„Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ struktūra, tikslai ir perspektyvos

D. Liutkevičienė. Structure, Objectives and Perspectives of the Common Lithuanian Vocabulary 141 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language The General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter – GLD)1, prepared by the Lexicography Centre of the Lithuanian Language Institute, will be a normative publication for the public, the purpose of which is to reflect the correct usage of words in the current general Lithuanian language. The dictionary aims to maintain a balance between the lexicon of the official and spoken language and some other features of the language. 1) the greatest possible systematic approach; 2) to gradually modernize the preparation of the General Lithuanian Dictionary and to orient it to the modern lexicography of other languages, in accordance with the transferability of the current Lithuanian language dictionary traditions. these are the main objectives. In order to avoid systemic shortcomings, the editors of the BŽ wrote and edited the dictionary using lexical semantic groups2 (see also Liutkevičienė 2006: 9). Of course, it is probably impossible to separate all the words into separate groups, so the dictionary was also written in alphabetical order. Therefore, the work was carried out in several stages – initially the words were grouped according to certain topics and the so-called thematic writing was started – this was written: 1) anatomy, botany, chemistry, art, philosophy, physics, photography, geography, history, linguistics, warfare, computing, cooking, literature, medicine, music, pedagogy, psychology, religion, sports, construction, veterinary, zoology, agriculture, etc. terms, names of shoes, furniture, clothing, dishes, professions, nations, etc.; 2) groups of verbs (verbs made with suffixes -auti, -inti, -yti, -oti, etc., įstangos, parūpinamieji, causative, conjugation verbs); 3) some groups of adjectives (adjectives made with suffixes -ėtas, -ykštis, -ingas, -ytas, -opas, -otas, -uotas, compound adjectives, etc.); 4) when 1 The objectives and basic principles of the new dictionary were written in the Mother Language (GK 1999), but, of course, when writing the dictionary, the editors' attitude to some things slightly changed. 2 The editors of the BŽ were greatly assisted by J. Paulauskas’s Systematic Dictionary of Lithuanian Language (Paulauskas 1987), Русский семантический словарь (RSS, i–ii, 2002; iii, 2003). 142 kALBOS kuLtŪRA | 83 kurios kalbos dalys – būdiniai (prieveiksmiai), dalelytės, ištiktukai, įvardžiai, jaustukai, skaitvardžiai ir kt. Thematic writing had its drawbacks – the work went slower because words had to be grouped, their definitions compared, etc., but the advantages were undeniable. the similarities and differences of similar words emerged, in many cases definition schemes specific to a certain group were created3 (about the definition schemes of some words see also Murmulaitytė 2006: 34–54; naktinienė 2006: 21), it was easier to distinguish meanings. For example, the names of peoples in BZ are defined as: ‘a people living in a certain place, speaking a certain group language’. 4.Berber. dgs. (2) a group of peoples living in North Africa who speak Berber languages of Afro-Asiatic origin: Most Berbers live in kaimas, some are kla jõklis or semi-kla jõklis. Breton dkt. dgs. (2) a people living on the Brittany peninsula, speaking one of the Celtic languages and French: the Breton language. buriãtai dkt. dgs. (2) a people living in Buryatia, northern Mongolia, northeast China, speaking one of the Mongolian languages: Buryat language. lãtviai dkt. dgs. (2) a nation living in Latvia, speaking one of the East Baltic languages: Latin language. Adjectives derived from the names of peoples or populations shall have two or more meanings and shall be defined as follows: 1. ‘specific to the people of a particular area, their culture or that area’; 2. ‘made, found, etc., in that area’ ; 3. (if it is a nation with its own language) ‘the language of that nation, written in that language, allowed, etc.’ "Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan". (1) 1. characteristic of Kazakhs, their culture or Kazakhstan: Kazakh hospitality. I don't like the Kazakh mountain, it's a right-handed ride. 2. found in Kazakhstan, produced: Kazakh oil. 3. Kazakh language, Kazakh language written, allowed, etc. : Kazakhstani newspapers. mozambique, mozambique bdv. (1) 1. typical of Mozambicans, their culture or Mozambique: Lunùms válgéme pagaė mozambikiẽtišką recèptą 3 Of course, these definition schemes were not followed in all cases, sometimes it seemed much more logical and clearer to define one or another word or its meaning in a completely different way. The definitions, examples, etc. of the 4 words mentioned here and below are subject to change after final editing. D. Liutkevičienė. Structure, objectives and prospects of the general Lithuanian language vocabulary 143 ruõš tą vištėeną. 2. grown, produced, etc. in Mozambique. : Mozambican tišė ka mẽdvėlė. The scheme of definition of furniture names is chosen as follows: ‘how it looks, for what it is used’. Pg.: Fotelis dkt. (1) upholstered furniture with backrest and handles, ppr. for one person to sit; plg. krėslas: Hanged up in a chair. Go to the phone, I'll sit on the chair. horse dkt. (1) furniture with a wooden or metal frame and a mattress, ppr. upholstered in fabric on which one sleeps: viengùlė [dvigùlė, dviaũkštė] lóva. Siaurà [platum, trum pà] lóva. Pasiklók horse. Get on your bed and sleep. stãlas dkt. (4) a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs (sometimes with drawers, cupboards), on which people eat, write, etc. : A writing table [with a desk for cooking, tennis, computer]. Sit at the table. Get off the table. Padeñgti [nuriñkti, nušlustiti] the table. The definition scheme5 for causative verbs is ‘to do, to act in such a way that the action described by the base verb takes place’. 1999. "Snow, Ice, Ice Cream". (what, with what) to do, to cool, to cool down: Cool the hay. Óru áu this house condenser (tech.). Cooling fluid (tech.). | snow. (ko): Don't go to the sauna, close the door quickly. | sngr. : Gãrindamas vándenį áugalas ášina si (bot.). cooling, cooling down, cooling down vksm. 1. (what) to do to cool (1 r.), cool (air): Lietùs vėsų no órą. It cools the air. 2. (what) to do to cool (r. 2), cool: Kėsenti sriu bą. 3. (what) to do to cool (rooms), cool down: Kęsėnti pitį. He's in his cooling room. 4. (what) to do to cool down after warming up, to refresh with coolness: Vegetables and fruits vėsš na organžzmą. 5. (what) to do to cool down (r. 4), to reduce the heat: Cool down the enthusiasm [and this]. In the case of words, the meaning is more equally distributed. one such example is the meaning of the adjectives mentioned (Kazakh, Mozambican, etc.). as we have seen, there are at least two. other lexical semantic groups are also presented: if the meaning (or shade of meaning) ‘music’ is given for the dance names rùmba, tángo, válsas, the same meaning is given for the other dance names fokstròtas, kadrėlis or rokenròlas. It is quite difficult and often unnecessary to put 5 verbs into the schemes. Their interpretation often follows other laws. There is also a group of bridges. Jasionytė, Zai kauskas (2006: 146–169). 144 Speech Culture | 83 Plg.: rùmba dkt. (1) Cuban-origin live entertainment couple dance. | his music. tángo dkt. vyr. nekait. A passionate, medium-tempo, fun couple dance with sharp stops of Argentine origin: for this free dance she chose a passionate tángo. | his music. valsas dkt. (1) a medium-speed graceful entertainment pair dance, danced in a circle. | his music or a similar piece of music: J. Strauss's Waltz. dkt fox trout. (2) a fast-paced, recreational pair dance, danced in a skating step: The Fokstròt was spread after the First World War. | his music. cadrėlis dkt. (2) a medium-speed dance with various figures, danced by an even number of pairs. | his music. dkt rock'n'roll. vns. (2) American-origin fast-paced entertainment couple dance. | his music. When working with this method, it is easier to select the words that should be included in the BZ (about word selection see also Lazauskaitė, Liutkevičienė 1998: 205– 207; naktinienė 2006: 19). If the dictionary includes anestèzia, diabètas, cataractà, the user will probably expect to find anestètika, diabètika or glaucoma. If the dictionary contains the names of all the inhabitants of the present-day states, it must also contain all the adjectives made from such nouns, not just some of them. the next step was to describe the remaining words in alphabetical order. words described in the themes were also edited in the themes. then all groups of words are joined alphabetically. The General Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language has abandoned the blister presentation of words (see Jakaitienė 2005: 50, 55–56; vaskelienė 2006: 55–71; Melnikienė 2009: 168–179 for more details on some advantages and disadvantages of the blister presentation of words), which is characteristic of many explanatory dictionaries: it describes the derivatives of verbs and adjectives, adverbs, etc. in separate articles. Reduced reference interpretation (about some problems of reference interpretation see Svetikienė 2006: 181–191). deminutives and negations were kept in the same dictionary article, but in the future, apparently, they should also be included in separate articles (see Šepetytė 2006: 209–219 for further details on the shortcomings of such a presentation). For the sake of interest, it is possible to compare the presentation of some words in this dictionary and in the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter – DŽ6e 2006)6, which is one of the main sources of the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary. The authors of the 6 BZ used all editions of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary as sources, but the main one, of course, was the latest – the sixth (electronic) edition. D. Liutkevičienė. Structure, Objectives and Perspectives of the Common Lithuanian Vocabulary 145 DŽ6e BŽ giẽdr|as, ~à (4) 1. which is cloudless, bright, sunny: G. sky, weather, morning. 2. pure, clear: G. water. 3rd Prk. happy: ~à mood. ~o hours. ~a first. ~I'm sorry. ~ybė (1) ~ùmas (2) giedraj first 1. → giedras 1: Giedraė šviẽė čia saulė. 2. → giedras 2: Giedras čiurėk lẽ na upẽlis. | It's somehow a clear day. 3. → giedras 3: And poverty mă jiẽ succeeds to live joyfully and brightly. giẽdras, giedrà bdv. (4) 1. cloudless, unbluish; bright, sunny, bright: Giẽd ras skìùs. There are no swallows in the clear sky. • on. cloudy, cloudy, cloudy. at which time, at which time the sky is cloudless, unblue; bright, sunny: On a clear night it is good to watch the stars. Yesterday was a brighter day. I'm happy with the sun and the dazzling blue sea. • on. overcast, cloudy, cluttered. active windows. clear weather: If it's clear tomorrow, we'll clean the graves. • on. bluish, cloudy. 2. pure, clear, clean: Clear water. | bright, clear, pure: The girl looked at him with a clear, bright look. | skardus, skambus, aiškus: Clear, loud, clear: From far away there are bright bells that ring. 3. linksmas, smagus: Bu vaũ apdova nóė tas giedrù šypsniù. Gied rà vai kỹstė. giedrybė dkt. (1) (e.g., great) giedru mas: Oh, the fruitfulness of the sky, oh, the singing fish of the sea! giedrỹn prv. 1. → giedras 1: We enjoyed the bright sky – farther and farther, and clearer and clearer. The days fell into its light, the weather calmed down. 2. → g fibres 2. 3. → giedras 3: Nuotaika su kiek vėe na dai nà jo giedras. giedrùmas dkt. (2) 1. → g iedras 1: Neen around the day's brightness from the very beginning. 2. → giedras 2: I had only experienced such a two-part song in the church. 3. → giedras 3: Mažàsis artaststas vi sūs pa keek r jo šỹpsenos giedrumù. 146 Speech Culture | 83 J6e BJ Russian, ~a (1) "R.I.P.E.R." ~os letters. ~a first : To speak ~ai. ~ùmas (2) Russian first → Russian 3: Talk to me. Russian, Russian bdv. (1) 1. typical of Russians, their culture or Russia: Rùsiš ka pirtäts [krósnis]. 2.Made in Russia: Russian kettle. Russian cosmetics. Russian planes. 3. Russian language, written in Russian: Russian letters. Russian dkt. (2) → russian 1: Krr ti, which indicates that you're very interested in The Russianness of Dos Tojèvski. when the words are presented in separate articles, it is easier to show their meanings, nuances of meanings, add examples. We believe that this presentation is more user-friendly. as can be seen from the examples, the dictionary for clarity has abandoned the tilde, separating the part of the word. In the examples, all words are pronounced, not just the heading. In BZ, the part of speech is indicated for all words, and in some cases also the number or genus, and for verbs and some adjectives or nouns (in more complicated cases) – syntactic conjugation7. It is marked by the vowels of the questioning pronoun (with or without a prefix, in parentheses). The semantic connection of words is shown by illustrative examples. Plg.: ãctas dkt. vns. (2) a sharp acidic liquid obtained from wine, etc., used as a spice, for preserving and marinating food: Ãcto rūgštybė [eseñcija]. "Not to be missed in Salerno". aliméntai dkt. dgs. (2) the funds which, under the law, parents are required to pay to support children or children to parents: Pristeegti alimentùs. vote, voted, voted vksm. (for what, against what, for what, what) in elections or other collective decisions to cast a vote, to express an opinion by voting (by ballot) or by raising one's hand: Deputãtes voted for the ratification of a treaty. The people's voices are against their departure. Who is voting for the publication of the book? Today we will vote on the draft resolution. 7 The authors of the BZ used the Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary (Sližienė 1994, 1998, 2004), Contemporary Lithuanian Grammar (DLkG), Language Tips (kP S1, kP S2, kP S3) and others. By the way, some words or meanings had to be identified by ourselves. D. Liutkevičienė. Structure, objectives and prospects of the general Lithuanian language vocabulary 147 pällnas, pilnà bdv. (3) 1. (ko) fully filled, occupied: Pririnkaũ dvė pėlnas pin ti nès gỹbų. 2. (co) having much, in which there is much: Kẽlias plėlnas duobių. 3. (of) overwhelmed, full (of feeling, concern, characteristics): Esù pilnà džũgsma [méiė lės, bái mės]. representation dkt. (1) (for) → represent: Representing a client. Conjugation markup will undoubtedly be useful to users, not only with providing grammatical information, but also helping to avoid some language errors. one of the innovations of the BZ is that as headings are highlighted and more frequently used biwords or polywords terms or other names of realities. E.g.: afghan kûrt – tall hunting dog with pointed muzzle and long soft hair; American football – a sport similar to rugby played by two teams of 11 players each with an oval ball; black magic – magical actions to achieve an evil purpose with the help of evil spirits; The Last Judgment, in some religions, is the judgment of mankind by God at the end of the world. Not only common words are drawn into the heading, but also a number of verified ones – these are more common Lithuanian and world place names, main religious names, etc. In the opinion of the BZ editors, such information is very useful for consumers. At the moment, the dictionary text is already completely finished writing and editing topics. then there is a continuous, alphabetical editing of the entire text. This work will undoubtedly be facilitated by the recently completed working database of the Common Lithuanian Language Dictionary, into which the dictionary text is placed and alphabetically grouped. In the database, individual words can already be corrected, completed. In the future, of course, the base will still need to be improved. It will undoubtedly facilitate the work of the editors of both the first and subsequent editions of the BS. ŠALtiniAi DŽ6e 2006: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. vyr. red. S. keinys. elektroninis leidimas, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. 148 kALBOS kuLtŪRA | 83 LiteRAtŪRA DLkG 1994: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Red. v. Ambrazas, vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Gk 1999: Pristatome rengiamą bendrinės kalbos žodyną. – Gimtoji kalba 7, 1–10. Jakaitienė e. 2005: Leksikografija, vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Jasionytė e., Zaikauskas e. 2006: ilokucinių veiksmažodžių reikšmės aiškinimas bendrinės kalbos žodyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiš kinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žodynų aktualijos, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 149–169. kP S1 2003: Kalbos patarimai. Sintaksė: linksnių vartojimas, vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. kP S2 2003: Kalbos patarimai. Sintaksė: prielinksnių ir polinksnių vartojimas, vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. kP S3 2003: Kalbos patarimai. Sintaksė: įvairūs dalykai, vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. L a z a u s k a i t ė v., L i u t k ev i č i e n ė D. 1998: valgių ir gėrimų pavadinimai „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 40, 205–217. L i u t k ev i č i e n ė D. 2006: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Siekiamybė ir realybė. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žo dynų aktualijos, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 9–18. Melnikienė D. 2009: Dvikalbiai žodynai Lietuvoje: megastruktūros, makro struktūros ir mikrostruktūros ypatumai, vilnius: vilniaus universiteto leidykla. Murmulaitytė D. 2006: kai kurių daiktavardžių apibrėžimas „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bend rinės kalbos žodynų aktualijos, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 34–54. n a k t i n i e n ė G. 2006: Svarbesnieji Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno semantikos aspektai. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kal bos žodynų aktualijos, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 19–33. Pa u l a u s k a s J. 1987: Sisteminis lietuvių kalbos žodynas, vilnius: Mokslas. RSS i–ii 2002: Русский семантический словарь 1, 2. Ред. Н. Ю. Шведова, Мо сква: Азбуковник. RSS iii 2003: Русский семантический словарь 3. Ред. Н. Ю. Шведова, Мо сква: Азбуковник. Sližienė n. 1994: Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas 1, vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. D. Liutkevičienė. Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno struktūra, tikslai ir perspektyvos 149 Sližienė n. 1998: Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas 2(1), vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. S l i ž i e n ė n. 2004: Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas 2(2), vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. S ve t i k i e n ė D. 2006: kai kurios išvestinių būdvardžių ir iš jų padarytų prieveiksmių pateikimo aiškinamuosiuose lietuvių kalbos žodynuose problemos. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žo dynų aktualijos, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 181–191. Š e p e t y t ė R. 2006: Dėl žodžių iliustravimo jų vediniais aiškinamuosiuose lietuvių kalbos žodynuose. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žodynų aktualijos, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 209–220. vas k e l i e n ė J. 2006: Dėl kai kurių darinių pateikimo „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žodynų aktualijos, vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 55–71. Gauta 2010 09 14 tHe StruCtuRe, AiMS AnD FutuRe PROSPeCtS OF tHe DICTIONARY OF STANDARD LITHUANIAN Summary the Centre of Lexicography at the institute of the Lithuanian language is currently compiling the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. it is a prescriptive general dictionary whose editors aim to register the correct usage of contemporary Lithuanian. An attempt has been taken to achieve a balance between formal and colloquial uses of words. the compilers have also seeked: 1) to apply a more systematic approach, and 2) to gradually modernize the process of compilation by implementing insights from modern lexicographic publications of other languages into the context of the Lithuanian lexicographic tradition. to achieve systematicity, the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian is not only edited but also written by dealing with separate lexico-semantic or derivational word groups. A complete view of similar words allows to formulate definitions more accurately and, when necessary, to create defining patterns as well as distinguish the senses more precisely. Systematicity also makes the process of word selection easier. the compilers give preference to shorter dictionary entries hence verbal, adjectival, adverbial etc. derivatives of nouns are presented in separate entries rather than in one entry of the nominal headword. Compounds that are