Iš kur „Kniūkštų“ pavardė

Mr. KNIŪKŠTA. Where Kniūkštų last name 27 PRANAS KNIŪKŠTA Lietuvių kalbos institutas WHERE DOES THE SURNAME COME FROM Kniūkštà is one of the rarer Lithuanian surnames. According to the Lithuanian Names Dictionary, there were 60 families with this surname in interwar Lithuania (LPZ I 1034). This name was common in a small area of Žemaičių dialektas, mainly in Salantų (19 families), Plùngės (14), Kulių (11), Katenos (10) neighborhoods; from everywhere else together they are mentioned only six. The dictionary also contains a form with a short u – Kniukšta. In total, 45 such families were counted, almost half of them from Kretinga, the others from the wider area – from Mažeikiai and Sedõs to Klaupëda. As for the origin, it is cautiously stated: "Surnames with short u appear to be secondary, later, some sort of reprocessing of names with kniūkšt-." In fact, this caution is not necessary here, it can be boldly said that these surnames with the short u are distorted, or even more frankly – spelled incorrectly. More about this is written in a separate article “Kniūkšta, ne Kniukšta”1. It may be added that the form with the short u could also have spread from the Polish or Russian writings of that surname Kniukszta, Кнюкшта, from which Kniukšta is usually reproduced. Two other variants of the surname Kniùkštas and Kniukštys are mentioned, written further away from the main area of distribution of the surname: Kniukštas – 4 times (including two from Kaunas), Kniukštys – once, and the same reconstructed from the Germanized form Kniukstė. These are probably random Kniūkšta reworkings, where not only the length of the vowel u has been changed, but also the ending. In the dictionary, the surname Kniūkšta is associated with the adjective kniąkštas, kniūkštà, giving its meaning, synonymous with the adjective kniūbsčias – "bowed, looking toward the earth". The surname Kniūpštà (from Kniūbšta) is presented and directly associated with the adjective kniūbsčias (kniūbščias), although it is written only once – from Gargždų. For a link to the surnames Kniūkštà and Kniūpštà, see here. : See booklet. Kniūpštā; See section 4. 4 for details. Fuck. The dictionary links them by action and meaning 1 See. K n i ū k š t a P. Kalbos vartosena ir tvarkyba, Vilnius: Lietuvos kalbos instituto leidykla, 2004. (in 2001, 576–578. 28 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 similarity, but indicates their different independent origin: Kniūpštà derives from kniūbsčias, Kniūkštà – from kniūkštas. Lithuanian) Historically, the relationships between these surnames are somewhat different, more complex, and older sources help to trace them. The oldest such source is the 1641-1659 baptismal record book of Salantų church, which is kept in the archives of Salantų church. True, in this book the surname Kniūkšta is not; I couldn’t find even the surname Kniūpšta, but it is shown that it was there by the patronymic names Kniūpštaitis, Kniūpštaitė (written in Polish spelling Kniupsztaytis, Kniupsztayte – the author of the article, who described them, writes with a long ū). Ambraziejus (Ambrozius) Kniūpštaitis is mentioned in the book a couple of times: on 28 August 1657 he is recorded as born on 1 March toks krikšto tėvas; 1658 m. vasario 28 d. pakrikštyta mergaitė, kurios tėvas taip pat (tikriausiai tas pats) Ambraziejus Kniūpštaitis. Kniūpštaitė užrašyta 1659, and on that day he was baptized as the daughter of Marina Kniūpštė (the prenuptial surnames of the mothers are written). Both of these Kniūpštai from Barzdžių, it must be assumed that their father Kniūpšta lived in Barzdžiuosè. There are no records of Kniūpštaičiai or Kniūpštai from other places, and it is possible that they were not present elsewhere. This personal pronoun related to the verb kniupti and its derivative kniūpsčias was originally supposed to be a nickname and to mean one specific person who is stumbling or stumbled. Such a person must have lived in Barzdziai, elsewhere such a nickname could not exist, a similar characteristic of a person could not be named or indicated by another word. A similarly meaningful surname Kniustis, related to the verb kniusti (LKZ VI 270), which means limping, is recorded in the record of 28 July 1641 from the neighbouring village of Pesčiė. After a few times the conjugated name Kniustovič (written in Polish Kniustowicz) and the father names Kniustaitis, Kniustaitė (the latter not only from Pest) are written. The name of the person and the name of the place have different meanings. In the list of inhabitants of Salantų parish in 1853, Kniustis is mentioned twice, once – Kniustaitė (written Kniustowna) and once – Kniustienė (written Kniustowa); In 1896, only one Kniustis (Russian: Кнюстис) remained in the list. After several decades, Kniustis disappeared completely – LPŽ does not mention such a name. The name Kniūpšta remained until the 19th century, then acquired another form and became Kniūkšta. The old form is still found in the Kalnalis church 1793-1821 baptismal record book (the book is kept in the Kretinga museum). In it the surname Kniūpšta (spelled Kniupszta) and the maiden name Kniūpštaitė (spelled Kniupsztowna) were recorded during the last decade of the 18th century from three villages – Mr. KNIŪKŠTA. 29 Barzdžių, Kėlių Sodõs (now Kėlsodis) and Nasrnų. From Barzdžiai in 1796 the godfather Juozapas Kniūpšta and the mother of the same child Kotryna Kniūpštaitė were recorded; from Kūliai Soda – the father of the child in 1794 Juozapas Kniūpšta; From Nasrėnai – 1794 godmother Julija Kniūpštaitė, 1796 godmother Kotryna Kniūpštaitė, 1799 godfather Laurynas Kniūpšta. There are a number of different names for the book. In 1794, Stanislaw Kniupštas was recorded from Nasrėnai. Especially interesting is an entry from 1820 stating that the mother of the baptized child is Marina Kniusztowna, and the godmother Ona Kniusztovna – both from Klupėnai. The name of the man is Kniūštaitė, and the corresponding name of the woman is Kniūšta. These forms may have arisen as a result of errors in writing, but they also show that other variants of the surname and other surnames, including Kniustis, began to compete with the old form of the surname. Kniūšta, which appeared next to Kniūpšta, was like a bridge from Kniūpšta to Kniūkšta. The transition from one form to another was easy because they were formally (by sound) similar, and their original meaning and connection with the verb kniupti had faded. That Kniūšta and Kniūkšta can be perceived as variants of the same surname is shown by several documents of my father, one of which is a book of duties from 1928–1938. On its cover and on the pages of the first three years it is written Kniušta, on the subsequent pages Kniukšta, in one place even Kniusta (the short u is written everywhere). Finally, the author of the article himself has received parcels where the name was written not Kniūkšta, but Kniūkstas, Kniusta, not to mention the variant with the short u – Kniukšta. Kniūkšta’s emergence from Kniūpsta may have been encouraged by the tendency to assimilate consonants – the form with two k is more comfortable to pronounce than jumping from k to p. The name Kniūkšta is not mentioned in the mentioned Kalnalis church baptismal record book, but it is found in the 1853 list of inhabitants of Salantų parish. There is no longer the old form Kniūpšta, it has been replaced everywhere by Kniūkšta (spelled Kniukszta). Kniūkšta also appeared in those villages where Kalnalis’ book mentioned Kniūpšta – Barzdžiuose and Kūlių Sode. It couldn't have gone away without a trace. It is obvious that Kniūkšta was not a new name here and it is not made up of the word kniūkštas, but of the surname Kniūpšta. The list shows not only the new form of the surname, but also its prevalence. It shows that there were five independent Kniūkštai families in Salantų parish at that time – five Kniūkštai are recorded as owners. One such householder, František Kniūkšta, lived in Erlnai, two – Simonas Kniūkšta and Jonas Kniūkšta – in Jakštaičiai, and two, both Juozapai, in Barzdžiai. 30 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 (It is possible to trace from the family members that one of them is my great-grandfather.) Three cornermen with their own families are listed with other families: in Jakštaičiai – Antanas Kniūkšta, in Kūlių Sodas – Juozapas Kniūkšta, in Barzdžių Mẽdsėdžiuose – Mikodemas Kniūkšta (as it is written – Mikodemas). Two more Kniūkštas are recorded as hired workers of other owners: in Júodupėnai – Petras Kniūkšta, in Šaũčikiuo se – Juozapas Kniūkšta with his wife Ona. Only the names of the family members, wives and children, are written, so there are no Kniūkštieniai at all. However, six Kniūkštaitės (written Kniuksztowna) who lived outside their families are recorded – one in Salantų parish house, one in Pesčiai as a cornerwoman, four hired women (two in Juodupės, one in Jakštaičiai and one in Kūlių Sodas). Thus, the Kniūkštai family name was widespread in Salantų parish, nine families living in seven villages were recorded, and in total Kniūkštai and Kniūkštaičiai were recorded from nine localities. However, there are no Kniūkštai in Nasrėnai, from which Kniūpšta and Kniūpštaitė were recorded in Kalnalis' baptismal record book, but there are no Kniūkštai. A similar picture of Kniūkštai names is shown in the list of inhabitants of Salantų parish, compiled in 1896. It is true that it differs externally, because it was written in Russian characters during the time of the press ban, and the names and surnames were folded more than before. And Kniūkšta is written with the ending -o – Кнюкшто, there are also written women, probably Kniūkštaitės, and once written form Kniukštova showing a married woman. Such distortions do not prevent the reconstruction of real surnames and tracing their distribution. The second list includes all five formerly independent Kniūkštai families. But there were two new ones – in Erlėnai the second owner Petras Kniūkšta was recorded, in Barzdžiai Medsėdžiai the former cornerman was replaced by the owner Antanas Kniūkšta. There are no more cornermen in Jakštaičiai and Kūlių Sodas, no more mercenaries in Juodupėnai and Šaučikiai – in the last three villages we do not see Kniūkštai at all. The mercenary is recorded in Didžiosios Žalimuoè, the cornerstone – in Salantai. The Kniūkštaičiai mercenaries are not recorded at all, but there are women (Kniūkštaičiai or Kniūkštieniai) cornermen – one in Šaukliaiè, two in Salantai. The name Kniūkštai is recorded from seven localities, the strong Kniūkštai homelands are Barzdžiai, Erlėnai and Juodupėnai, and gradually this name comes to Salantùs. In the late 19th century, the name Kniūkštai was undoubtedly widespread not only in the parish of Salantai, although the author of this article has not collected specific data. But obvious facts show that it continued to expand both in number and in area. Mr. KNIŪKŠTA. 31 The Lithuanian name dictionary shows that in the middle of the 20th century there were 19 Kniūkštų families in the area of Salantai (in the dictionary there is an error, in that place the abbreviation is not Salantų, but Sintautų). It is assumed that the area of Salantų valsčius was taken, and it approximately coincided with the Salantų parish. This means that the population of this surname in the area of Salantai has doubled in half a century. The name Kniūkštai is almost equally common in the Plungė and Kretinga districts (18 times each), slightly rarer, but also common in the Kartena (10) and Kuliai (11) districts. Although it is written with a long u in some places and with a short u in others, it is the same name, so they are counted and discussed together here. The dictionary shows that in the middle of the 20th century this surname was common in a small area of Žemaičių dialektas between Salantai, Kretinga, Kuliai and Plungė (this area includes Kartena). In other places it is recorded only once. In total, the name, including the variant Kniukštas, is written 109 times, in the main area – 76, everywhere else – 33. The current distribution of the Kniūkštai surname can be imagined from the telephone books, where the names of people with fixed telephones are listed. According to the Klaipėda County telephone book of 2001, 15 Kniūkštai, 26 Kniūkštienės and one Kniūkštaitė (many of them are written with a short u) had telephones in Kretinga district in that year. This indicates that there must have been about 40 Kniūkštai families in the Kretinga district at that time. Half a century ago in that area (in the villages of Kretinga, Salantai, Kartena and Darbėnai) there were 51, so a little more. The telephone book does not show the real number, there could have been Kniūkštai families who did not have a phone. However, in the old Kniūkštai name area they did not increase, but decreased. This does not mean that the total number of Kniūkštų surnames has decreased. They multiplied in other places, began to spread where there was no one before. For example, in the middle of the 20th century, this name was recorded 5 times from Klaipeda and Andriejus, and according to the 2001 phone book in the city and district of Klaipeda, as many as 55 Kniūkštai (Kniūkštos and Kniūkštienės) had phones. In other directions, the name Kniūkštai spread even further. According to the Kaunas County 2004 telephone book, six Kniūkštai families in Kaunas and two in Kaunas district had telephones at that time. Four of these names are recorded from the district of Kaišiadorys. In the 2004 Vilnius city telephone book, Kniūkšta is recorded seven times, Kniūkštienė – four times. There is no name in the district of Vilnius, so it did not spread here. In general, it is common in the west of Lithuania and in large cities. I can illustrate how the Kniūkštai family name spread with examples from my own family. In the beginning of the 20th century, my grandfather Ka- 32 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 82 languages. Neither Kretinga nor Darbėnai left male descendants and did not extend the surname, so it must have started to zimieras Kniūkšta. Trečiajame dešimtmetyje vienas jo sūnus apsigyveno Darbėnų, kitas – Kretingos valsčiuje, o trečiasis, mano tėvas, liko Barzspread again from Barzdžiai. Here, in my father’s family, we were three brothers – one remained in Barzdžiai, the other two settled further, one in Kretinga, the other in Vilnius. This time the spread of the family name did not stop, the next generation spread it almost throughout Lithuania. The younger generation of our family Kniūkštai are in seven cities: Kretinga, Sventoji, Klaipėda, Telšiai, Kaunas, Rumšiškės and Vilnius. Unfortunately, they are no longer in the family homeland, the last Barzdžių Kniūkštas, brother Juozas, passed away in 2008. This is the story of the Kniūkštai family name for a hundred and fifty years. And if we count from the previous form of the surname Kniūpšta, it covers even four and a half hundred years. Times changed, another name, expanded and continues to expand its geography. As the saying goes: Tempora mutantur et nos mutamus in illis – times change and we change with them. LITTERACY LKŽ VI 1962 – Lietuvos kalbos žodynas 6, Vilnius. 1985 – A. Vanagas, V. Maciejauskienė, M. Razmukaitė. "Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1 (A–K), Vilnius". Received 29/10/2009 WHERE HAS THE SURNAME SCHNEIDER COME FROM? Summary The Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames suggests that the surname Kniūkštà should be related to the adjective kniūkštas and is comparable to the surname Kniūpštà made from the adjective kniūbsčias. Other sources suggest that it may have originated from the name of the village. The Salantai church book of the 17th century does not have a single entry for Kniūkšta; However, it has a patronymic Kniūpštaitis from the village of Barzdžiai, which may indirectly refer to Kniūpšta residing in the same village. The surname Kniūpšta was preserved until the beginning of the 19th century. its last entry was found in the last decade of the 18th century in the birth register of the church book of Kalnalis. Mr. KNIŪKŠTA. 33 The surname Kniūkšta was recorded in the census of Salantai parish in 1853. However, it did not have a single Kniūpšta; the latter surname also disappeared from the villages previously mentioned in the church book of Kalnalis. This suggests that it was not a new name, but rather derived from the name of a local village. In Salantai parish in the 19th century the surname Kniūpšta was most frequent in three villages: Barzdžiai, Erlėnai and Juodupėnai. In the middle of the 20th century it was mostly found in a small area of Lowlanders (žemaičių) between Salantai, Kretinga, Kuliai and Plungė; in the 20th century the surname spread to the west of Lithuania and major cities of the country. PRANAS KNIŪKŠTA Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, Vilnius LT-10308