Parūpinamieji veiksmažodžiai „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

150 Languages and Culture | 84 GERTRUDA NAKTINIENĖ Lithuanian Language Institute PREPARATORY ACTIONS LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY Essential words: general language, auxiliary verbs, usage, norming, dictionary INTRODUCTION Notes The lexicography centre of the Lithuanian Language Institute is preparing the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter – bZ) to clarify some general language norms, facts, their presentation. One of the groups of verbs, although not numerous, but which poses difficulties for the users of common language, the cultivators of language culture and the dictionaryists, are the servile verbs. In modern Lithuanian grammar, the transitive verbs are considered to be a variant of the transitive verbs, and it is emphasized that they are “a separate, although insignificant group, having distinctive features of the distinctive form” (DlKG 287; lG 226). “They are made from transitive verbs with the suffix -dinti and denote an action by which something is arranged to happen, to be done by other actors. For example: build a house: build a house (with the help of builders, craftsmen), forge a ring: forge a ring (at a blacksmith), weave a ribbon: weave a ribbon (at a weaver)" (DlKG 287). As it is stated, care-giving (curative) verbs are also called inactive causative verbs. The basis of their construction are the verbs of active action (most often followed by the ventive meaning) (DlKG 399). phrases with the prefix "to" 5.2 Pharmacokinetic characteristics And l There has been written a lot about the formal and semantic characteristics of auxiliary verbs, the criteria for distinguishing them from causative and other verbs (lKG II 25, 265; Jakulienė 1975; Paulauskienė 1979: 12, 1994: 286; lKM 1994: 286; lKG II 25, 265; Jakulienė 1975; Paulauskienė 1979: 12, 1994: 286; lKM 1994: 286). G. Naktiniene. 151 110, savičiūtė 1984: 73–78, 1985: 236–251, 1986: 206–209, 1995: 129–141 and others). In addition to other important criteria of form and semantics, according to the works of Friedrich Kuršaitis, John Jablonski, and other authors (Kurschat 1876: 122; Jabų lonskis I 289; lKM 110), the most important distinguishing feature of auxiliary verbs is the presence of an additional subject, i.e. the mediator of the subject, in the deep, and sometimes even superficial, part of the curative sentence (i.e. the sentence with the auxiliary verb). The semantic characteristics of the deep-level components of the curation sentences were investigated on the basis of KZ and DŽ2 data, and the laws of semantic harmony were established (savičiūtė 1985: 236–251). From these, three main situations emerged (see table “Semantic coordination of the deep level of curative sentences”, ibid., p. 239), which can be described by the following perphrases: 1) ‘the subject with the power of ordering takes care of, orders that someone (a servant, an executioner, etc.) do something’, e.g. : The king cut off his head; 2) ‘the client (someone who cannot or has difficulty performing a certain work) takes care of, orders that someone (a specialist in a certain field, craft, master, etc.) do something’, e.g.: to weave (ribbons), to work (gravestones), to bury (crosses), to knit (sweaters), to knit (shoes, coats), to build (houses, churches, palaces), to write (testaments), etc. ; The bishop built the church; 3) ‘someone takes care of, asks, orders that someone (some intermediary) do something’, e.g.: send (a letter) etc. As the data collected for the bZ dictionary articles showed, in the common language usage remain mostly the second and somewhat the third subgroup of auxiliary verbs. The verbs of the first subgroup reflect the realities of the past and are usually needed when writing or telling about antiquity. in sentences with auxiliary verbs, words denoting an object, substance or abstraction do not usually take the position of the mediator of the subject. another example of this type is intermediate between curacy and causation: the verb sdinti, used in chemistry, is considered to be a subordinate, while lKŽ, lKŽe and bŽ are considered to be causative, e.g. : Sulphuric acid is used for metals (DŽ2e6e). After evaluating various distinctive criteria, the verbs pažėndinti, veakkdinti, žódyti, DŽ laikyti parūpėjai, bŽ are presented as causative. In the General Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, based on the requirements of bŽPP and bŽIn, the pronoun kas questions are attempted to indicate the primary and optional 152 Languages Culture | 84 verb conjugation, but the two types of conjugation are not formally distinguished from each other. The Lithuanian Verb Conjugation Dictionary (sližienė 2004: 35), which is very useful for the general Lithuanian language dictionary, indicates the basic and optional conjugation of the sole auxiliary verb siūdinti, ~a, ~o (paau)5 “to take care of someone sewing” in parentheses: Nom Acc (Dat) (from Gen) (from Acc) [C P B O Ac] and the semantic functions of the actants: Nom Hum acc –Anim Dat +_ Anim pasacc Hum from Gen –Anim1. The characteristics of connectedness are illustrated by the following sentences: “Mother used to sew her clothes at the village tailor; I made a suit for my husband out of that mill; Dress up the furniture covers; Whose sleighs are you sewing? ; The shoes were sewed by the parents, not bought" (sližienė 2004: 35). It is noted that "Instead of pasacc in the sentence there may be loc, indicating the place where the sewing person works, e.g. : Some ladies sew their holiday dresses in the sewing shop.” (2nd edition, 2004, pp. 35). According to Nijolė sližienė, the conjugation of the returning serving verbs has no fundamental differences from the non-returning ones: “the use of the returning verb in the conjugation differs only in that there is no noun in the sentence, which is replaced by the returning affinity -s(i) (the meaning of the latter can be reinforced by the form of the adjective pronoun for itself), e.g. : I bought new fur coats from sheepskin.” (Nota 1, sližienė 2004: 35). Based on the aforementioned studies of auxiliary verbs and detailed analysis of the conjugation of the verb sisėdinti, bŽ formulated the following article of the verb sisėdinti2: sisėdinti, sisėdina, sisėdino vksm. [prp.]3 (what, to whom, what) to take care of, to order, that someone (e.g. tailor, shoemaker) sew: I sew a suit for a man in a sewing shop. | sngr. (to whom): There is a lot of fun at your place. The most favourable months to compete – we offer a discount. | sngr. (what, where, at what, from what): Sistidintis (sau) ortopedinę ãvalynę. I'm wearing a palto made of smooth cashmere fabric. She tried her evening dress at a fashion house with a famous designer. It's time to raise the flags for those nations that don't have them yet. | sngr. snow. (ko): I don't like sewing individual clothes, I buy ready-made ones. 1 a – agent (function of performer); C – the causator; P – patient (function of active object, state holder); b – benefactor (addressee, recipient, holder function); o – source (function of action, state origins, initial state); ac is the causing agent; +anim – a living thing, also a person; –anim: an inanimate thing; Hum – a person (e.g. a collective of persons, an institution, etc.) (sližienė 2004: 6). 2 The dictionary articles of bŽ, written by the author of this article in 2003, subsequently supplemented and corrected, and edited by Klementina Vosylytė, are quoted here. They may change after the final editing of the dictionary. 3 The mark [prp.] (= auxiliary verb) in the bŽ text is currently reserved for search purposes. G. Naktiniene. 153 In presenting the auxiliary verbs in the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary, the reference method, which is difficult to understand for the users of dictionaries, has been abandoned, when these verbs are not explained, but only marked prp. (helping verb, DŽ1e6e), cur. (verbum curativum, helping verb, lKŽ, lKŽe) are associated with the base verbs or their meanings. In the general Lithuanian language dictionary, the definition formula is used: “to take care (order, order, order, request, etc.) that someone (usually a specialist in a certain field) would do what is said in the reference word”. in the definition pronoun who is said to be another actor who physically performs the curated action. If possible, the semantics of the word denoting the performer of the action is clarified (siėdinti – siùva seuvjas; statýdinti – stãto statybininkai, (nu)kisdinti – nù kerta (gálvą) bùdelis and so on). try to provide clear illustrative examples, which would identify the entity with the power of order or additionally expressed actor, physically performing the ordered (ordered, ordered, requested, etc.) action, or say that such an action is performed in a service-providing company (workshop, rule, studio, etc.), e.g.: liẽdinti, liẽdina, liẽdino vksm. [prp.], lėedinti, lėedina, lėedino (ką) take care of, order, that something (e.g. masters) rain4: Kùnigas statýdino bažnyčią, liẽdino varpùs. The invading foreigners would pull out the bells and fire the gunshots from them. | sngr. (what, where): We touched tombstones in memorial workshops. Although this way of defining often gives the impression of artificial, unnatural, long language, it is more understandable to non-philologists than constructive references and references to the base word (Naktinienė 2000: 21–22; 2006: 24). 1 lEntEl. Examples of auxiliary verbs in dictionaries DŽ6e lKŽebŽ áusdin‖ti, ~a, ~o prp. woven 1. ~imas áudinti, ėina, ėino cur. (1) austi 1: I'll make a boat, weave a thread KlpD44. | refl. T.R. : They no longer weave any frills, rips, flared skirts I.simon. áusdinti, áusdina, áusdino vksm. [prp.] (what, at what, to whom) to arrange, to order, to order something (e.g. weaver) woven (r. 1): They are weaving a tapestry for gifts at a famous textilist. | sngr. (what): I was sleeping in bed with a set of curtains. 4 See footnote 2. 154 Languages and Culture | 84 káldin‖ti, káldinti, jenina, ~a, ~o prp. k a l t i 3: K. plow, harrow, money jenino Š; M 1. cur. 1 guilty 6: Even have to what) careful of hewn stones stone carved r399. 2. K cur. 1 kalti 10: Kladnti pasair gus J. o prie naujos žagrelės Autumn-winter ltr. We're not going to buy a tavern for the sngr. (what, at what): Jg given the right to go to a bb1Mak15,6. Forging ring J.Jabl. [...] Forge a little bridge over the hedgehog's horse N174. Don't put a flower, don't kill the namesake JV74. [...] káldinti, káldina, káldino do it vksm. [prp.] (what, in bb12Moz20,25. tis, to order, to order something (ppr. masters) guilty (3 r.): Krỹžių candelavidès káldiname metãlo blacksmiths. | snow. (ko): going to kill the norag, we're ragotnitsa or the sword hill. | kaldinti s.Dauk. And you are jeweler and decorate your money in your own land to mint a complex. statýdin‖ti, statýdinti ~a, ~o 3. 5: Build up build: House s. | sngr. : ~tis the house. ~imas(is) naujus staldus J. Mr. (1) (yyti), ienina, ienino [...] the 5th Corps. bridge sta tyig take care of, J.Jabl. Vytautas built (i.e. the Lithuanian church-Jiẽ nãmą times a1884,22. | refl. T.R. 1, We're not going to get home, clothes, we're going to get Liturgy. | snow. Sngr. (who): build a palace for themselves, mi rš. [...] statydynt, statydyne, statydyne vksm. [prp.] (what, to) order, that what builders) built: in various places are building dùkteriai. pp. 1. |access-date= requires |url= (help) (for): The neighbor says we're not going to buy new money, Mrj. The Great part of the nobles will not they say, following the classical style, we will buy a house. PREPARATORY ACTIVITIES Properties of use Rareness and inconsistency of usage In the seminar for translators and editors held at the Lithuanian Language Institute on 26 February 2004, the author of the article conducted a small oral survey. participants were asked if they themselves use verbs to conjugate when speaking (not when writing, editing or translating) G. Naktiniene. 155 pp. Dictionary of the English Language. Of the 95 auxiliary verbs (including prepositions) presented in DŽ3, selected by means of DŽ3k, data from the Textbook of Contemporary Lithuanian Language of the Computer Linguistics Center of Vytautas Magnus University, available via the Internet, and other Internet language resources, found by the search tool http://www.google.lt/, confirm the usage of not all of them. For example, no new examples of the verb pikdinti were found, although such a situation would be quite possible in the present time, say: pikdinti sklỹpą sęnui (through an intermediary), pikdintis bùtą (when living abroad and authorizing a friend) and so on, and in dictionaries (DŽ2a6e, lKŽ and lKŽe) the verb pikdinti is illustrated only with examples from folklore: pikdin‖ti, ~a, ~o etc. p i r k t i 1: I'll work the squeegee, I'll make the bulls, I'll make the knives (d.) (DŽ2e6e). pigeon, pigeon, pigeon 1. cur. pirkti 1: I will work a žagrelė, buy oxen, make norageliai KlpD44. Will you wear a crown? Will you give me a cup? JV218 (lKŽe). At the moment there are 107 auxiliary verbs in bŽ, of which 39 are non-prepositional: áusdinti, darýdinti, ddrbinti, gabéndinti, griáudinti, grsdinti, kál dinti, kárdinti, kãsdinti, kéldinti, kẽpdinti, kipdinti, kisdinti, kùldinti, kùrdinti, kviẽs dinti, lėedinti, máldinti, mẽgzdinti, mùšdinti, nérdinti, nẽšdinti, plãkdin ti, ra šýdinti, ráudinti3, sieddinti, sišsdinti, skélbdinti, skùsdinti, statýdinti, šáudinti, šaũkdinti, taisýdinti, varýdinti, véldinti, vepdinti, vesdinti, vẽsdinti, vẽždinti. Of these, only kál din ti, siėdinti, statýdinti have been included in the Frequently Asked Questions of the current written Lithuanian language (Grumadienė, Žilinskienė 1998). Since the group of subordinate verbs is small, other ordinary (non-subordinate) verbs denoting similar situations are used next to them, although in both cases the work is not done by the clients themselves, but by specialists in the relevant field: seamstresses, builders, hairdressers, etc., and statydinti, in the presence of a clear situation, i.e., when it is meant that the subject does not sew or build himself, but orders the work and pays for it. 3 answer options were proposed: “I always use”, “I sometimes use”, “I never use”. participants raised their hands in the affirmative. 29 participants of the seminar expressed their opinion about the verb sižedinti: “I always use” – 14 (48 per cent), “I sometimes use” – 4 (14 per cent), “I never use” – 11 (38 per cent). 24 participants of the seminar expressed their opinion about the verb statydinti: “I always use” – 6 (25 per cent), “I sometimes use” – 16 (67 per cent), “I never use” – 2 (8 per cent). The fact that language specialists – translators and editors, on whose activities the state of the common Lithuanian language depends greatly, do not use the aforementioned verbs themselves in colloquial language in full or irregularly, only confirms the fact that the use of auxiliary verbs in common Lithuanian language is not very widespread. 156 Language Culture | 84 e.g.: siųdinti, but taisyti, trutpinti, siaũrinti (páltą); build, but equip, measure (a house); kipdinti but comb, curl, wash, dye (hair). Often such verbs are used in one sentence, e.g. : Sometimes men also come to the sewing shop. However, they do not intend to sew anything, usually want to fix clothes (G); Sew a new dress or repair an old one? The prefixes are not used with all auxiliary verbs. For example, DŽ3 is presented as áprinted, áprinted, but not áprinted; had data for spelling the verb, but apparently did not have data for spelling the verb (the latter is already given in DŽ5eej6e) and so on. Not all of the basic verb meanings are made into the corresponding auxiliary meanings. For example, mẽgzdinti (knieginius) is a pronoun meaning, while agukai mẽzga, žiedaų užsąmezga has no pronoun equivalents. Distribution in dialects The incorrect use of auxiliary verbs and their base verbs is also due to the fact that a large part of the Lithuanian population does not know what auxiliary verbs mean, because they do not have them in their native dialects. it is mainly eastern and southern highlanders. The use of constructive verbs instead of those of the common language is sometimes recorded in the Lithuanian and Lithuanian-Lithuanian dialects, e.g.: sietti [...] 2. see siūdinti 1 (illustrated with sentences from Kupiškis, rodūnija, skrebotiškis, Eržvilkas, Miežiškiai, Meškuičiai, apso, J. Kardelytė’s book Gervėčių tarmė, p. 78, and J. Paukštelis’ writings (lKŽ XII 631). Following this precedent aimed at “suggesting” (lKŽe), when the use of the base verb with the auxiliary meaning is lexicographically legitimized, perhaps it would be possible to proceed analogously with bŽ: in articles of base verbs with auxiliary equivalents, additionally provide a separate meaning as a variant of the auxiliary verb or its auxiliary meaning, e.g. : I sew in a sewing shop (with a good seamstress). This would not only legitimize the current situation and serve the interests of a large part of the common language users, but also help the readers of the dictionary to know that there is a servile verb. In the southern and eastern highland dialects of the Vilnius dialect, transitive verbs with the suffix -inti are not helping verbs. Their meanings usually coincide with the meanings of the corresponding common language base verbs (Naktinienė 1997: 154–162), e.g. : G. Naktiniene. In the General Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 157 pikdinti (eiyti), ienina, ienino [...] 2. tr. buy: children are wandering around the fences, some are cleaning up, the clothes are being cleaned up, and you’re pikdin’ again lz. The lack of lz. any (jie) pik di no cukrų piaugiau lz. The cone is peshed, the turgun is carried, and the boys are pikdina lKKIII204(lz) (lKŽe). The most widely used verbs are used by the Žemaites, often the western Highlanders (Suvalkians), rarely the Šiauliai, who border with the Žemaites, and are found in the writings of authors from these regions and from Lesser Lithuania, in the folklore collections collected in those regions. in the ancient writings there were much more and more varied. Basic verb instead of auxiliary verb The grammar of contemporary Lithuanian language (DlKG 2006: 287) states that “in colloquial language there is sometimes a tendency not to use them (provisional verbs – G. N.), to say siūtis paltą instead of siūdinti paltą. Because these verbs denote ordinary actions and from the conversational situation it is sometimes obvious (or it does not matter) who will perform them“; “the actor who takes care that the action is performed is more important here than the actor who actually performs the action” (lKM 1976: 110). Often this is not only said, but also written. The perception of the situation expressed by the corresponding base verbs often depends on the context, e.g. to rebuild an abandoned building can mean both the direct work actions of the owner and a precautionary situation, when the work is performed by hired builders. Even if the semantics of the subject clearly indicates that the person represented by it will not do physical work himself, the base verb is often used instead of the serving verb, e.g. : A great man built a castle. Even in a carefully prepared textbook the verb statyti is used, where it would be better to choose the basic variant of the norm – the auxiliary verb statyti (emphasis added by the author of the article), e.g. A: Besides the Great Wall, he (Qin Shi Huangdi – N.D.) built a palace that could hold 10,000 people. 700,000 prisoners of war and conscripted peasants built his huge funeral hall (World I 210). There are more cases of this type of use (savičiūtė 1985; savičiūtėėNaktinienė 1995). Interestingly, similar phenomena of curative usage are observed not only in Lithuanian, but also in Finnish and Norwegian (rackevičienė 2001: 29; 2002: 138, 142–144). 158 Languages and Culture | 84 In the absence of understanding the differences between auxiliary and auxiliary verbs, auxiliary verbs are sometimes used to describe situations where the subject performs the action himself, e.g.: seuvja siėdina (=siùva) kostiu m lį and so on. Although such use can hardly be justified in common language, it is recorded in dialects, e.g.: mẽgzdinti (aiyti), ienina, ienino […] 3. tr. knizti: do you knit gloves for a man? Kzr. So I have a hood …, knitted by knitters JV416. | refl. T.R. : Jacket I started to mėggzdytis Kzr (lKŽe); numẽzddinti […] 2. tr. negti: Negt a man's jacket Kzr (lKŽe). Probably a similar use of the servile verb in the non-servile sense is recorded in the sentence written by J. Jablonski: statýdinti […] 3. […] In the cities very good paid construction furnaces J. Jabl (GROANS) The tendency to this type of inaccurate use, as shown by the envy of the Internet, the press and the spoken language, is particularly characteristic of the verb kôlni, although the place where the work is performed is called mint (for coins, medals) rather than mint. When used in general terms and in the absence of a more detailed context, it is unclear what is meant by saying (writing) kołtinią kryžių, medãlį, monetas, pamiñklą, pęnigus, etc. – the order to mint a cross, medal, coins, monument, money or the execution of the order, i.e. the specific work of specialists. In the following example, it is clear from the context that we are talking about concrete physical actions, and therefore the base verb nukálti had to be used (emphasis added by the author of the article): Many were fascinated by the coin press made according to an ancient model. Everyone who wanted to could break through it with a heavy hammer and make a little money […]. Whoever wanted, could learn the blacksmithing craft and maybe even cut something for his beloved. (lŽ 2004 06 02: 24). Many people wanted to criminalize (= commit a crime) the money (signature under the photo; ibid.). Folk artists will also mint (= coin) the “local currency” at the City Day celebration (t: lietuvos rytas, 2001). However, the ambiguity of the base verb kalti, in the absence of an object in the sentence, may cause confusion as to what is meant – kalti nagą į