Svetimžodžio „aftepartis“ atitikmenų vertinimas interneto komentaruose

136 Languages and Culture | 85 DAIVA MACKO'S lietuvių kalbos institutas sVEtIMŽoDŽIo AFTEPARTIS APPRECIATION OF ITEMS INtErNEto COMMENTARUoE KEY WORDS: correspondence, linguistic dispositions, norm diffusion, foreign word. 1. INTRODUCTION On April 8, 2010, the State Lithuanian Language Commission (hereinafter – SLK) invited readers of the online news portal Delfi to submit their suggestions for selected foreign words (DElFI 2010). Each week a new foreign word was presented and the promise was made to select the best from the proposed matches. Later, this direction of the VlKK’s activities was defined in the recommendations on the use of foreign words approved on 27 May 2010, which teikimo principuose, kuriuose numatyta, be kita ko, „skatinti lietuvių kal encouraged users to create their own words to name new phenomena of life” (recommendations 2010). On October 28, 2010, apparently having already taken into account the suggestions of the readers, the Language Commission atitikmenų sąrašą (atitikmenų sąrašas 2010). approved a recommendation on foreign words. On April 7, 2011, the VlKK žodžių atitikmenų sąrašo papildymo (atitikmenų sąrašas 2011), o balandžio prepared a protocol resolution on foreign words. On April 8, 2011, the media informed about this draft resolution in Lithuanian online news portals. The most reader comments (495) came from the article “afterpartis1”: dūzgės, povakaris ar pratęstuvės?“ (DElFI 2011), published in Delfi on 8 April 2011, which svarstytus afteparčio atitikmenis (povakaris, pratęstuvės, dūzgės) ir apie ati describes three VlKK terms proposed for foreign words acid rock, flashmob and barista. It is stated that the Language Commission has prepared a protocol decision on the conformity of foreign words 1 In Lithuanian usage, the adapted after-party form of strangeness varies. in the article (not quotes) the closest verbal variant aftepartis is used. D. MacKo. evaluation of the foreign word aftepartis equivalents in the internet comments of the addition of the list of 137 arts, but about the aftepartis equivalents povakaris and pratęstuvės included in it is insufficiently informed: For the term „afterparty“, which came from the English language, three Lithuanian equivalents were proposed atitikmenys. However, in the opinion of the Language Commission, this foreign word should be replaced with the word "powar". The party was also offered to be extended in "extensions" or "duzgas". The quoted statements are formulated in such a way that it is not entirely clear which aftepart equivalents were only considered by the Language Commission and which were included in the extensive list of equivalents. It may appear that the list includes all three matches – postwar, overtime and aces. Furthermore, the article does not mention that language users also suggested equivalents for foreign words (DElFI 2010). Due to the wording of the article, many commentators misunderstood the published information, which shaped the direction of the discussion. For example, many commentators discussed and evaluated the (as it turned out later) not included in the VlKK list equivalent of žodžė, because this unusual word caught their eye in the very title of the article. The position of the VlKK on this correspondence is presented in another article published on the same day (Mikų nevičius 2011): According to her, “the commission is often reproached for not listening to the opinion of the people,” so this year readers of one of the internet portals were asked what they would like to see as the equivalent of the term “afterparty”, which came from English. Therefore, there were also "duggs" among the proposals submitted to the commission. „Ar „dūzgės“ blogas žodis? Ne. Ar juokingas? Taip. Vis dėlto komisija šį variantą rejected,” said I. Smetonienė. However, the list of foreign words corresponding to “povary” was added, as more than 160 residents suggested such a variant. The aim of the article is to evaluate the Lithuanian equivalents of the foreign word aftepartis by nų analizę, remiantis interneto komentarais išnagrinėti, kokiais kriterijais internet readers based on the linguistic analysis of the foreign word aftepartis and its equivalents. When examining how this foreign word and its equivalents are evaluated, the more general linguistic attitudes of the society toward the standardization of foreign words are also highlighted. First of all, it is necessary to find out the origin of the foreign word in question, i.e. how the word after-party is defined in English lexical sources, and what are the peculiarities of Lithuanian foreign word aftepartis equivalents. 138 Languages and Culture | 85 2. LINGUISTICAL AFTERPARTY OF FOREIGN WORDS AND HIS SPECIAL ANALYSIS 2.1. data from English lexical sources foreign word aftepartis – English word after-party (as spelled in the Merriam Webster (hereinafter MW) and Oxford (hereinafter oD) electronic dictionaries; spelling variants – afterparty; after party). The first known use of after-party occurred in 1961 (MW). is a compound word of two elements: the prepositional element after and the noun party. In English vocabulary, the word after-party is defined in only one sense – it is a party held after a previous party: • Guest party after the main party or event (MW). • A party after another event, especially after a concert or another stupid thing (oD). The online English-speaking community interprets this word somewhat more broadly. Based on the articles of the encyclopedia “Wikipedia” (hereinafter – Wi), the following semantic after-party components can be attributed to Paau vizdzis: 1) phenomenon of modern society, context – entertainment, amusement; student. For example: after wedding, after a dance night, after an official event (ceremony), after a concert, after a premiere or after a nightclub; 2) an event that is necessarily preceded by another significant event; 3) both the main event and the subsequent event are usually attended by the same invited guests. Similar definitions of after-party are provided in the Internet Community Dictionary (hereinafter – uD) – a gathering after the closure of a nightclub, bar; party after party; Wikipedia does not mention the meaning of atsä palvis – a party in which illegal intoxicants are consumed. There are also words that are not included in the official English lexicon, but are similarly composed after-party relatives – pre-party and its synonym before party. English-speaking internet community uses these words to describe the būsimo vakarėlio dalyvių susitikimą, paprastai – turint tikslą išgerti, nes drinks at the upcoming party are more expensive, or because it entertains the masses, creates a mood, atmosphere (uD). Another meaning is a short gathering D. MacKo. 139 rhyme, in which the preparation for the main event (making a festive maä cage, dressing in costumes) and the guests to the main event paprasä it happens together (Wi). In the Lithuanian language new words database (hereinafter – ND), the meaning of aftepartis is described as follows: “Aftepartis is usually the continuation of an official event in a neo-official environment.” The usage records both the original form of the foreign word (all three spelling variants after-party, after party or afterparty, sometimes separated by quotation marks) and morphologically adapted variants (changed word forms, e.g. afterpartis). also used in trum pins afteris. For example: : Our car park will be decorated with cars of the Eastern European Drifting Championship participants, the latter will come here to celebrate afterparty!!! (IK 2011 07 02) You know, was a wife as a wife - a pet. I just gave him a job, and his wings cracked. Started the runs, corporate parties, afteparčiai. (IK 2011 03 07) Afteris: M.A.M.A. “afteris” with stars – until dawn [headline] (II 2012 01 09) After not having survived until Sunday, the dancers are planning to meet and invite everyone to a free “after-party” in Vilnius, at 6 p.m., in the restaurant “Liv Lounge” (Vilniaus Vartai, Tumėno g. (II 2009 03 24) And for those who like after party and wine – after the films everyone is invited to the club “Play” to discuss the seen works. (II 2010 10 07) This time art factory LOFTAS becomes the official organizer of the Fashion Infection afterparty. (II 2011 11 12) The database also presents rarer Lithuanian variants of the foreign word afterparty of related words pre-party and before party – prepartis („neeu oficialus pasibuvimas (dažnai su alkoholiu) prieš oficialų renginį; beforevaas karis“) and beforepartis („an informal gathering (pre-evening) organized before an official event“). For example: : Well, if we drive to a club on the ninth, then on the sixth we already gather in the preparation, so that we have time to play drinking games and get to the club. (IK 2012 04 11) After the party there is usually an after party, so Rumbi has been holding an before party for the whole month. (ND II 2011 08 05) The word prolonger is not fixed in the lexicographic sources, only the verb of the same meaning prolong – 140 Languages and Culture | 85 2.3 Presentation of the most popular foreign word aftepartis equivalents in lexicographic works Until the VlKK publishing the search for aftepartis equivalents, this foreign word did not compete with its Lithuanian equivalents in usage. Simply, words of this meaning were not needed so far, and new ones were not made. Afternoon and afternoon tea both in the Lithuanian language dictionary (hereinafter – lKŽ) and in the contemporary Lithuanian language dictionary (hereinafter – DlKŽ) have other meanings than the extension of the party. the equivalent povakaris was probably re-constructed based on the English example (preposition + noun), rather than by adapting an already existing word of this kind to mean a new concept. lValues of evening provided by KŽ2 – evening (1); evening grazing (2); dinners (3); DlKŽ – paaj večer. continue (6); make them longer lasting (7) (lCZ); postpone, extend (DlKŽ). The plural noun dūzgės is not included in the dictionaries, there is only the noun dūzgė (from dūgzti) – lazy woman (2) (lKŽ). The meaning of the verb dūgzti is to thunder when insects fly, bullets, maä tracks spin, wind blows or the like, to whistle, to whistle (1); roar, rage, have fun (4) (lKŽ); make a weak, thin sound, whistle, buzze, roar (DlKŽ). 2.4 The prevalence of foreign word aftepartis equivalents in Lithuanian usage The VDu textbook does not provide cases of the word dūzgės use – only the word form dūzgė is recorded, but after investigation it became clear that it was the third person form of the verb dūgzti in the past tense. In the text of Povakaris rasu tas is used only twice, and there is no word extension. These words are used in the text in a meaning other than extending the event. Using the internet search engine Google, most of the corresponding forms were found in the form of aces (18,800), followed by postwar (1,220) and extensions (469)3. Until the consideration of the inclusion of dashes in the syntax of foreign words, the use of this word is not recorded. Paradoxically, however, after the VlKK decided not to include the corresponding dots in the final list of foreign words, this word gradually began to spread in online texts and still exists 2 Presented as in the sources. 3 Searched only by the form of the denominator. D. MacKo. The foreign word aftepartis evaluation of correspondences in the internet comments 141 is used to this day, and the words included in the list of correspondences pratęstuvės and pokaris are still used. (ND II 2012 05 28) Donatas pavartojami fragmentiškai, kartais skliaustuose pateikiamas svetimžodis, manant, kad skaitytojas gali nesuprasti lietuviškojo atitikmens, pvz.: does not intend to go to the official semi-finals. He will go to rest in a hotel, where the Lithuanians in Baku are preparing a party for him. [about the Eurovision Song Contest 2012. – D. M.] (II 2012 05 25) On October 09, at the café “Kultūra” (K.Donelaičio 16), the evening program of the festival “Centras11“ will be opened by a long-awaited friend from England David Ellis. (II 2011 09 23) This Friday, May 25th, for the first time in Lithuania, “The Prodigy” will be on air on Power Hit Radio. (II 2011 05 21) project participants, but also teachers and LNK Sekmadienio naktį „Lietuvos balso“ dūzgėse, kurios vyko klube „Seacret“, rinkosi ne vien project organizers. (II 2011 05 21) The afternoon begins when the party at the club becomes boring, the night gets too crowded and you don't want to leave early... (II 2011 07 26) Po „oficialios” dalies visų atėjusių dar lauks pasiutusios pratęstuvės su folkoteka..! (II 2012 03 10) Nespėji į šiandieninį LA Kalėdų renginį 18:00? Prisijunk pratęstuvėse (afterpartyje)! (IK 2011 12 29) based on these data, it can be concluded that Lithuanian equivalents of aftepartis appeared in usage only when they were first spoken about publicly. 3. KoMENtarŲ aNalIZĖ From the article published in the Delfi portal (see Introductory Notes) 283 of the 495 kook mentors were selected for analysis. The most informative comments are those that include the following: (a) the aftepart equivalents suggested by the readers; b) Assessment of the aftepart equivalents considered by the VlKK and its implications (e.g. language preferences); c) reasoning about the standardization of foreign words. 142 Languages Culture | 85 the following thematic groups: 1) general assessment of foreign word standardization; 2) assessment of remiantis pirmine analize, komentarai pagal autorių vertinamąsias nuos Lithuanian aftepart equivalents according to the following criteria: a) semantics, b) consistency and functionality, c) spread predictions; 3) proposals for other equivalents. 3.1. General assessment of the standardisation of foreign words In the discussed discussion not only opinions are shared about specific equivalents of aftepart and other foreign words, but also much broader issues of language standardization are discussed. Criticism is expressed (most often directed at linguists and their work – and not only constructive), less often – correct suggestions are made to language norm-setters. There were about twice as many negative comments as positive, constructive comments about the mention of norsk. Many of these assessments have already been expressed in previous online discussions on language issues, in which the meaningfulness of the work of linguists has also been questioned, coercive methods of standardization komunikacinės kalbos paskirties ir pan. (Miliūnaitė 2006, 2009; Nevins have been identified, and it has been proposed to respect only the standards of the language. In the commentaries examined, the opinion is repeated that a Lithuanian equivalent is not needed for the word aftepartis, and for other foreign words at all, based on the fact that they are all international words, and therefore should not be rėtų būti keistini4: I don’t understand why to make people’s lives more difficult… There is a practice all over the world that if a word is new – it can be borrowed from the original language, as it was with Lithuanian – some of the words have been merged, but are of foreign origin. Every second word in the Indian language is English, because the old language has no equivalents for new things. I don’t see any alternative to international words… Most of the new words are international. And there is no need to talk about preserving the language by destroying international words… If linguists only know how to translate, then rock should also be destroyed from the Lithuanian language. Let it be an acidic stone or rock. We should have a referendum on that here. 4 The spelling and punctuation of the commentaries have been slightly corrected, while preserving all other features of their language, except in Russian in those cases where the authentic writing illustrates the position expressed in the commentary. D. MacKo. 143 You don't call your Jeep a heavy vehicle, do you? You call it a jeep... Why??? You have to be consistent in everything... Such arguments only confirm that the public lacks information about the criteria (or is not seeking it) on the basis of which foreign words are proposed as substitutes in Lithuanian, and in which cases a word is recognized as inter-ethnic. During the discussion, it was mentioned several times that Lithuanian users themselves could take care of the dissemination of Lithuanian equivalents. Some commentaries show the awareness of language users, their willingness to take responsibility and participate in the language standardization process, and the preservation of the language is attributed to the promotion of national identity5: Simply transliterating an English word by adding a Lithuanian ending does not require much brain and imagination, but what will the Lithuanian language become in a few years? <...> After all, to come up with a new original Lithuanian word is the greatest opportunity for self-expression! Why, if the efforts of linguists do not work, why not try to do it yourself? Lithuanian equivalents are absolutely necessary, after all, Lithuanian is one of the oldest languages, very rich, foreign words should not be used. And this reluctance to create words for our own language shows the provinciality of people’s thinking and lack of their own identity. Such a rustic thinking, when you are ashamed of anything yours against the city man and try to copy him. It is shameful and sad that Lithuanians are so self-respectless. A free man never says afterpaty when talking to Lithuanians... it's crazy. Of course, the aces are not what, but congratulations at least for the efforts. I am in favour of many innovations having a Lithuanian word. Several commentaries denounce the prejudiced, stereotypical attitudes of language users, draw attention to the bias of evaluation and the influence of the speech of popular people (“authorities”) on the acquisition and use of one or another word6: Now everyone is laughing at the Language Commission, but if only in some advertisement would sound “duzgės” or some LT star would say so, then everyone Nieko patys negalim susikurt, kodėl negalim būt išdidūs ir turėt savo stiliuką, grynai would start calling it that way. just as we want, to use our style words, even if it’s dots – quite funny word and for me really great, and even a pleasant smile, really cool word, fun. 5 on the importance of language awareness. 2006: 77–78. 6 For more on the socio-psychological assumptions of foreign word borrowing, see Vaicekauskienė 2007: 78. 144 Language Culture | 85 Moreover, language users lack systematicness in the normative work, so it is easy to come to the conclusion that the advice of linguists is born “from being in vain”. Perhaps because the criteria of standardization remained intangible for some, categorical statements appeared in the discussion, in which the prevailing attitude was to follow your own head and ignore the suggestions of linguists (“I will speak as I want”). For some, it seems that there is an unnatural, artificial language, and there is a sense of coercion. For example: : Let the linguists speak as they want, if they want, as people want, they will speak as they want and no one will stop them from speaking as they want!!!! It feels like you want to force us to speak a synthetic language, i.e. a language that the ordinary Lithuanian needs to learn additionally… Moreover, language is like a living creature, changing along with people. Only dead languages, like Latin, do not change. But linguists seem to be of a different opinion. Either the language must not change, or we must use obviously absurd innovations... No “enthusiast” of the language will prove that it should be used differently, because that enthusiasm comes through FORCE… Let it be psychological, but FORCE… By the way, psychological force is significantly more painful.. Some commentators suggest that only the communicative purpose of the language should be considered, i.e. it is enough to speak so that speakers understand each other: I believe that movement and language are the basis of communication between people and nations. It doesn't matter how, but if you talk, it's fine. The purpose of language is to simply and quickly transmit thoughts from one person to another with the least distortion. And everything that comes out of these boundaries is pouring from the void into the hole. I don’t understand at all, why artificially create words that simply don’t exist in Lithuanian? If a Lithuanian does not understand the meaning of a new word, it means that the word is completely inappropriate. A simple way to check if a word will be used. :) quoted comments show that there is a lack of information about the principles of normative work. Furthermore, it is important that the information is presented to the language users in a clear and not misleading way, otherwise there are paradoxical reactions – people reproach the VlKK for the variants of equivalents that they themselves have proposed. The dissemination of standardization criteria is very necessary, because users intuitively search for them themselves, and in the absence of information are inclined to believe that the language does not want the mentioned criteria at all. For example: : D. MacKo. 151 criterion was not commented on in the discussion, probably because all three Lithuanian equivalents of aftepartis were either shorter, or consisted of the same number of syllables as the foreign word aftepartis. IŠVaDos 1.The assessments of the Lithuanian equivalents of the foreign word aftepartis given by the readers in the commentaries examined can be divided according to three criteria: the consistency and/or functionality of the new word; forecast of the proposed acquisition of equivalence. In the reviewed dissatisfaction also emerges the attitude of the society to the problematics of Lithuanian equivalents: the problems of systematic normization and norm implementation gaps, the concept of foreign words are revealed. 2.Some of the criteria for assessing foreign words as arts presented by the participants in the discussion coincide with those guided by the VlKK (Nora minimo principles 2007). 3.Although many commentators tend to react negatively to language standardization, the proposed equivalents of the aftepart are widely regarded as favourable, and there is a lack of alternative proposals. One of the main expectations of language users is to participate in the norm-setting process and to preserve the communicative function of language (not to make conversations more difficult). From the analyzed comments it is clear that the distinction between international and foreign word and its motives are the most obvious for the Internet community. The criticisms made by language users include such perceived shortcomings of language as non-systematics, the coercive nature of norming and the “synthetic” result of such norming – an “artificial” (unnatural) language. 6. It can be said that language users oppose standardization when they do not have sufficient information about its motives. Therefore, when implementing Lithuanian equivalents, it is important to take care of clear justification of standardization and dissemination of the norms themselves. ŠaltINIaI DElFI 2011: „afterpartis“: dūzgės, povakaris ar pratęstuvės? Prieiga per in ternetą: <http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/afterparti-kalbininkaisiulo-vadinti-duzgemis.d?id=44160179> 2011 m. balandžio 8 d. (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). 152 Kalbos Kultūra | 85 DlKŽ 2011: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. trečias elektroninis leidimas. Vilnius: lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga per internetą: <http://dz.lki.lt> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). II: interneto informacija (naujienų portalai, elektroniniai leidiniai ir pan.). IK: interneto komunikacija (forumai, tinklaraščiai, socialiniai tinklai ir pan.). lKŽ 2005: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Elektroninis leidimas. Vilnius: lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga per internetą: <http://www.lkz.lt> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). MW: Merriam-Webster. Prieiga per internetą: <http://www.merriam-webster. com> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). ND: Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas. Prieiga per internetą: <http:// naujazodziai.lki.lt> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). oD: Oxford Dictionary. Prieiga per internetą: <http://oxforddictionaries.com> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). uD: The Urban Dictionary. Prieiga per internetą: <http://www.urbandictionary. com> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). VDu: VDU tekstynas. Prieiga per internetą: <http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). Wi: Wikipedia. Prieiga per internetą: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). lItEratūra atitikmenų sąrašas 2010: Protokolinis nutarimas dėl svetimžodžių atitikmenų sąrašo. Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos protokolinis nutarimas PN6, 2010 m. spalio 28 d. Prieiga per internetą: <http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/95215> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). atitikmenų sąrašas 2011: Dėl Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos 2010 m. spalio 28 d. protokolinio nutarimo Nr. PN-6 „Dėl svetimžodžių atitikmenų sąrašo“ papildymo. Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos protokolinis nutarimas Nr. PN4, 2011 m. balandžio 7 d. Prieiga per internetą: <http://www.vlkk. lt/lit/97210> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). DElFI 2010: Siūlykite lietuviškus atitikmenis svetimybėms! 2010 m. balandžio 8 d. Prieiga per internetą: <http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/siulykite-lietuviskus-atitikmenis-svetimybems.d?id=30856273&categoryID=7> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegužės mėn.). Juška K. 2012: M.A.M.A. „afteris“ su žvaigždėmis – iki paryčių, 2012 m. sausio 9 d. Prieiga per internetą: <http://pramogos.delfi.lt/people/mamaafte ris-su-zvaigzdemis-iki-paryciu.d?id=53906971> (žiūrėta 2012 m. gegu žės mėn.). D. MacKo. svetimžodžio aftepartis atitikmenų vertinimas interneto komentaruose 153 Miknevičius l. 2011: Į „dūzges“ po vakarėlio neisime, 2011 m. balandžio 8 d. Prieiga per internetą: <http://kauno.diena.lt/naujienos/lietuva/i-duzges-povakarelio-neisi me-at naujinta-343897#axzz1vgxnzJ17> (žiūrėta 2012 m. ge gužės mėn.). 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Gauta 2012 06 15 EValuatIoN oF tHE EQuIValENts oF tHE loaNWorD AFTEPARTIS IN tHE coMMENts oF tHE INtErNEt coMMuNItY Summary the paper deals with readers’ comments on the article “afterpartis”: dūzgės, po vakaris ar pratęstuvės?“ published on the internet news portal “DElFI” on 8 april 2011. an attempt is made to establish the criteria on which the evaluations of the lithuanian equivalents of the loanword aftepartis (afterparty) are based. In addition, the general linguistic attitudes of society towards the codification of loanwords are overviewed. the reviewed comments were divided into groups according to their subject: evaluation of loanwords, evaluation of the lithuanian equivalents of aftepartis, and proposals for other equivalents. analysis of the general loanword evaluation shows that the communicative function of language is most valuable for many language users, while the conceptions of an international word and a loanword the research 154 Languages Culture | 85 and their limits are the most problematic. although the majority of the participants of this discussion think negatively of language codification their criticism shows that on the one hand language users are not indifferent to language codification, yet on the other hand they lack information about language norms, yet their implementation. established that the lithuanian equivalents of aftepartis were evaluated thoroughly by the readers – semantic content, easiness of derivation and functionality were taken into consideration as well as the probability of enter ing usage. the researched comments lead to the conclusion that the internet community considered the criteria of systematicity, derivability and adequacy of meaning and did not apply the criteria of linguistic correctness. It appears that readers tend to find derivational relations between words intuitively and apply them creatively when using new equivalents of loanwords. there is a probability that society would take language norms and codification criteria into considera tion more if it had more information about them. this is confirmed by the nu merous examples of the usage applications of the new equivalents provided by the readers as well as by the wish of language users to participate in language standartization activities as revealed by the discussion. KEYWORDS: equivalent, linguistic attitudes, dissemination of norms, loanword. DaIVa MacKo lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, lt10308 Vilnius [email protected]