanian variants are somewhat less popular than the borrowed ones – it is obvious that the long compound derivative tink laraštininkas is more difficult to find its way among the possible equivalents of single words – this is also noted by the bloggers themselves (see more in the section “Factors determining the choice of the lexical variant”). After analyzing the variants chosen by each respondent, it was found that more than half (11) of the respondents mixed Lithuanian (blog, blogger (blog author), write (fill) blog) and borrowed (blog, blogger (blog author), bloginti (write a blog)) variants of the vocabulary. Some respondents indicated that they use variants of all three pairs, others have two varying positions, and still others use synonymously only the variants of one of the three pairs (all three groups are represented by a similar number of respondents). in the third group of respondents (relatively average blogger age 18-26 years) 56 Languages Culture | 81 predominantly 20-25 respondents; compared to others, there are more women (3), relatively fewer information technology (hereinafter – IT) specialists. almost half less respondents (6) indicated that they use only foreign words blogas, blogger (blog author), bloginti (write a blog). One of them mentioned in his textual comments that he uses Lithuanian variants of blogs in a professional environment, while another respondent mentioned precisely these “recently invented” Lithuanian equivalents as suitable for use in comparison with “the previously proposed name interneto dienoraštis, which is not suitable for his photoblog”. It is noteworthy that all the members of this group are men, belonging to the relatively middle and senior age group of bloggers (22-30 years old), most of them IT specialists. The least number of respondents (4) indicated in the questionnaire that they use only Lithuanian names blogas, blogeris (blog author), rašyti (fill) blogą. However, in the textual comments three of them indicated that they also used foreign words in informal settings. Thus, in summary, it can be stated that the most characteristic variant use of borrowed and Lithuanian reality names in the conversational language (the distribution of respondents according to the choice of Lithuanian and borrowed lexical variants is shown in the figure below). One female and three male respondents in this group, including two IT specialists, can be considered to be representatives of the younger blogger age group (16-23). The questionnaire survey of bloggers’ opinions broadly confirmed the results of the blog survey. Different methods determined similar usage tendencies of lexical variants: with foreign words in reality and, bearing in mind the uneven tradition of use (to the detriment of equivalents), quite successfully compete – in the spoken time are almost equally popular – only novelties, having the part of the compound word blog-, and other equivalents practically not blogers distribution according to the questionnaire data it should be noted that the search engine Google statistics data reflect not the situation in the spoken time, but the entire history of foreign words and their equivalents proposed in unequal times (in the case of a foreign word it objectively 4 was studied not the whole J. GirčIENė. New foreign words with the root bad and their equivalents 57 used; a large part of bloggers so far use foreign words and their equivalents to describe the same reality. It is true that the questionnaire survey shows a slightly greater tendency to variantity than the research of the blogs themselves: more than half of the bloggers who filled out the questionnaires indicated that they use both borrowed and Lithuanian names from the same reality, while among the popular blogs that are characterized by the same tendency, there are somewhat fewer (one third). This difference is undoubtedly due to the fact that, as the comments show, most of the authors consider their blogs as public activities, understand them as business, official, written usage, therefore they try to follow the language norms, choose Lithuanian variants, and in verbal form, informally communicate more freely, more often choose the more usual borrowed version. therefore, blogs – at least some of them – only show the tendencies of publicly used vocabulary, while questionnaires also illustrate private usage. 3. in order to investigate more representatively the trends of general – both (edited) official and (unedited) unofficial – usage, in addition to questioning and blog research, the search engine Google was used. It was determined that the most common word is the foreign word blogas (3370 uses), almost three times less common is its one-word equivalent blogas (1370), while the two-word internet blog is quite rare (266), the corresponding self-biography in the investigative form was not detected at all4. After examining the adverbial derivatives and (or) compound names of these lexical variants, naming the performer of the action and the action itself, similar tendencies were identified: the most common foreign word blogger (5350), several times rarer its equivalent blogger (990), blogger very rare (6), the variants internet blogger and personal blogger were not detected; of the Lithuanian variants the most common is write blog (1220), write internet blog very rare (69), write autobiography was not detected (the frequency of the variant worsen is impossible to determine because of homograph blõgini). Certain inaccuracies in the Google search (e.g. a more common word may be presented not only in the requested form, but may also occur in other forms) do not allow these results to be considered fully statistically reliable – they should be considered as revealing general usage tendencies. paradigm, but only the user’s humor of each variant (in order to avoid homographs blogas / blogas). The search was performed on Lithuanian websites on 10 12 2008. 58 Language Culture | 81 longer; blog is an older term than blog). The other two methods examined the target audience and the texts created by it – blogs, thus a certain, supposedly extremely important fragment of usage, and the search engine Google represents the variety of usage from duplicates of editorial media to comments on chat sites that often resemble private conversations. Despite the differences mentioned above, the usage tendencies of these lexical variants are essentially the same: statistics show that the only real competitors of foreign words are those with the accent blog-. This is confirmed by the qualitative study of the overall consumption trend. They show that in the public official usage there is an obvious tendency to use Lithuanian equivalents, most often variants with blog- (other variants are sometimes chosen as contextual synonyms or for metalinguistic reasons), e.g. : Who are bloggers? What does the traditional media think of them and what do they want to see themselves as? How does a Lithuanian blog differ from a foreign one? How to successfully write your own blog? How important is correct Lithuanian language on the Internet? is it possible to earn from blogging? All these topics were discussed at the second Lithuanian blog and internet conference “blogIn 2008”. <…> It’s hard to believe that this is not a professional conference, but a gathering of people with one hobby, and so young. by the way, the audience is really young, the average age could be twenty-five years. [adomas rutkauskas, “Blog In 2008”: modern Lithuanian internet conference, 2008 04 14, Veidas, internet access: http://www.veidas.lt/lt/leidinys.full/48033cb3856aa] About a couple of years ago Lithuanian variants were only a foreign word, and practically only one – blog – satellites. then the most commonly used internet blog, e.g.: rapidly popularized in Lithuania internet blogs (blog) have won strong positions in the country and even merged into the traditional media. This is what the authors of such blogs say, who will be gathering on March 14 for the first Lithuanian “blogger” conference. “Due to the increasing influence of the community of ‘bad’ authors, ‘bad’ is being called citizen media, because due to the ease of establishment and access, it has already become a great public information tool, able to spread the most important news more effectively and faster than traditional print, radio or television,” - it states. “bad” authors in the report. According to the author of the blog www.zudykreklama.lt arnoldas rogoznyj, the so-called “bloggers” are characterized by constructiveness, knowledge of their field and analysis. “Blog” section already has Lithuanian news portals www.delfi.lt, www.alfa.lt, www.vz.lt, when