Jono Jablonskio leksikografinė veikla

44 Languages culture | 83 Vilija SakalauSkienė Lithuanian Language Institute The lexicographic activity of John Jablonski The merits of Jon Jablonskis in the creation of the Lithuanian common language and the normative work in the bars are undeniable. In all fields – spelling, phonetics, morphology, syntax, lexicon – he achieved very important results: he established spelling rules, provided language norms based on living people’s language, created new words that are still used today. The anniversary of the 150th anniversary of his birth prompted us to review once again the works of Jan Jablonski and to evaluate some of them in a new way, through the eyes of a lexicographer, to take an interest in the little studied legacy of this field. There has been written about his individual lexicographic works, one other hint can be found about the dictionary review. The work in this area was reviewed in more detail by antanas lyberis (see lyberis 1982: 16-20). Our dictionary – as an important work of lexicography – was discussed by stasys Keinys (1990: 14–19). The lexicographical legacy of J. Jablonski has not been thoroughly evaluated, so the purpose of this article is to review the linguist’s works related to lexicography. The article does not aim to carry out a detailed analysis of J. Jablonski’s lexicographic activity, rather it would be the beginning of such research. antanas JuŠKas Lithuanian–Polish Language Dictionary1 editing J. Jablonskis took his first steps in lexicographic work when he edited Anton Juška’s Lithuanian–Polish dictionary2, which was prepared by the Russian scholar1 Litovskiй словарь А. Юшкевича с толкованиемъ словъ на русскомъ и польскомъ языкехъ. Tome I, op. 1, SPb, 1897; ed. 2, SPb, 1904; ed. 3, Petrograd, 1922. 2 The Lithuanian-Polish dictionary by antanas Juška (1819–1880) was written around 1860 and was later edited, supplemented and corrected by many people. in the final version, the words were translated into Russian. About the editing of this dictionary has written birutė tolutienė in her dissertation (tolutienė 1961: 110–273). The second part of volume i (letters E-J), edited by J. Jablonskis, was printed in 1904 (Palionis 1995: 194–195). v. sakalausKienė. The 45th Academy of the Lexicographical Activities of Jonas Jablonskis. At the beginning of 1897, Alexei Shahmatov invited J. Jablonsky as an editor. The linguist was concerned about how the Academy of Sciences would look at corrections to the interpretations of meanings, which could only be made by directly checking all the material in dialects. After spending two summers in Lithuania, J. Jablonskis checked the manuscripts of the letters E, G, I, J (see tolutienė 1961: 237, 238). “having familiarized himself with the manuscripts of Juška’s dictionary, J. Jablonskis saw a number of its shortcomings: not everywhere long and short vowels are distinguished, dialectal forms are presented unevenly, the pronunciation is poor, prepositions are not distinguished, there is a lack of more precise interpretation of word meanings, etc.” (lyberis 1982: 17). J. Jablonskis prepared a plan for the dictionary’s editing, according to which the nature of the dictionary had to be significantly changed. When he wrote down a saying or phrase from people’s mouths, Juška used to smooth them out, add to them, try to make them more regular and literary, and thus completely changed the characteristics of many of them. In 1904, in the Concluding Words3 of the second part of the first volume of the dictionary, J. Jablonski pointed out this, warning readers that "...in using this dictionary as a material for describing syntactic and stylistic features of language, one must, in my opinion, be very careful. It is possible that my opinion in this regard will not be accepted by specialists in syntax and in general in the structure of the Lithuanian language because of the material collected by A. Juška. Anyway, it seems to me that there is no doubt that a subjective element and, moreover, quite a lot of it is present in the vocabulary of human language and in those cases where the dictionary data could be used as material for studying the peculiarities of Lithuanian language syntax.” (Piročkinas, sud., 1991: 116). the dictionary contained many unknown words, the authenticity of which proved highly questionable. therefore, J. Jablonski began to check those words in places4. In the summer of 1897 he visited Veliuonoje, Vilkijoje, Jurbarke and elsewhere, checking and interpreting the words written by A. Juška. The next summer he stayed in Kaattinenai, Šluva, Betygala, Alsiu6. 3 Lithuanian dictionary by A. Yushkevich with interpretation of words in Russian and Polish. Exit. Second, St. Petersburg, 1904, i–liX. (hereinafter, this dictionary is abbreviated as ls.) 4 later K. būga, editing the letters K–L, was also concerned that a lot of words in the dictionary were not heard at all, and went to Žemaitija to check them (vosylytė 1956: 93–94). In 1897, there were 500 registered members. The examples in them show that J. Jablonskis also visited Zagara, maybe Subačius and Raseiniai, but he was mainly in Plokščiai, Veliuona, Vilkija, Jurbarkas (Piročkinas 1977: 139). In 6 villages the greatest helper and provider of data was the local farmer Felix K. būbelė (Piročkinas 1977: 200). 46 Language Culture | 83 By checking the words in these places, J. Jablonskis recorded about 2000 new words that were not in A. Juška’s manuscript. Many of the words written by A. Juška the linguist could not find in the living language (in his edited text he marked such words with a long dash at the end). Among them there are a number of unknown and unheard words: grúlis7 „blackmailer; simple worker“ (ls 478), added „hope“: I have a vęssą placed on you (ls 507), slogas „habit; The following examples are not included in the large Lithuanian dictionary, which has been compiled for almost a hundred years: ėłogas, kurs įslėłoge bûdą (?) (ls 524), ilgióti „elgetauti“ (ls 523), kitas „durų juosta“ (ls 517): Įkitaa į dùris įkryžiavóti and others. However, some of the words of a. Juš kos, which J. Jablonskis marked as unknown, are used today in common language: įnorrngas, -a „aukštaitis, kaprizingas“ (lKž recorded from writings, press), urrajis „fish-drunk thing“ (dlKž), irštvà „bear’s winter bed, campfire“ (dlKž) (see lyberis 1982: 17). By editing the dictionary of A. Juška, the linguist was able to become better acquainted with the living language and its dialects. collected a lot of material for studying Lithuanian written language. cooperation with Russian scholars f. fortunatov, a. shakhmatov, j. baudouin de courtenay, f. kors and others helped him to better understand the theory and practice of editing dictionaries. Jono Jablonskio KartoteKa ir LIEtuvIų kALBo žodynAs J. Jablonskio special relationship with the Lithuanian language dictionary. In 1921, Kazimieras Būga wrote in the “Report of the Editor of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary”: “The dictionary’s editors have already received from our linguist Jonas Jablonskis several boxes of words, from which copies are now being made (there will be 25-30 thousand cards)” (būga 1959: 380). so by that time Jablonski had already collected a lot of words. K. Būga copied about 10,000 sheets from his card library, which later became part of the large dictionary. There were few hints about J. Jablonski’s autobiography. a. lyber mentioned this in his article, but not quite exactly. He stated that "the Central Library of the Academy of Sciences of the RSS of Lithuania has 10 boxes of the dictionary material collected by J. Jablonski with more than 14,000 words. all that material is written down and included in the great “Lithuanian language dictionary” v. sakalausKienė. The lexicographic activity 7 lKž grllis "worker". of John Jablonski 47 kartotekos fondus“ (lyberis 1982: 18; however, he did not specify that the J. Jablonski kartoteka is in Lithuania). The existence and location of the archive is very clearly indicated in the notes of Juozas balčikonis in volume I of his writings, where it is stated that the archive of Jonas Jablonskis is kept in the manuscripts department of the Central Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (balčikonis 1978: 396). Some remarks about the surviving kartoteka are given in the article of Aldonas Pupkis, which writes about the manuscript legacy of J. Jablonskis (see Pupkis 2010: 40). Now the card library of J. Jablonski’s dictionary (more than 14 thousand cards, to be precise – 14 455)8 is still kept in the manuscripts department of the Vrublevskių library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. The material for the Lithuanian language dictionary is marked on the cards of the J. Jablonskio Fund. letters A, B (1210 sheets) are dated to the end of the 19th century (card size – 7.5 × 12.5 cm). The size of the cards differs slightly: the length is 12.5 cm, and the width of some is 7.7 and 7.8 or 8.0 cm, there are cards with a width of 11 cm and a length of 18 cm (such are the cards of the letter P)9. On the cards, J. Jablonski wrote the words in slots. For example, in the sheet with the word taryti, the verbs with the prepositions taryti, sutaryti, etc. are presented: that person very much tarried me (confounded, annoyed me); he settled down (without talking); He deceived me (Jokantas). What does he do? – books taasso (folds); v. apýtaisas, knŷgtaisis (scapist). on the same sheet, the nouns are also written next to the verbs (see figure 1). On the card, the following words were given as headings: verbs – the communicative form, nouns – the noun verb (both genders of adjectives are usually presented, see Figure 2), headings and their forms were conjugated. probably most of the data is recorded from the alseas10. subsequent editions of the Lithuanian language dictionary carefully reviewed J. Jab lonskio writings and removed from them words for the dictionary, of which there were still about 14 thousand tančiai (see lyberis 1982: 19)11. There are sheets in the KZ file with similar entries. 8 The question arises as to why Mr Jablonski’s current file contains only 14,500 cards, when Mr Būga had received 25,000 to 30,000 cards and transcribed them. Unwritten cards could not be included in the lKž card library because they are different in size. Dimensions (cm) of cards with 9 other letters respectively: d, E – 8,0 × 12,5; G – 8,0 × 12,5; K – 7,5 × 12,5; L, M – 7,5 × 12,5; n, o, P – 7,7 × 12,5; P – 11,0 × 18,0; R, Š, t – 8,0 × 12,5; s – 7,8 × 12,5; u, v, ž – 7,5 × 12,5. 10 manuscripts of the expedition are kept in the manuscripts department of the Vrublevs'k library of the Academy of Sciences. On the cover of the first booklet, J. Jablonskis wrote: „i kelionė 1902. alsėdei, vasario mėn.“ (Piročkinas 1977: 200). 11 This does not mean the 14,000 leaflets mentioned earlier. 48 Languages culture | 83 1 Figure 1 Word correction card 2 Figure 2 Word size card 3 Figure 3 Word tálžyti card 4 Figure 4 Word correction card Examples of cards from Jono Jablonskio kartoteka, stored in the manuscripts department of the Vrublevskių library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. v. sakalausKienė. 49 The linguist has also transcribed words from various scripts, for example: the verb taksénti is transcribed from unspecified scripts – Širdis pradeda labiau taksenti12, the sentence Jį ož plaukus so lazdo aptalže (db 139) of the verb tálžyti in the leaflet (see fig. 3) is transcribed from Simonas turintas’s Būdo senovės lietuvių, kalnienų ir žemaičių with a page reference. lKž sentence Ėmęs pritaisydinęs laivą visokių gėrybių ir išvažiavo į svetią šalį (with certificate see dauk.) is attached to the word pritaisydinti, but that it is a sentence transcribed from J. Jablonskio kartoteka remains completely unknown (see figs. 4 and 5). lKž followed the provision that when presenting written sentences the original is checked and illustrative sentences are quoted according to the original. Therefore, the lKž card provides more information than is visible in the dictionary text. J. Jablonski’s written sheets show that his dictionary began to be compiled at the end of the 19th century, while the dictionary of K. Būga began at the beginning of the 20th century13. J. Jablonskis was always convinced that a dictionary of the living Lithuanian language was necessary. About the first booklet of the Lithuanian language dictionary prepared by K. Būga, which appeared in 1924, he wrote that it was a “very extraordinary” dictionary of his language, such as neither Latvians, Poles, nor Russians allowed for public use in the meantime. The dictionary lists all words that are still used today in written and spoken language. The public, who had only expected a dictionary of the written language from Professor K. Būga, will now find in the dictionary “many kinds of material suitable and necessary for the study of the etymology, history, and dialects of our language” 12 This sentence is in the article of lKž on the word taksenti with the note J. Jabl. 13 The beginning of the K. būga dictionary is considered to be 1902 (vosylytė 1956: 85), when the linguist began to write words on cards (vitkauskas 2002: 8). Fig. 5 lKz file card 50 Languages culture | 83 (Jr 1935: 294–296). and at the same time regretted that “the oral dictionary is intended mainly for those people who already have a good command of the basic written language and can, having before them healthy and unhealthy material for the study of language, orient themselves in it as necessary for their own affairs” (ibid., 296). While still editing the dictionary of A. Juška, J. Jablonskis decided to write a dictionary himself. All the time collected words from living language and writings and accumulated a considerable repository, but did not publish a dictionary. only a small part of these words was included in the small volume Our Dictionary14, published in Voronezh in 1918. The dictionary contained more than 1500 common language words with Lithuanian interpretations of their meanings and translations into Russian. all words are spelled (see also Piročkinas 1978: 134–136). The dictionary contained words that were not used in all dialects and that might not be understood by the pupils when reading the hardship school prepared by him, but more than half of the words were not used in the hardship school. The aim of the vocabulary was purely practical – to help students read and understand Lithuanian textbooks. Therefore, “the dictionary mainly included dialect words and new words that the linguist proposed for use in common language” (gedrimas 2001: 40). According to J. Balčikonis, “it will be all the most necessary words for an intelligent person with examples and instructions on how to use them; especially many school terms. As far as we know, many of these words were taken from his own dictionary, which he had compiled over a long period of time and which is still in manuscript” (balčikonis 1978: 44–45). still, it is difficult to say what kind of dictionary J. balčikonis wrote about here. This reference to the existence of a manuscript dictionary can be linked to the decision of the Commissariat for Popular Education15, in which J. Jablonski is described and evaluated as a lexicologist. According to Pirochkin, “[...] it would appear that in Voronezh he actually intended or even had begun to prepare a dictionary of Lithuanian language. It was probably not a continuation of the Yushko dictionary, the value of which Jablonski had doubted already at the end of the 19th century. all the more so since the Yushka manuscripts were not available to him at that time” (Piročkinas 1978: 136). dictionaries could grow into Lithuanian written14 Our dictionaries. the suffix "school of hardship". collected by Jonas from Riga. „Lithuanian printing press“ in Voronezh, 1918, 64 p. 15 there are data that in 1919 the Education Commissariat had commissioned J. Jablonski to compile such a dictionary (see vosylytė 1955). v. sakalausKienė. The 51-page dictionary of the language is published by John Jablonski. Considering this idea, it is assumed that J. Jab lonskis, having a large library and experience in lexicographic work, could have written such a dictionary, especially since his desire to write a dictionary himself is constantly mentioned. The purpose of the dictionary led to the appearance of a considerable number of special vocabulary of various sciences. Based on the laws of folk language, J. Jablonskis himself created words necessary for written language. The dictionary contains newly created words, for example: kurinỹs16 (p. 62) instead of vartoto tverinys, kūryba – instead of tveryba, papėdiniñkai (p. 63) „what lives after what (lived, will live)“ – instead of potomki; sculptor (p. 54) „kardytojas“ – instead of sculptor; video (p. 54) "painter", video (p. 54) "painting", etc. In addition, there are many mathematical terms: subtraction, subtraction, divisor, divisor, division, division, multiplier, multiplier, multiplier, claim, algebraic phenomena, sum, multiplier, multiplier, digit, digits, numerator, denominator; geography: harsh "ice region", atógrąža "tropical" (crab and goat), atostogas, highland, dienóvidinis, glacier, land, siau ris, shallowness, mirror wheel, winter; in botany: epuš, ẽpušė, bálteglė, drebul, garš và, glúosnis, kadagỹs, kadugỹs, méldas, žibùtė, žibuõklė; zoology: breedy, druud gỹs, thorns, gañdras, garnỹs, mayūz, gluõdinas, kirstùkas, lokỹs, mẽkš ras, pe lnas, raganĕs; chemistry: anglrrūkštė, anglųs, angliẽs deginỹs, deguonųs, ge suo nųs, grýnangalis, nedegionųs, skaštsvaris, vandenallis, vandenýkštis, etc. (for more details on glossary terms see gedrimas 2001: 41–45). the glossary contains some words marked with the abbreviation zem. : krýtis, krýtė, krytẽlė and grýtis, grytẽlė "grip, hand for catching fish", Jegutalis, Jeguts "little god", papūrrti (varnas sway in half when they are submerged). besides Our vocabulary and reading books for the school of hardship, J. Jablonskis, living in Voronezh, with mathematicians17 intensively created the basic terms of various branches of science. when mathematicians decided to create mathematical terminology, J. Jablonskis gladly agreed to help in this work (žemaitis 1966: 195). The linguist had set a time when he could be consulted by specialists on the creation of terminology. Our dictionary is important not only as a source of new terms, but also as the first normative dictionary of the common language (see. Keinys 1990: 15). 16 spelling as in Our dictionary. 17 at that time in Lithuanian war exile schools worked P. mašiotas, m. Šikšnys, Z. žemaitis. They held meetings where mathematical terms were discussed. At those meetings, several Lithuanian chemistry terms were proposed and included in Our dictionary. Some of them quickly became established in textbooks and common language (gedrimas 2001: 40). 52 Languages Culture | 83 dictionaries reCensorship J. Jablonski was interested in all the dictionaries published at the time and reviewed many of them. The linguist detailedly examined18 and discussed the Lithuanian-Latvian-Polish-Russian dictionary by priest Mykolas Miežys, published in Tilžė in 1894. the reviewer noted that words included in the dictionaries of f. Kuršaitis and g. H. f. nesselmann were not included; Moreover, there are no data from the works of m. daukša, m. valančius, s. daukantas, neither are there Lithuanian songs, tales, proverbs, riddles collected in Kaunas governorate and already published, neither are there words recorded in Kaunas governorate and published in the publication Mitteilungen der litauischen literarischen Gesellschaft, in separate studies, in the Lithuanian catechism published by m. daukša by e. volteris. J. Jablonskis reproaches the author of the dictionary for his poor knowledge of Lithuanian, Latvian, Polish and Russian (Piročkinas, ed., 1991: 87–88). These circumstances determined the quality of the dictionary. According to J. Jablonskis, 15 thousand words have been added to the dictionary, but among them there are many forms of the same word that can be deleted, for example: participles next to base verbs, plural forms next to singular, nominative forms of adjectives next to ordinary ones, genitive forms and adverbs of the infinitive, higher-grade forms of adjectives and adverbs next to ordinary ones. Besides, m. biržinis himself created words (ašaruvė, beržyninis, beržotinis, brolieninis, eglyninis, gyvskrosena, granžalas), which are not used in the living Lithuanian language. In this dictionary Latvian words (skabas, apgerbs, pret) have been added unnecessarily. „anyway, you can think when you do not find in the dictionary such words as darbštus, grožis, kelmuotas, idiot, bear, fluffy, pustyti (dalgį) or when you find in the dictionary the forms of the participants baptized, intoxicated and next to them there are no forms baptize, intoxicate. It is clear that a great deal was determined simply by the carelessness of the author, who did not take on his work.” (Piročkinas, sud., 1991: 89–90). About the translation of Lithuanian words, J. Jablonskis said that “sometimes there are just bizarre things: the Russian translation does not match the Polish one, and the Polish one contradicts the Latvian one” (ibid., 90). Somewhat better translated into Latvian and Polish, these words acquired meanings that do not coincide with Russian. the reviewer was not satisfied with the spelling of Lithuanian words. the author “simply lacks reason and confuses the various dialects of the Lithuanian language” (ibid., 93). Lithuanian words are not pronounced anywhere. 1) the dictionary contains Lithuanian words that do not appear in other dictionaries; 2) there are many riddles, proverbs and 18 reviews published in the magazine Живая старина, 1896, вып. ii, 249-254.