„Arbata“: nuo žodžių – iki žodynų, nuo tekstų – iki tekstynų

JURGITA GIRČIENĖ Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences TEA: FROM WORDS TO DICTIONARIES, FROM TEXTS TO CORPORA KEYWORDS: etymology, semantics, lexicography, corpus linguistics, word association experiment, synonyms, derivatives with the same root, fixed expressions. Drawing on diachronic lexical research and lexicographic sources, as well as texts and corpora accessible through the general internet search engine and representing public and private usage, and material from a word-association experiment, this article examines the etymology and semantics of the borrowing tea, its relations with Lithuanian words denoting beverages that are synonymous with it, derivatives with the same root, and usage tendencies, and offers lexicographic recommendations. 1. Algirdas Sabaliauskas regards the word arbatà as an unusual, strange borrowing, formed by fusing words from two entirely different languages—the Latin herba (herb) and the southern Chinese tē (tea leaf). Lithuanians got it from the Poles (er > ar: Smoczyński 2007: 22), who retained the first component of the word intact: herbata. The Poles borrowed this word from Western European languages; cf. Dutch herba thee (Sabaliauskas 1966: 75; based on Sławski 1952: 416; Sabaliauskas 1990: 244; based on Sławski 1952: 416; Vasmer 3 299, 4 311). The tea name in other Slavic languages derives from northern Chinese čhā, cf. Russian čaj, etc. (Sabaliauskas 1990: 244). In Western Europe, this beverage is also commonly called by words with a single root—various modifications of the aforementioned word tē, borrowed from southern Chinese: English tea, French thé, Italian te, German der Tee, etc. (Sabaliauskas 1994: 19). Tea and the word denoting it reached Lithuania relatively recently compared with Western Europe, where Portuguese and Dutch sailors brought it between the late sixteenth and mid-seventeenth centuries: only in the eighteenth century (LEK 1 1933: 929; LEB 1 1953: 236; Sabaliauskas 1994: 19). Tea initially spread in estates and cities, as in other countries, but gradually, especially after 1863, it also reached the countryside (LEK 1 1933: 929; LEB 1 1953: 236). 246 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 84 The countryside (LEK 1 1933: 929; LEB 1 1953: 236). The claim that tea is a late borrowing is also supported by changes in phonetic substitution: in early borrowings the Slavic vowel a is rendered by Lithuanian o, and later by a; cf. Belarusian kanycma → Lithuanian kopūstas, but Polish herbata → Lithuanian arbata (Laučiūtė 1977: 95; see also LKEŽB). Other researchers, however, identify the dialectal form of the borrowing arbotà as an earlier variant (Smoczyński 2007: 22), cf. the identical variant arbotà given in LKŽ (Kupiškis). The late appearance of tea is also indicated by written sources: the Polish word is found in 18th-century language monuments, while the Lithuanian form tea appears in more recent writings (Sabaliauskas 1990: 244). The Lithuanian Encyclopedia states that in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the priest Klukas was the first to mention tea as a harmful Chinese poison in 17771 (LEK 1 1933: 929). Jan Krzysztof Kluk (1739–1796) was a Polish naturalist and priest who served in Poland but also studied in Vilnius, researched the flora and fauna of Poland and Lithuania, and published works about them in Polish, some of which were also translated into Lithuanian (LEB 12 1957: 146; VLE 10 2006: 294)2. The Lithuanian Encyclopedia identifies as the second source mentioning tea the short story Samowar, published in Polish in 1837 by Chodźko, a Polish-Lithuanian writer of the early 19th century3 (LEK 1 1933: 919)4. The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, which records the lexicographic and textual sources for “all Lithuanian words that could be recorded from all dialects and writings since 1547” (Vitkauskas 2002: 8) (see http://www.lkz.lt/dzl.php?3; http://www.lkz.lt/dzl.php?11), for the first word 1 The year 1777 is also given as the first year in which tea was mentioned in the Lithuanian Encyclopedia published in Boston (LEB 1 1953: 236. 2 The Lithuanian Encyclopedia, published up to 1944, reached only the letter I; and 1777 is not mentioned among the works of this author cited in either the Lithuanian Encyclopedia published in Boston (LEB) or the Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia (VLE). In that year, volume 1 of the author's work Roslin potrzebnych, pożytecznych, wygodnych, osobliwie krajowych, albo które w kraju użyteczne być mogą, utrzymanie, rozmnożenie i zażycie, published in Warsaw in 1777, was issued: O drzewach, ziołach ogrodowych i ogrodach (see the information on the Kluk Museum website, Muzeum Rolnictwa im. ks. Krzysztofa Kluka: http://www.muzeumrolnictwa.pl/patron_muzeum.html).). A digital version of this work (original spelling: Roslin potrzebnych, pożytecznych, wygodnych, osobliwie krajowych, albo ktore w kraju uzyteczne byc mogą, utrzymanie, rozmnozenie, i zazycie. Tom I <...> Krzysztofa Kluka <...> w Warszawie <...> Roku 1777) is available on the website: http://books.google.lt/books/about/Roslin_Potrzebnych_Pozytecznych_Wygodnych.html?id=y6A5AAAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y). 3 Here the name form Ignas is given; in the article describing the writer, it is Ignotas (LEK V 1937: 375), while the Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia identifies this Lithuanian writer, who lived from 1794 to 1861 and wrote in Polish, as Ignacas Chodźka (Polish: Ignacy Chodźko) (VLE IV 2003: 81). 4 The title form Samowar, adapted to Lithuanian, is used here, whereas the article introducing the writer and his works gives the form Samowar (LEK 5 1937: 376). J. GIRČIENĖ. Arbata: nuo žodžių – iki žodynų, nuo tekstų – iki tekstynų 247 The meaning of arbata ‘tea plant, a shrub whose leaves are used to make a beverage’ is attributed to the writings of Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža (1771–1849) (LKŽ). No more specific information was found in the LKŽ card files, but the source is most likely the manuscript of the botanical work Taislius augyminis, p. 372, by Jurgis A. Pabrėža, one of the most prominent nineteenth-century educators, a priest and botanist, and the first researcher of Lithuania’s flora (for more on the work, see Pabrėža 2009: 9 ff.): 351. Arbata. – Thea. – / Theestrauch. Link.). – 1. Ar. Kinskyyny. – Th. chinensis. <...> 2. Ar. Žalooji. – Th. viridis. <...> 3. Ar. Statioji. – Th. stricta <...>5. 2. Lithuanians use the word tea not only for the hot beverage made from the leaves of the (fermented) dried tea plant (Latin Thea: TB)6—white (least processed, made from buds with the first two leaves), green (briefly fermented), black (fermented for a long time)7, and other teas8. Tea in Lithuania also refers to any hot (sometimes cold) beverage prepared not only from various herbs, but also from fruit, jam, or the like (excluding coffee and cocoa). This is demonstrated by dictionary, usage, and association-experiment data. In dictionaries, tea as a beverage is usually defined as “a drink with tea leaves” (DLKŽ, LKŽ), while tea herbs are defined as herbs for tea (LKŽ), 5 I thank the Lexicography Centre of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language (LKI), Ritutė Petrokienė, and Jolita Urbanavičienė for allowing me to use a copy of the second part of the unpublished (from p. 224 onward) manuscript Taislius augyminis by Jurgis A. Pabrėža, held at the Martynas Mažvydas National Library, and the LKŽ card files; I also thank my colleagues at LKI, Danutė Liutkevičienė, Violeta Meiliūnaitė, and Vilma Zubaitienė (Vilnius University), who allowed me to use their libraries. Special thanks to Algirdas Sabaliauskas, who previously elucidated the etymology of arbatos, for the opportunity to share today’s insights. 6 The Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia lists two species of tea plant: the Indian tea plant (Latin Thea assamica) and the Chinese tea plant (Latin Thea sinensis) (VLE I 2001: 708). In the Terminology Bank, alongside Thea sinensis, other Latin names for this tea-plant species are also listed, including Camellia sinensis, Thea viridis and others (TB: http://terminai.vlkk.lt/pls/tb/tb.result). This Latin name is the one widely used in Lithuania and worldwide (see http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbata and elsewhere). Other classifications also exist; for instance, the encyclopedia Britannica identifies two varieties of the plant Camellia sinensis: C. sinensis sinensis, cultivated in China, and C. sinensis assamica, in the Indian province of Assam. In usage, the latter also has the synonym Camellia assamica (http://www.ahmadtea.lv/lt; http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbata; WEBS). 7 In China it is called red tea (http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbata and elsewhere); it should not be confused with the beverage known colloquially by that name in Lithuania, made from narrow-leaved raibsteglis (Latin Aspalathus linearis, English rooibos: ALP 2005). 8 Other kinds of tea are distinguished according to fermentation time, for example partially fermented oolong (oolong; Chinese black dragon). Teas are also classified according to other criteria (see http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbata; http://arbatosnamai.comyr.com/; http://www.arbatinukas.lt/ and elsewhere). 248 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 84 dried and processed tea leaves [i.e. tea-plant leaves DLKŽ] or other tea herbs (DLKŽ). Although this latter definition shows that tea may refer not only to a beverage prepared from tea-plant material, in more recent online sources an attempt is nevertheless made to clarify the phrase tea herbs, which evokes associations with tea leaves—for example, any fruit or herbal drink (Viki). This tendency toward semantic broadening is also reflected in usage. The results of an analysis of the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian (T), comprising over 100 million words and representing public written usage, and the general internet search engine Google (http://www.google.lt—hereafter Int), reflecting both public and private usage, confirm that arbata refers not only to a beverage made from tea-plant leaves, and also suggest that arbata is understood in this sense somewhat more broadly than dictionaries indicate; compare: Which kind of tea do you like best—black, green, white, oolong, herbal, fruit? (www.arbatinukas.lt tea lovers’ poll); Herbal and fruit teas are drinks made from the dried fruits and berries of various plants. Regular consumption of strong tea-leaf tea poisons the body (Int); When you have a bad cold, lime-blossom, chamomile, and mint tea are very suitable lime-blossom, chamomile, and mint tea (Int); Garšėja is renowned for its šakotis cakes and lime-blossom tea (T); Raspberry jam tea. Maybe that’s why I came to like fruit tea. I would fill a third of a cup with jam and pour hot water over it (Int); Cold tea with jam. Add jam, pour in boiling water, wait a minute, then add cold water (Int). In the corpus, among the stable—frequently used—word combinations with the borrowing tea,9 which encompass various (medicinal) herbs, the proportion of herbs, medicinal herbs, linden blossoms, chamomile, mint is greater than that of “true” tea, i.e. green and black tea, with the latter at a disadvantage (there are half as many such instances). This would suggest a “Lithuanian” conception of tea. Similar tendencies are also evidenced by data from a free-association experiment10, which sought to determine what associations the stimulus word tea evokes (the study involved 66 residents of Vilnius, of both sexes—more women—of various ages, from 9 to 68, and of- 9 For more on the issue of fixed expressions, important to corpus linguistics, see Rimkutė 2006; Marcinkevičienė 2010, and others. 10 Linguists most often use the association method to investigate reflections of the linguistic worldview (see Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2005; Akelaitienė 2007, and others). Analysis of associative fields provides considerable non-linguistic knowledge—information about social life, the economy, elements of national self-awareness, evaluations, and preferences (Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2005 and others). However, there is reason to believe that associations can reveal more about the structure of semantic relations and of language itself (see Zavjalova 2006: 151). For more on the association method, see Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2005; Zavjalova 2006, and others. J. GIRČIENĖ. Arbata: nuo žodžių – iki žodynų, nuo tekstų – iki tekstynų 249 educated respondents). Somewhat more (41) associations were provided, covering various (medicinal) herbs: herbs 4, herbs 4; mint 3, mint leaves 1; lime blossoms 2, lime blossoms; thyme, thyme 3; marigold 2; lemon balm; chamomile, chamomile; medicinal herbs, and so on, and 37 associations covering green (16), black (19), and white tea. There were twice as many associations relating to the anticipated effects of (medicinal) herbs, for example: flu 2, healing 2, healing, help when ill, helps one recover, illness, soothing (calming) 3, good, restful sleep, and so on, than to the presumed effects of tea made from tea-tree leaves, for example: tonic 3, stimulates, wards off sleep, and so on. These research results, reflecting current usage tendencies, attest to the continuity of traditions: according to ethnologists, in the past Lithuanians brewed tea from various medicinal herbs—lime blossoms, caraway, chamomile, wild strawberries, cranberries, and raspberry leaves and flowers (Dundulienė 1991: 165). There are also quite a few associations with the “fruity” quality of tea, which dictionaries do not yet mention—that is, tea made by steeping pieces of fruit: fruity 11, fruit 7. Fruit tea, alongside green and black tea and chamomile and wormwood tea, is also found in the comparatively small-scale Spoken Lithuanian Corpus (ST). Finally, statistical data from general internet searches (fruit tea – about 110,000 occurrences, herbal tea – about 170,000, green tea – about 112,000, black tea – about 61,70011) indicate an undeniable need to refine the meaning of tea as a beverage; cf. a drink containing tea leaves (DLKŽ, LKŽ). 3. If the relatively recent eighteenth-century loanword tea is used to denote any hot drink other than coffee and cocoa, the question arises whether hot drinks were formerly unfamiliar to Lithuanians, or whether tea became so popular that it gradually displaced the Lithuanian name for a hot drink. Dictionaries show that native words existed for referring to this thing. A hot drink, like a decoction, was called karštimas (LKŽ). There were also terms with the root žol-12, with a narrower meaning. These include the names žolikė, žolynė for a hot herbal drink (the latter also denoted a place overgrown with herbs): “I’ll brew some žolikės and get rid of [the illness]; I’ve gathered chamomile, and I’ll make such a žolynėlė” (LKŽ). The related words žolienė, žolainė could denote not only a hot herbal drink, but also an infusion or even herb soup: “He silently sipped the hot 11 Accessed 2011 12 10. The statistics are given without excluding duplicate instances. 12 I am grateful for the initial idea to Žaneta Markevičienė, a colleague at the Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, who shared names for a hot drink based on this root that were formerly used in her region. 250 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 84 žolainė, was overcome by the sharp scent of wintergreen; It would be good žolienės to drink (LKŽ). Some of these words, in the sense of a drink, are found in the corpus and/or in individual texts: She brewed some kind of žolienė—a herbal chamomile concoction, strained it into a one-litre mug and made the “patient” drink it (Int); “Men, probably without supper?” “A glass of hot žolainė wouldn’t go amiss,” the tall man mutters. “In the good old days around here, at work bees there’d be a pig’s carcass with a ‘kulegėlis’—and some beer, too” (T); “Mmm... simpampmončikas!” The youngster eagerly grabs the teacher’s slender hand and showers it with kisses up to the elbow. “Don’t fuss over us—one glass of žolainė [possibly also used in the sense of an infusion, J. G.], and that’ll do. You just need to fill your belly,” the lanky man snaps, shifting the submachine gun to his other hand and studying the teacher carefully, without even blinking (T); I poured myself some of that supposedly calming žolienė and gulped it down in one go—perhaps now Kasparas would disappear, vanish, slink through burrows known only to him into his underworld. But no. As my anger rose, I felt him tense too, bracing himself as if to say: No, my friend, I won’t give in! You won’t defeat me so easily! But the decision had already been born within me and prevailed, and I only laughed darkly at his unseen face—now you’re no longer frightening to me, Kasparas! Yes, stranger, now you are powerless! I brewed some very strong tea, pulled on my old army riding breeches, slipped into my old half-boots, and over my black, worn-out sweater pulled on a cracked leather jacket (J. Kunčinas, “Kasparas”; see http://www.tekstai.lt, below – ŠLLA). Nevertheless, the usage examples presented show that these are merely one-off occurrences, more characteristic of literary texts, with a specific meaning: a hot drink that is not particularly good or valuable (offered when there is no beer or food), soothing, or something similar (see the passages in the texts set in italics). Thus, although Lithuanian words for a hot drink did exist, they are no longer used, and are often unknown even to members of the middle-aged and younger generations. It seems that along with tea Lithuanians also borrowed the tea ceremony itself (this is one of the corpus’s fixed expressions, also mentioned by participants in the association experiment). The idea that hot drinks were not particularly characteristic of Lithuanians is supported not only by dictionaries and written usage, but also by ethnological research: it is said that “peasants drank very rarely” tea brewed from various medicinal herbs gathered in summer (Dundulienė 1991: 165). Traditional Lithuanian drinks were mead, beer, sap, and kvass (ibid.). This is reflected in folklore too: better-known images include mead and beer (beer and mead are better), and milk (white milk foam), as well as the motif of homemade kvass (good kvass is good to drink). This is also confirmed by the folk J. GIRČIENĖ. Arbata: nuo žodžių – iki žodynų, nuo tekstų – iki tekstynų 251 More literary characters: Wide fields... A village cottage... We did not drink tea... We drank milk, sour milk, buttermilk, whey, cream, homemade [drink], water, milk, sour milk... (R. Gavelis “Durys, arba taurus kasdienybės prasmingumas”, ŠLLA). And only much later, as the social elite emerged, “tea begins to smell fragrant” in books: Every evening, when the lady begins to make tea, / When the samovar first comes to a boil, to brew (H. Radauskas “Patefonas”, ŠLLA). And from then on, the tea motif is by no means weakening; on the contrary, it grows stronger: its fragrance wafts not only through prose, but also drama, essays, even poetry: She set two cups on the table, a small, almost toy-like teapot, and a bowl of golden peach jam. She invited Ieva to the table and poured tea, and a pleasant, somehow very familiar scent spread through the room (R. fox “Stebuklų diena”, rasyk.lt); WIFE. How about our having some tea? With sugar?... You can indulge in sweets (R. Gavelis “Durys, arba taurus kasdienybės prasmingumas”, ŠLLA); What is mystery?... The shifting moods of long winter evenings, warmth from a tea cup, hovering in portraits of women? (Z. Rimigailienė “Tarytum einantis per lietų...”, see http://www.samogit.lt/kultura/einantis_per_lietu.htm); I clear the table, brew tea / And having dried the book in the sunshine / I set about writing a poem (K. Platelis “Atsitikimas skaitant”, ŠLLA). The ever-growing popularity of tea and its importance are attested to not only by works of fiction, but also by other texts. This is also shown by statistical data from general internet searches; compare: tea (about 2,830,000 occurrences) and another drink favored by Lithuanians, milk (about 2,940,000). This is also confirmed by data from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian, on which the Frequency Dictionary of Written Lithuanian (DŽ) is based; compare: tea (64) and another drink mentioned above, long characteristic of Lithuanians, beer (47) (also compare the similarly frequent basketball – 65). 4. Along with the loanword, the word-family of tea emerged, expanded, and continues to expand. The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language lists as many as 23 cognate words—hybrid formations containing the element arbat-: these are arbatauti, arbata vimas, arbatdėžė, arbatėlė, arbatynas, arbatindis, arbatinė, arbatinėlis, arbatininkas, arbatinis, arbatinukas, arbatytis, arbatkrūmis, arbatlapis, arbatmediniai, arbatmedis, arbatnamis, arbatininkas, arbatpin igiai, arbatpuodis, arbatšaukštis, arbatuotis, arbatžolės (LKŽ). All of them, except arbatindį, arbatinėlį, have been found in internet usage, but only about half are recorded in the corpus and identified by experiment participants as words in the tea family, which means, 252 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 84 only about half are more frequently used (they are presented in spaced type). Thus, what is important and therefore popular among Lithuanians is not only the borrowed base word arbata, but also a considerable number of other realities associated with this word. It is worth noting that analysis of usage and both parts of the experiment—associations and morphologically related words—revealed a (partial) discrepancy between the meanings given in dictionaries and those that emerge in usage for certain derivatives. There are instances in which the noun tea caddy is used not in the sense of snack bars, taverns (DLKŽ, LKŽ), but in the sense of a box for storing tea: on a website advertising decorative boxes with many compartments, the caption Tea Caddy appears beneath their photograph, alongside Salt Cellar and so on (Int); cf. the single-use derivative tea box, given in LKŽ and naming a similar object. Meanwhile, tea kettle (“a vessel for boiling tea,” DLKŽ, LKŽ) and teapot (“a vessel for pouring water over tea leaves,” LKŽ; “a small vessel for steeping tea leaves,” DLKŽ) are widely used not only with the meanings given in dictionaries but also in the broader sense of “a vessel for boiling water.” For example, on a website advertising household appliances, including electric appliances for boiling water, the caption Kettles appears beneath their photograph (Int); Limescale from a kettle can be removed from inside as follows: boil an enamel kettle for quite a while (T); The water in the electric kettle boiled, and kettle switched off after 4 minutes (Int); He even appropriated an electric kettle (T). Compilers of new dictionaries should take note of this. Moreover, there are other morphologically related words used with a broader meaning than their derivational meaning: not only is tea stirred with a teaspoon, but coffee is too; tips are left not only in a tea house but also in a café for good service, as tips. However, café has become widespread as a general term for a public eating establishment. Usage and experiment data show that tea and morphologically related words are more strongly associated with the cozy domestic environment, so such associations predominate (family 3; TV, film 2, sofa 2, cuddling in bed, blanket, armchair; cabinet; book, cat (kitten) 2, window 2; telephone; home 7, homemade; home kitchen; warmth 12; fireplace 4, music, laughter; peace (tranquility) 4, and so on); things associated with public spaces are particularly rare, e.g. shop, sold loose. The most frequently mentioned morphologically related words denote household objects, e.g. teapot (52), while public-space realities are mentioned less often, e.g. tea house (14), tips (3). Usage and experiment data also show that the arbatos word family is prone to further expansion. The neologisms supplied by respondents include arbatmaišis, arbatvakarone, arbat(o)gėris, priearbatinis (sandwich). The first three were also found online. More dictionary-unrecorded neologisms were found, often occasionalisms: those arbatvakariai still warm my heart and bring back memories of cozy J. GIRČIENĖ. Arbata: nuo žodžių – iki žodynų, nuo tekstų – iki tekstynų 253 homes; tea time: after all, who among us doesn’t enjoy pleasant company over a hot cup of coffee or tea? The earrings are a little watering can – little teapot; milky tea two cups: I boil the milk and brew the tea leaves in it; it really helps me hang in there, giving me energy and making me feel full; and that tea with milkyou should definitely try (Int). Some of these, such as the latter, are undoubtedly significant for their referential function; others are occasional coinages, e.g., tea person, tea dance, which stand out for their stylistic expressiveness. Although not recorded in dictionaries, the sole verb denoting tea drinking that is characteristic of current usage and seems to be spreading is to have tea (its inclusion in a dictionary should be considered), e.g.: in short, people, I need some peace, I’m off to have tea (Int); Down through the village of Riešė I go for water,having tea <...> And my flowing thoughts carry me to You (R. Šileika, “I Would Like to Talk About Rituals,” http://culture.lt/lmenas/). Compared with other neologisms, this word has a substantial usage frequency—275 instances online); as many as 10 of the experiment participants who indicated words sharing the root tea, and further derivatives of this verb, some of them also quite frequent—to have tea, to have tea together, e.g.: a relative had unexpectedly dropped by to have tea; we’ll have enough to have had plenty of tea and enjoy a nice chat (Int). CONCLUSIONS Lithuanians acquired the loanword arbata from the Poles; the word fuses elements from two languages—Latin herba (herb) and Southern Chinese tē (tea leaf)—while the Poles preserved the word’s first component intact in herbata. The Poles borrowed this word from Western European languages, cf. Dutch herba thee. Although, according to present evidence, the loanword is mentioned in Lithuanian written sources only from the first half of the 19th century, evidence from Polish texts recording the word in the 18th century, along with other data, supports the assumption that the referent denoted by it may have reached Lithuania in the 18th century. Fundamental lexicographic sources list one meaning of the loanword arbata—“a drink made with tea leaves” (DLKŽ, LKŽ), that is, “from dried and processed tea-tree leaves or other tea herbs” (DLKŽ). However, analysis of current usage and data from the association experiment show that Lithuanians use this loanword to denote not only a drink made from dried tea-tree (Latin Thea) leaves, otherwise known as tea leaves, and various herbs, but also a drink made from dried fruit or any other hot drink, except coffee and cocoa. This suggests that the meaning of arbatos as a beverage should be revised. 254 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 84 The establishment of a relatively recent borrowing in the meaning ‘any hot drink’ raises questions: were hot drinks formerly uncommon among Lithuanians, or did tea become so popular that it gradually displaced the Lithuanian name for a hot drink? Lexicographic material shows that there were native words that could be used to name the reality in question: karštimas, žolikės, žolynė, žolienė, žolainė (LKŽ), but these are not characteristic of present-day usage. These and other research findings presented in the article, together with ethnological data, allow us to hypothesize (a hypothesis that undoubtedly needs to be refined and supported by historical and other sources) that along with tea, Lithuanians also borrowed the tea-drinking ceremony itself—which is currently extremely popular. The importance of the reality named by the borrowing is also evidenced by the extensive word family of arbata, which continues to expand. LKŽ lists 23 hybrid formations containing the element –arbat-, for example: arbatauti, arbatinė, arbatinis, arbatpuodis, arbatšaukštis, arbatuotis. Only about half of these are characteristic of present-day usage, but some are used with meanings broader than those given in dictionaries: compare arbatiniu and arbatinuku, which refer not only to vessels for boiling tea or steeping tea leaves (DLKŽ, LKŽ), but also to vessels for boiling water. This should be taken into account when compiling new dictionaries. It would also be worth considering whether to include the neologism arbatintis, which is spreading rapidly in usage and already has new derivatives—pasiarbatinti, prisarbatinti. Other neologisms found in usage or supplied by the experiment participants—arbat(o)gėris, arbatvakarai, arbatdienis, arbatvakarone, arbatinukėlis, arbatžmogis, arbatšokis, arbatmaišis, arbatpienė, pienarbatė—should, at least for now, be regarded as nonce formations. LITERATURE AND MAIN SOURCES A k e l a i t i e n ė G. 2007: Animal names and linguistic associations. – Žmogus ir žodis 9, 65–69. ALP – Lithuanian names of plants used to make beverages. Available online: http://www.alkk.lt/lit/10146 (accessed November 2011). DLKŽ – Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, electronic version. Available online: http://www.lki.lt/dlkz/. D u n d u l i e n ė P. 1991: Lithuanian Ethnology, Vilnius: Mokslas. DŽ – Utka A. (ed.): Frequency Dictionary of Written Lithuanian. Based on a morphologically annotated corpus of 1 million words. Available online: http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/publikacijos/Dazninis_zodynas.pdf (accessed October 2011). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available online: http://www.britannica.com. J. GIRČIENĖ. Arbata: nuo žodžių – iki žodynų, nuo tekstų – iki tekstynų 255 Int – data from public and private usage, accessible through the general internet search engine Google. Available online at: http://www.google.lt (accessed November 2011). Laučiūtė J. 1977: Slaviški skoliniai lietuvių kalboje. – Baltistika, 2 priedas, 92–96. LEB – Lithuanian Encyclopedia, Boston: Lithuanian Encyclopedia Publishing House: vol. 1, 1953; vol. 12, 1957. LEK – Lithuanian Encyclopedia, Kaunas: Spaudos fondas: vol. 1, 1933; vol. 5, 1937. LKEŽB – Database of the Etymological Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. Available online: http://etimologija.baltnexus.lt (accessed November 2011). LKŽ – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, vols. 1–20, 1941–2002, electronic version (2005). Available online: http://www.lkz.lt. Marcinkevičienė R. 2010: Lietuvių kalbos kolokacijos, Kaunas: VDU. Pabrėža J. 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Received 2011 12 12 ARBATA: FROM WORDS TO DICTIONARIES, FROM TEXTS TO CORPORA S u m m a r y On the basis of diachronic research into the lexicon and lexicographic sources, texts and corpora, representing public and private usage and accessible via the general internet search system, as well as the materials collected by the verbal association experiment, the paper sets out to examine the etymology, semantics, relations with synonymous Lithuanian words referring to beverages, derivatives and compounds and tendencies of present-day usage of the loan word arbata (‘tea’). As attested by written data, including lexicographic sources, changes in the phonetic substitution, tea and the loan word referring to it reached Lithuania in the 18th century, which was later than other Western European countries. Lithuanians adopted the word arbata from the Polish herbata; the word was the result of blending of the words of two completely different languages: the Latin herba (‘herb’) and the Southern Chinese tē (‘herb used for making tea’). Poles, however, have preserved the first component in full. They borrowed the word from Western European languages, cf. the Dutch herba tee. The loan word arbata in Lithuanian refers to white, green, black tea, a specific hot drink produced from the dried (fermented) leaves of the Chinese tea bush, and any other hot (sometimes cold) drink, made from various herbs and fruits, jams etc., except for coffee and cocoa. Such results of the investigation attest to a demand to amend the meaning of arbata as a beverage, cf. gėrimas su arbatžolėmis (‘a beverage with the leaves of the tea bush’). The well-established meaning (‘any hot beverage’) of this fairly new loan word poses a question, if earlier Lithuanians did not have a need for hot beverages. As attested by lexicographic materials, Lithuanians did have their own words referring to hot beverages, cf.: karštimas, žolikės, žolynė, žoliėnė, žolainė. However, all of them are now extinct. J. GIRČIENĖ. Arbata: nuo žodžių – iki žodynų, nuo tekstų – iki tekstynų 257 The importance of the beverage referred to by the loan word can also be seen in the ample and still expanding entry of the word arbata. Older fundamental lexicographic sources offer 23 hybrid derivatives and compounds with the root arbat-, e.g. arbatauti (‘to have tea’), arbatinė (~’tea bar’), arbatinis (‘tea pot, tea kettle’), arbatpuodis (‘tea cup’), arbatšaukštis (‘teaspoon’), arbatuotis (~’to have tea’). The informants of the above associative experiment also suggested some new coinages which have later been found in actual usage: arbatmaišis (‘tea bag’), arbatvakarone (‘tea party’), arbat(o)geris (‘tea drink’). A number of (stylistically marked) neologisms were found in actual usage but have not been included into the dictionaries, such as arbatvakarai (~’tea evenings’), arbatdienis (~’tea day’), arbatinukėlis (~’a small tea pot’), arbatpienė (‘milk for one’s tea’) pienarbatė (‘milky tea’); arbatžmogis (~’tea person’), arbatšokis (~’tea dance’). A possibility to include the spreading neologism arbatintis (~’to have tea’) into dictionaries should be discussed. KEY WORDS: etymology, semantics, lexicography, corpus linguistics, associative experiment, synonyms, derivatives and compounds, collocations. JURGITA GIRČIENĖ Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences T. Ševčenkos g. 31, LT-03111 Vilnius [email protected] 258 KALBOS KULTŪRA | 84