„Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ iliustracinių pavyzdžių atranka ir pateikimas

D. Murmulaitytė. Selection and presentation of illustrative examples of the general Lithuanian language dictionary 129 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF THE GENERAL LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY Selection and Submission ESSENTIAL WORDS: illustrative example of use, explanatory glossary, lexicon, word combination, sentence. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the examples of use is to illustrate the interpretation of the meaning, to supplement it with more subtle nuances of meaning, to show the possibilities and characteristics of the word’s use (LVV 10), to justify the inclusion of the word in the dictionary, to convince the reader that the word has been explained and stylistically qualified properly (БАСРЯ I 29), in general, the examples of use help to better understand the content of the explanatory word, at least partly show its lexical environment and syntactic relationships (DŽ4 XIII). Different explanatory dictionaries present illustrations in different ways. This depends on the purpose, objectives, structure, scope, methodology chosen by the lexicographers, etc. of the dictionary. Often the methodology and technique of presentation of illustrations is explained in the introduction to the glossary. In modern dictionaries (e.g., WCD), the structure of the dictionary article is sometimes illustrated graphically, with the location of each part of the article indicated. Smaller dictionaries (MLKŽ, NSJP) are often limited to this, without introducing the methodology of interpretation of meanings, illustration, grammar and other statements, etc. Usually, in larger dictionaries (LKŽe, LLVVe, БТСРЯ) the interpretations of the meanings of words are illustrated more abundantly, in smaller ones (MLKŽ, LVV) – only in necessary cases (see Jakaitienė 2005: 103–104). It is usually illustrated by word combinations and sentences. These can be adjusted, abbreviated or otherwise adapted to the dictionary article to best suit the usage of the lexical unit being interpreted, to show semantic and syntactic connection, etc. (see LLVV I 16, LKŽI 76). Sometimes the authentic sentences chosen for illustrations are not abbreviated, they can even be made up of several sentences, 130 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 84 sources of citations1, e.g. : lightweight, -ė adj. (2) fast, easy-flying: white-feathered cloud, light-winged flyer, where are you flying? V. Myk-Put. […]; reivėė sf. (4) […] 3. ms.: Curvy raive, where are you running? - Shave your face, what do you do! (stream and meadow) Pnd. (LKŽe); fault […] 2. Negative, undesirable characteristic of the psyche, character, personality. An undesirable formation (of the human body), also a condition. She criticized and rebuked every girl and woman who walked around Gusta [son], finding countless flaws and faults in them…Ezera 9, 291. "Don't take it personally. I have my fault, you have your fault and East [son] has his fault again. A man remains a man.» Indrāne 5, 188; zīdenis, -ņa v. Food made of beans, peas, crushed barley grains and dried pork. Also the grain (1). […] Our mother clung to old habits. So every year on New Year's Eve she cooked a baby with a pig's ear. Austriņš 1, 360. Do you know what a baby is? Grain soup with gray peas and dried pork.. Ves 86, 6, 30. On the day of the new year, dishes were cooked with pork meat, especially the pig’s head. Rural Life 90, 2, 20 (LLVVe); APPENDIX […] 4. ∕∕ Dist. What всем известно, всеми признано (обычно в функции сказуемого). Кто побеждает в бою? – продолжал подполковник. – Господа, ведь это азбука: побеждают сплоченные между собою люди, зажженные идеей. Веres. In Japanese. war. (BASRYA) For Lithuanians, it is important to show the issues of pronunciation in the dictionaries, and the illustrations also vary in this respect. In LKŽe, DŽ6e illustrations, only the title word forms are pronounced, e.g. motinlė sf. (2) 1. M, Pc godmother, godfather: Godmother with father takes the child to be baptized Rz. Someone took the necklaces that Mother gave to SDB. 2. see mother 4: As soon as the second mother hive appears, then the bees release the swarm Dbk. […] (LKŽe); băti, yrà (băva, băna, ẽsti), bùvo 1. to have a being, to appear in reality, to exist: The world yrà big. Is there still full? There's no more hay. There is no house without smoke (etc.). 2. live, keep: There were three brothers. She's at her daughter's now. 3. to have occupied a place, to stand, to lie down: There was a forge. Cows in the barn. Instead, he walks and the stone becomes green (e.g.). 4. navštívit, přivítat: Yesterday I was with my sister. Have you been to Latvia? […] 6. vykti, dėtis: We know what happened, but we do not know what will happen. Present, past (occasional, frequent), future tense (lingv.). The next few days. […] (DG6e); (4) 1. stained, contaminated place: D. on 1 When quoting dictionary articles, an effort was made to keep the same form as in the cited dictionary. Omitted parts of the text are marked […]. D. Murmulaitytė. Selection and presentation of illustrative examples of the general Lithuanian language dictionary 131 scarves. 2. a place that stands out from the surroundings by its colour: Sunset. On the face red d. 3. prk. do ro vinis consequence of bad behaviour, fault: A person without any ~s. […] (DG6e). In contrast, in the dictionary for learning purposes (MLKŽ) the illustrations are pronounced according to the logical accent, i.e. all words that are emphasized when the phrase is pronounced are pronounced: pavéikslas dkt. v. (1, 1) drawing or painting: Have you seen the works of Čiurliónis? ° There is not even a wind on the shore. […]. Elsewhere enclitics and proclitics are also pronounced, albeit inconsistently, e.g.: blõgas […] nėrà tõ ~o, kurās neišeejtų  gẽra, pasáu lis […] sẽna kaapp p.; prisiiťti […] k prisėmėme, turė i įvykkdyti, pasiléis ti […] jiẽ ~léido vytis vãgį, bet bokš tas […] statýti ~tus iš smlio, ka lénti […] jis vis t pãtį mán ~lẽna  gálvą, telkšóti […] seniaũ čia ~ójo ẽže ras, pasihekti […] aš ~kiu tik jõ pẽtį (LNŽ)2. The aim of the article is to introduce the presentation of illustrative examples of usage in the General Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (bŽ), to draw attention to some doubtful points3. In writing this dictionary, illustrations are taken from various sources, including increasingly electronic ones. The Internet is browsed using the Google search engine, the search string is žodžio kaitybos paradigmą ar didesnę, esminę jos dalį (Aleksandravičiūformed by entering the entire tė 2008: 267). Examples are searched in Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook, Terminynas, Terms Bank, various encyclopedias and other sources (for more information see the Lithuanian Language Institute website section “Common Lithuanian Language Dictionary in preparation”, http://www.lki.lt/LKI_LT/index.php?option =com_ content&view=article&id=592&Itemid=1). In many cases, reference is made to the LKŽ, which is often the only source for older vocabulary, ethnonyms, botany, etc. to illustrate terms. 2 The author of the article is one of the editors of bŽ, writing and editing its text. The article was prepared on the basis of a presentation delivered on February 24, 2011, at the seminar “Problems of the final works of the Common Lithuanian Language Dictionary” at the Lexicography Centre of the Lithuanian Language Institute. It attempted to summarize his and his colleagues’ experience in writing this dictionary. Since the methodology of the preparation of the bZ is adjusted in the light of emerging problems and the version of the instruction is not yet completed at the time of writing the article, the author’s attitude to the selection and presentation of illustrative material may differ in some aspects from the final opinion of the editorial board on this issue. However, the author finds it important to familiarize the public with some of the essential principles of the long-awaited dictionary, to provide information about its creation, perhaps to stimulate discussion, so that in response to the comments made it is possible to immediately improve the dictionary itself. 3 At the time of writing, bZ is still being edited, so the following examples may still be subject to adjustment. 132 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 84 1. METHODOLOGY AND SELECTION OF USE EXAMPLES 1.1. at the beginning of the creation of bZ it was thought that illustrations are not necessary at all for many words. These included terms (obòjus muz., maniãkas, ūsõrius 2. zool., báitas komp., pilkapýnas ist.), other words with a very specific, defined meaning (kaššas, peñkakė, išsituõkėlis, -ė), names of peoples and tribes (gruzėnai), names of persons according to their place of residence (alytųškis, -ė, alsėdųškis, -ė) and so on. According to the latest methodology, illustrations may be omitted only in exceptional cases, such as vulgarisms or words that are rarely used but should be presented for other reasons. Each lexicon, i.e. each meaning or shade of a word, word combination or phraseology, is illustrated, both in explanation and in reference. Example 4: drawing naked. | without feathers, leaves, etc. : Bare trees. In the nest lies a flat bird. 2. no pants, no hat, no gloves and so on. : Plk kos plkas, plikà bdv. (4) 1. neturintis plaukų: Màno senẽlis jau visái plkas. Výrai bjo rañkos. Are you crying bareheaded? Don't go out with a bare neck, wear a scarf. You'll see her naked breasts. | basas: Squirrel-like. 3. without vegetation, without greenery: shallow fields. In the water. Naked on the mountain. | without snow: Shallow roads. They lay blind on the ground. | without pictures or about an empty room: The dust mites. | neizoliuotas: Kýšo plikaak elèktros laidais. […] pliáuškinti, pliáuškina, pliáuškino vksm. […] 6. (kuo) šnek. fotografuoti, pyškinti: A number of art cameras can be photographed without turning your head. | (what, by what): He got a good camera and painted them a picture, for what they were looking at. His aim is to highlight frame by frame. […] brżzgilas dkt. (3b) 1. SCHEDULE: To squeeze the deer with a squeeze. to control the stirrup into its nose de lady's metal paddles levers, connected to the paddles, led by a bristle, charms. 2. apynasris with hoofs to control the horse, hoe: With such a ruff you can't hold the ark. squeeze, squeeze, squeeze vksm. […] en gálvą kraipýti 1. to express amazement, wonder: Orj spėjkkai kraippo gálvas. 2. doubt, hesitate: Jas kraappo gálvą, tèki, k sakaũ. 1. to turn out of a difficult position, to dodge: Pārrma niẽko ne pāsē, daba úodegu kraipīja. 2. very much to try to please, maivytis: The girl's tail scratched. Neighbouring rights of performers, producers of phonograms, broadcasting organisations and producers of the first recording of an audiovisual work (film): Infringe copyright and neighbouring rights. To acquire adjacent currents to the farm. 4 At the time of writing, bZ is still being edited, so the following examples may still be subject to adjustment. D. Murmulaitytė. Selection and presentation of illustrative examples of the General Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 133 Each lexicon is illustrated with examples of usage and in those cases where the word is not presented obviously (as a heading), e.g. lexicons with marks sngr., neig. are in the middle of the article, but they are independent lexical units – conjugated verbs or nouns, words with negatives; as well as lexems of figurative meaning (marked prk.), impersonal usage (with mark beasm.) and other cases, separated by a slash in the dictionary article. For example: išmèsti, ššmeta, ššmetė vksm. 1. (what, from what, to what) to block, to throw out, to carry out: Shark threw a horn out of the pond. Put your clothes on the balcony, let the air in. | beasm. (what, through what, from what): Nuo smggio j ššmetė pro priešakinį mašėnos stšklą. | (what, to whom, through what, through what) throwing from where to put: Išmèsk mán raktùs pro lángą [per the balcony]. 2. (what, from what, into what) to remove by throwing, taking away: Nupirkaũ naũją spintęlę, o būsną ššmečiau į prieškambarį. After eating the candy, throw the paper in the trash. Staklès hasn't spoken a word for a long time (flk.). | sngr. (what): Good morning, mushrooms, many of you have gone. […] illuminate, illuminates, illuminates vksm. 1. (what, to šmetėme iš grỹčios į kltį. Tàvo sudėvti spòrtbačiai jau išmest, gal neieškóti. Jei gandra šmeta iš lzdo jaunikliùs – bùs blog mẽtai. | neig. (ko, iš ko): Iš dai nõs whom) by spreading light to make visible mą, lights: Jų keliùs nùšvietė ugnimi. The moon shone a pale light. | prk. : A smile shone on his face. 2nd Sngr. make it clear, lighten up: Sky's only shining again. | beasm. : Maybe it'll light up in the afternoon. […] Difficulties arise when dealing with ethnogr., historisms, obsolete (psn.) and other rarer vocabulary. They are virtually non-existent on the Internet, so there is a high probability that their current use is really rare. In such cases, it is decided whether it is really necessary to present these words with bZ (due to the need to better understand other meanings, use in the works of famous writers or other significant sources, etc.). If so, the examples are searched in the LKŽ, and if they are not found, they are considered in those exceptional cases when illustrations are not needed. For example, the Žemaičių žemaičių ‘spring harrows’ is presented in several important sources (ŽūE, PŽ), but it is not used on the Internet. bZ this word will be illustrated by an example: Akti su frizėmis. DŽ6e this was the definition of the verb brzžioti, which will not be given in bŽ because of its rare use. Having found only a few examples of usage, the phraseology bàdó [badùs] atgáni ‘to get a little satisfied’, which was in DŽ6, probably will not be included in bŽ. and the second meaning of the word bušidò, although not found in the texts of its use (it is only in dictionaries), is nevertheless worth adding, because it can help to understand the current first meaning: bušidò dkt. vyr. nekait. 1. one of the Eastern duels consisting of kickboxing and wrestling actions: Káutis bušidò rngne. European bushido in Lithuanian style. 2. in medieval Japan – the samurai code of honor and morality. 134 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 84 DŽ6e yra nemažai abstraktų (su priesagomis -imas / -ymas, -umas ir kt.), be vartosenos pavyzdžių tiesiog įtrauktų į pamatinių žodžių straipsnius. Tai are regular constructs, they can always be made from base verbs or nouns. Of them, only those that are quite common in real use will be presented in the BD, so it is possible to find illustrative examples of them. Exceptions are possible in cases where a word should be included not because of common use, but for other reasons (spelling, relationship with the base word, use in the definition of another word, pronunciation, etc.). At the beginning of the development of bZ, before it was strictly required to illustrate each lexem, several uninspired values of multivalued regular derivatives (abstracts) were intended to be presented marked with a single value number. For example: presence of dkt. (2) → be 1, 2, 5. bending dkt. (2) 1. → bend 1, 4, 5, 10, 11. 2. → bend 2. | sngr. 3rd Sngr. → bend 7, 12 (sngr.). 4. → Bend 8: The necessary section of the straight (knee) for the bend must be left free. 2 dkt. (2) 1. → out2 1, 2. 2. → iznerti2 3-5. | sngr. 3rd Sngr. → išnerti2 6 (sngr.): The snake's escape from the ode. During the work, it was established that, firstly, this way is not accurately showing the semantic structure of the veda, and secondly, such presentation would not be clear and user-friendly. Therefore, in the final stage of the dictionary preparation, this methodology was abandoned, each lexicon is explained or separately referred to a certain meaning of the reference word and illustrated. 1.2 In order not to overload the vocabulary with sentences that do not provide new meaningful information (Jakaitienė 2005: 105, Hudson 1988) and in order to achieve a more uniform picture of the bŽ articles, we focus on an average of three to four sentences illustrating one meaning or its shade (there may be more word combinations). On the other hand, the very rich semantic or syntactic connectivity of some words requires more illustrations, and it is not so easy to find illustrations of rarer folk names, names of persons by place of residence, names of chemical elements. In any case, the illustrations shall not be redundant and shall contain only the information necessary to clearly communicate the lexicon illustrated. This applies both to the illustrations as a whole and to each illustrative example of use (sentence, word combination). Therefore, authentic examples of usage are edited, e.g. btkręslė dkt. (1) pharmaceutical, poisonous dkt. (2) D. Murmulaitytė. Selection and presentation of illustrative examples of the General Lithuanian Dictionary 135 Authentic examples of usage Edited examples of usage bāttkrėslė dkt. (1) medicinal, poisonous plant with a sharp odor of small, semi-circular dark-yellow grassy seeds, semi-spherical tamke mis (Tanacetum): The beetle now finds gẽnacetum): The beetle now viras rina apetted. Beetroot in the prevention of high blood pressure, but it is not recommended young beaver: […] this yellow grassy seeds (Tanaikėna vrąškinimo trãkto parazitùs, preparations do not inhibit appetite. Long-term use is recommended to use it for long periods of time. lajaką. At the end of June – beginning of May, the lion: […] In the spring, the lion àt ve da lion the recipient was a bird’s nest with a beaver’s egg. That's why I'm here. That's why I'm examples should not compromise informativeness. If we compare the illustrations of defined, but referred to as base verbs), it becomes clear that the first sentence is undoubtedly more informative: Intelligent people’s advice is more often and remains àtveda three–four (rarely five) three–four birds. Drawing the rope. In the box sent by here. bebriùkas dkt. (2) beaver cubsEmpty words are unacceptable, but shortening one of the meanings of the abstract verb grumbling (note that abstract verbs are not advice than grumbling of opinion (1) and Do not consider it grumbling of opinion (2). Also see the extremely long, but also very informative illustration in the article: konstitùcija dkt. (1) 1st law. the basic law of the state, establishing its order: the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. The amendment of the Constitution is made within the Constitution itself, and when the Constitution is used to amend some institution or something else, such amendment is called constitutional. […] 1.3. bZ was initially designed to illustrate the vocabulary only with authentic examples. However, when it comes to illustrating each lexicon, there are times when the illustrator or editor has to create the illustration himself. Is this a crime against the previous requirement of authenticity? Hardly, because the creators of bZ are also users of the language. o can be illustrated not only by examples of written language, but also by examples of spoken language. Such, by the way, abound in the Internet communication. And this is a good opportunity to include in the bZ more vivid facts of the current 136 LANGboS KULTūRA | 84 rie slightly offset the somewhat overabundance of illustrations reflecting the rural realities of older times. In this way, the data in the dictionary would correspond more closely to actual current usage. For example, in the article baisuõlis, baisuõlė dkt. (2) what is unsightly, ugly: In my childhood I was afraid that children would not want to be friends with me, who was so scary. Is this a beautiful race or a scary one? colloquial language usage, where the last illustration is characterized by colloquial language syntax (there is no Or…), and in the article bedantiškumas dkt. (2) Being a non-dancer: And being a non-dancer is youthful, isn't it? (iron.) the vivid, expressive example of usage is clear and out of context, the situation is easily imagined. However, the created illustrations should be precisely live, not stenciled, i.e. that the lexical, pronunciation or other group of lexical elements should not be jamos pagal vieną schemą (dar prieš pradedant rašyti bŽ buvo kritikuojamas illustrated with elementary sentences that first come to mind. A boy is reading a book. etc.) Without trying to create a more vivid example of usage, their artificiality would be very clear if we chose and reviewed all the words of a certain semantic group. For example, there is a high probability that the constructions get acquainted with who, meet who, etc. will be repeatedly used in articles about peoples or persons according to their place of residence – these words are usually second accents, and such constructions are useful for illustrating difficult-to-pronounce verbs, e.g.: susipažinaũ su bangladešiečiù, -è; pasi ttėkti / susittėkti alsėdiškiùs, -ès, beat croats, -ès in sports competitions, etc. In order to artificially illustrate the usage of place names (especially non-Lithuanian ones), sentences about living, visiting, admiring, etc. in that place will undoubtedly be repeated (because it is precisely in such a context that the more difficult-to-pronounce phrases of the title place name may be used). So in these cases, you need to use your creative powers more and seek diversity. The definitions of lexical units in the explanatory normative dictionary cannot be overly encyclopedic, therefore they can and sometimes need to be supplemented with examples, expanded – especially when presenting rarer or historical realities, D. Murmulaitytė. Selection and presentation of illustrative examples of the general Lithuanian language dictionary 137 which are rarely discussed in contemporary everyday, non-special texts. In such cases, the best source of illustrations are various encyclopedias, especially the VLE. For example: Bavarians dkt. dgs. (2) […] 2. a western Germanic tribe, which became part of the Germanic and Austrian nations: In the period of the great migration of peoples, in the late 5th to the 6th centuries BC, the Bavarians took over the rhetoric between the Danube and the Elbes and established their kingdom.5 bavãras, bavãrė dkt. (2) 1. person of the Bavarian ethnic group: […] Served na tàs bavarès, during the beer festival in Munich, uncomfortably carrying in one hand five glasses of beer. 2nd ed. Bavarian tribe man: These two-tone lamatiẽ of the motte r kabùči have clear links with the 6th century Germanic (Alemannic, Bavarian) kabù čis. In the 6th and 7th centuries, the northern Franks, Alemanni, Thuringians, Bavarians, Langobards and others used to wear hairpins. babiloniẽtis, babiloniẽtė, etc. (2) man of the Babylonian people: the Babylonian laag ko feeling was guided by the principle of seriousness, stability, endurance. It is believed that the story of Noah's Ark is a new version of the Babylonian legend of Gilgamesh. glands without excretory ducts, which produce hormones, the pancreas is the most monai patenka tiesiai į kraują ar limfą, endokrininės liaukos: Hipòfizė, añtinksimportant glands of the thyroid gland. The function of the pituitary glands is essential for the normal growth and development of the body. Impaired [damaged, impaired, decreased] function of the thyroid glands. Physiology and diseases of the pituitary glands are studied by endocrinology. lâpiai dkt. dgs. (2) a people living in Lapland, speaking Lappish languages of Finnish origin, Sami: Yrà kẽfour communeny lãpi kaabbos. In this regard, it should be added that specific names and dates are avoided as much as possible in the illustrations: a dictionary is not a newspaper, and when writing it, it is expected that it will last much longer. The topics of today may be incomprehensible in ten years. What else – historicisms or similar rare realities. It is also justified to mention Lithuanian and other classics, important historical places or dates, specific institutions or organizations in illustrations, for example: broliją etc. (2) […] 3. a social religious organization of Christian laity, headed by priests, monks: on the occasion of the establishment of the Brotherhood, the parish priest of the parish was a Franciscan. Lithuanian Orthodox Brotherhood. "Brothers Schools" (PDF). dkt. (1) […] 2. a great specialist in his field, an extraordinary artist: The great Danish storyteller K. Andersen. bār1, bārrē1 dkt. (2) Lesser Lithuania peasant Lithuanian: Barrais vaddennti Mažõ sios Lietuvõs laukiniñkai baudžiáuninki. K. Doneláitis in "Mėtuose" urged the troops to join the work of some Nokian or other people. The Polish, lying in bed, in front of the manor house. 5 In this case, the mention of specific locations and dates, which would otherwise be avoided, is justified. 144 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 84 Something is added, named, etc., e.g.: Meat, rapidly growing broilers. The migration of Germanic tribes (Alemans, Franks, Goths, Burgundians, Vandals) marked the beginning of the migration of nations. In the dictionary, consistently following the requirements of the bŽ instruction and the principle of systematicity, the examples of use with parentheses meaning otherwise must be rearranged. In some cases, the rearranged sentence also illustrates the use of one or another lexicon, e.g.: ties Braziūkaės prasšdeda Vųšakis (Še šùpės iñtakas) and ties Braziūkaės prasšdeda Vųšakis, Šešùpės iñtakas; bruk ny nai is destroyed, especially when the grapes are picked mechanically (by comb) and brukný nai is destroyed, especially when the grapes are picked mechanically – by comb. However, it happens that it is not possible to rearrange the illustrative sentence without distorting its meaning, preserving important semantic, stylistic nuances, etc., then the illustration is rejected as inappropriate. For example, the following illustrations have been dropped: Jh nu galjo trijosè konkurenctysè (aerial jump, parallels, jumping). Jė ros (die nēs) ir krañto (naktiẽs) brūzas. Butautų dvãras (cultural pamiñk las, mu ziẽ jus). 2.3. Iliustracijų eiliškumas The order of submission of samples of usage is more defined in some cases than in others. It has been mentioned that when illustrating usage, word combinations are given first, and then sentences. Verb articles may not contain unillustrated commands or illustrations whose conjugation is not marked with the appropriate marks in the space provided for this purpose; In addition, it is recommended that the illustrations be presented in the same order as the management statements listed (unless semantic connectivity requires a different arrangement, in which case semantic connectivity is preferred over syntactic connectivity). knock, knock, knock vksm. 1. (what, about what) to ask, to give, to present, to raise a question, to inquire: Kláusk tvą [mótiną, kituk] patarramimą. Where is Klaus? Whoever asks, is killed. I asked him for his opinion [advice]. I asked her, but she didn't answer. Klaus, where have you been? He asked me how long I would stay. The teacher and the clause around you. […] It is problematic to comply with this requirement knowing that there is a kind of management, and there are no good examples to demonstrate this. In this case, the absence of a good illustrative example leaves unmarked a certain syntactic conjugation of the verb, thus compromising the accuracy of the information. D. Murmulaitytė. Selection and presentation of illustrative examples from the General Lithuanian Dictionary 145 1. used to indicate oneself: Àš túoj gršiu. Come Įvardžiai iliustruojami laikantis linksnių eiliškumo, pvz.: àš (K. mans, K. savyb. màno, N. mán, G. manè, Įn. manim, Vt. manyjè) įv. asmen. vns. to my house. Look at me tonight. You're younger than me. My friends will come with me. Manyje verdda pỹktis [grùmiasi áistros]. 2. K. characteristics. belonging to me: Here is my house. Dad, give me a shot. My child's still young. Listen to my opinion. Man, laak rodis stojo. 3. K. characteristics. used to indicate the first-person adjective to which the action is attributed, expressed by the passive type participant: Mà no sakyti žodžiai. Vsskas čià manye (patiẽs) padarýta [statýta]. and àš táu (tù)! You're in a coma. The order of the examples of use of other variable parts of the language is not strictly defined. In general, the order of the paradigm is not as important as, say, the semantic aspects, so the latter is given preference. 3. INCLUSION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF USE All words in the illustrative examples of usage are presented in pronounced form, except for single-syllable words of non-independent parts of speech – particles, conjunctions, prepositions, etc. The two-syllable and more-syllable official and independent monosyllable words are pronounced, e.g. : I'm sorry. The pupils are very young, and they have never seen such a sharp, pro-active growth. Examples of the pronunciation of illustrations: bálti, bla, bãlo vksm. […] 2. blykšti: He sees how the water is bla. Oh, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. 3. darytis kiek geltam, gelti: Smilkiniai jau bla. ãšara dkt. (1) 1. a drop of clear, salty eye gland fluid, released when weeping: A tear flowed down his cheek. He stands with tears in his eyes. Úara ãšarą vãro (verksmas ima). "Silver-plated, gold-plated" (PDF). Jė pro ãteras [through ãteras] ðo nemãtė. 2nd ed. v e r k S m A S: I'm laughing for tears. With tears to ask. I'm in tears. There's only tears. […] dkt. (4) […] 4. length of the journey or period of time: It is still a long journey to get home (lă ko). I spent the night in the polyclinic. 5. [syn.] end: Išbuvaũ nuo (se mi nã ro) pra džiõs ikų gãlo. Dienà on galù. I've got a lot of hair. Darba eena prie gãlo [to the gãlo]. […] skiaũsčias, skiausčià bdv. (4) 1. on the narrow side, edge down or up: Lay the bricks thick, not flat or upright. As he talked, he kept dragging a thick rope across the table, like a mop. […] 146 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 84 CONCLUSIONS In summary, there are some basic rules of the methodology of illustrating bZ. 1. Illustrations show the semantic and syntactic connectivity of the lexem, often supplementing the interpretation of the meaning. 2. Each lexem shall be illustrated by examples of usage. 3. Use is illustrated by word combinations and sentences. It is recommended to provide an average of three to four, unless very rich semantic and syntactic relationships of the word require more examples of usage. 4. focuses on authentic examples of usage found in various texts. However, the illustrations may be shortened, otherwise adjusted. Some examples of usage, especially of oral vocabulary, can be created if it is difficult or impossible to find them in the texts. 5. The title word shall not be abbreviated in illustrative word combinations and sentences. 6. Illustrations shall be provided with the pronunciation of all words in word combinations or sentences, except for single-syllable official words. It is often used to describe the correct pronunciation of words that are often spelled incorrectly. 7. Brackets in examples of usage shall be used purposefully. In italics, the alternative (i.e., substitutable) parts of the examples of use are in square brackets, and the optional (i.e., possible but not necessary) parts are in ordinary brackets. If necessary, the illustration is explained in plain brackets in plain font. When writing and editing a BG, you often have to look for illustrative examples of usage for a long time and patiently, even if you see that the Google search engine provides thousands of them. It is not possible to take the first ones and limit yourself to that, especially since now this search engine often first provides examples from various (often of dubious quality) electronic dictionaries, which are not coherent texts and thus do not reflect real usage. Illustrations are an important part of the dictionary article, helping to better understand the lexical unit to be defined, providing not only semantic, but also other (e.g. syntactic) information. Therefore, they must be chosen and presented responsibly, especially in normative dictionaries (Jakaitienė 2005: 104). It takes time, like any diligent work, but without such work there can be no good vocabulary. D. Murmulaitytė. Selection and presentation of illustrative examples of the general Lithuanian language dictionary 147 LITTERACY AND SOURCES Aleksandravičiūtė S. 2008: The possibility of using the search engine Google in the study of language phenomena. – Language Culture 81, 266–282. bŽ – General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (in preparation). Vilnius: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas. – Access via Internet: http://donelaitis.vdu.lt DŽ4 2000: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. Vyr. red. S. Keinys. 4th edition, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. 2006: Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian. Vyr. red. S. Keinys. 6 (electronic) edition, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Hudson R. 1988: The linguistic Foundations for Lexical Research and Dictionary Design’. – International Journal of Lexicography 1(4), 287–312. Jakaitienė E. 2005: Leksikografija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. LKŽe 2005: Lietuvos kalbos žodynas 1–20 (electronic version). Vyr. red. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. More information: www. lkz.lt. LKŽI 1980: „Lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ instrukcija, Vilnius: Lietuvos kalbos institutas. LNŽ 2008: Jakaitienė E., berg-olsen S. Lietuvių–norvegų kalbų žodynas / Litauisk–norsk ordbok, Vilnius: baltos lankos. LLVV 1972–1996: Dictionary of Latvian Literary Language 1–8, Riga: Zinātne. LLVVe 1972–1996: Dictionary of Latvian Literary Language, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Institute of Latvian Language, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia. Online access: www.tezaurs.lv/llvv. LVV 1987: Dictionary of Latvian Language, Riga: Avots. MLKŽ 2010: Norkaitienė M., Šepetytė R., Šimėnaitė Z. Educational dictionary of Lithuanian language, Vilnius: baltos lankos. MLVV 2003–2008: Dictionary of Modern Latvian Language. Red. Dr. Philol. I. Zuicena, Institute of Latvian Language, University of Latvia. Internet access: www.tezaurs.lv/ mlvv. NSJP 2002: New Dictionary of Polish Language. Warsaw: University of Warsaw PWN. 1984: Russian-Lithuanian Polytechnic Dictionary. South. G. Daugėla, Vilnius: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. The General Lithuanian Language Dictionary is being prepared. Website: http://www. lki.lt /LKI_LT/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=592&Itemid=1 (accessed 12 October 2011). Terminynas 2004: Lithuanian Language Terms Database of the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics (Lithuanian Language Terminology), Vilnius: Institute of Mathematics and Informatics. Retrieved 2011-10-12. www.terminynas.lt. 148 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 84 VLE 2001–2010: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 1–18, Vilnius: Institute for Publishing of Science and Encyclopedias. WCD 1996: The New International Webster’s Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language, Deluxe Encyclopedic Edition, Florida: Trident Press International. ŽūE 1998: Agricultural encyclopedia 1, Vilnius: Science and encyclopedias publishing house bos institutas. БТСРЯ 2002: Большой толковый словарь русского языка, Санкт-Петербург: Норинт. 2004–2010: Large Academic Dictionary of Russian Language 1–14, Москва, Санкт-Петербург: Наука. СРЯ 1988: Ожегов С. И. Словарь русского языка, Москва: Русский язык. Internet text resources, browse the search engine Google. Received 21/10/2011 SELECTIoN oF ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES oF ACTUAL USAGE AND THEIR PRESENTATIoN IN THE BENDRINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ŽODYNAS (DICTIONARY OF STANDARD LITHUANIAN) Summary The paper aims at introducing the presentation of illustrative examples of actual usage in the Bendrosios lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian) and focus on some debatable issues. Illustrations make an important part of a dictionary entry; they help to better understand the lexical unit which is being defined in the entry. Illustrative examples in dictionaries show possibilities and specific features of the combinability of lexical units, their semantic and syntactic relations, add to the explication of their meaning. In Lithuanian they also show the correct accentuation pattern. Depending on the scope of a dictionary, its aim, structure and other issues of lexicographic methodology and techniques, illustrations are given in different ways. The main rules of giving illustrations in the Dictionary are as follows: examples of actual usage illustrate each lexeme; the illustrations include word combinations and sentences; examples of authentic, actual usage are given preference; however, the illustrations can be shortened, amended, produced by the author; the head word in illustrative word combinations and sentences is usually given in full; illustrations are given by accentuating all words of word combinations or sentences, except for monosyl- D. Murmulaitytė. Selection and presentation of illustrative examples of 149 labic functional words from the General Lithuanian Dictionary; illustrative examples tend to have the forms of the head word with errors of accentuation; brackets in examples indicate parts of examples of alternative usage [in square brackets] or parts of examples of optional usage (in round brackets). Examples illustrating the usage of the head (lexical) word should be selected with care and responsibility; so should they be presented in dictionaries. This is especially relevant for normative dictionaries, such as the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. KEY woRDs: illustrative example of actual usage, general dictionary, lexeme, word combination, sentence. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]