Vedinių pateikimo sistemiškumas „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

D. Murmulaitytė. Systematics of Vedic Presentation in the General Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 71 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: derivative, explanatory dictionary, systematic, reference word, dictionary article. A dictionary is not just any dictionary, but a lexicographically organized set of words that provides the information necessary for its user (CFR 240). Dictionaries differ in purpose, scope, data selection, their nature and methodology of presentation, way of use, etc. According to the external form, traditional (printed, paper) and electronic dictionaries are distinguished; The latter, in turn, can also be divided into two types: computerized printed dictionaries (electronic versions of paper dictionaries) and original electronic dictionaries created on the basis of databases (Jakaitienė 2005: 38–40; 293–296). Perhaps the most important feature that unites all dictionaries is systematic. The systematization of lexicon is one of the functions of modern practical lexicography (Morkovkin 1993: 37). Especially in electronic lexicography, based on databases, systematicity is one of the essential principles of lexicography and the basic requirements for a good dictionary. Both the microstructure and the macrostructure of the vocabulary must be systematic. The latter also includes the way in which the heading words are presented – in separate articles or by incorporating the derivatives in one form or another into the articles of the reference words (Jakaitienė 2005: 35). In explanatory dictionaries (more often in their printed, as well as electronic versions), it is customary to present some derivatives, especially regular ones, in the article of the title word (which is often also called the nest, although it is by no means the nest of the title word construction, because it does not list all the derivatives of the title word and does not show the relationships between those derivatives). The article of another (basic) lexical unit includes: • abstracts of verbs and nouns – names of actions and characteristics, • names of actors or possessors of noun characteristics, • adverbs, Here are a few examples from various Lithuanian explanatory dictionaries. They show that the same article can have several types of inclusive derivatives 72 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 85 • conjugated verbs and nouns, • deminutives, • words with negatives, etc. (in the examples they are underlined1): gérti, gẽria, grė 1. swallow liquid, quench thirst: Cow drinks from bucket. G. water, milk. A drinking cup (from which to drink). Drinking water (which drinks, suitable for drinking). ǁ prk. : Dust, smoke, odour g. (breathe). Tobacco g. (sniff, smell). 2. drinking intoxicants, getting drunk: When immature, it is a good man. He's still good. 3. pulling, sucking; penetration, gravity: A sponge absorbs water. The wind blows through. | sngr. : Water in the sand is quickly dissolved. ◊ G. asks (about the dirty shoes). good, ~a dkt (1) dzērakǁas, ~ė dkt. (2) drink (2) drinking (1) [DŽ6e]; breathe, breathe, breathe vks. (1) (what) to inhale and exhale: The room is full of smoke, there is nothing to breathe. ° He's breathing hard. • snow. not breathing breathing dkt. v. (1,1) [MLKŽ]; listen, hear, hear intr. K; SD343,279, R, BPII157, M [...] 4. refl. agree, agree with: Father with children does not obey Rm. […] [LKŽe]; áiskǁus, ~i (3) 1. clearly visible, bright: ~i šviesa. Oh, heaven. 2. seeing well: ~ies akys. 3. easily perceived, understood: Á. script. Á. tarimas. Á.'s question. ~u like day. ~u like on the palm of my hand (very clear). 4. easy to perceive: Á. mind. ~i the head. ~iai prv.: ~iai švietė mėnulis. Viską ~iai išdėstyti. ~I'm sorry. ~ybė (1) ~ùmas (2) [DŽ6e]; mãžǁas, ~à (4) prš. d i d e l i s. 1. small in volume, size (height, length, width): M. child. ~ the potatoes. M. room, garden, city. ~o tall man. M. River. He's a little older. What a stupid, stupid, stupid thing! He ran away from ~es, and did not catch up with the great ones (e.g.). 1 When quoting dictionary articles, the original form of the articles is maintained, and omitted parts of the articles are marked [...]. D. Murmulaitytė. Vedinių pateikimo sistemiškumas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 73 2. nedaug amžiaus turintis, nesuaugęs: Vaikai dar ~. He left ~kids, ~little ones like sparrows. Give me the knife, don't be m. 3. sparse: M. squad. ~à family. Do ~a here work! Rain from a large cloud (tts.) 4. mild, weak: M. cold. M. pain. 5. unimportant, insignificant: ~à error. ~à customs. ~en merits, achievements. ~à The problem is that you don’t know – you’ll learn. 6. who is of insignificant social position: M. being, do not fishing with great gentlemen (etc.). ◊ With ~a thing (a little, almost). ~a what (no matter, doesn't mean anything). Be ~esniám (to be lowered). Many ~a (approximately). ~a first. ~I'm sorry. : Health goes ~ỹn (decreases). ~ùmas (2) [DŽ6e]; find sf. (3) [...] 1. [...] residential house, buys: [...] Dzīvokļu trobā NdŽ. [...] There was a little hut in the woods. You live in a small hut in Kb. [...] Trobalę sulipino – right there it shook, it broke, it rotted Yl. [...] We have to give Casimir [part of] the trobairitz to build in Krt. He was born in a family of land owners and built a farm in the area. [...] Take the land as far as you like, but don't tear down my little cottage. There were a few small houses, but now the town has expanded and become a big Vdk. The Trouble with Sgt. Trobulãlė (mink.) Such a nature, for example, should be built in LŽ. It was built by Al-Andalus. [...] the old man built a hut DrskŽ. I built a JD20 on the water. It is the smallest of the trilobites. The messengers had before their eyes a ridiculously small, like a goose's nest, four-sided hut. [...] [LKŽe]; tirpǁùs, ~u (4) 1. easily soluble: No viscous impurities. ~a coffee. 2. which quickly, easily melts: Fat – t. thing. ~ùmas (2) [DJ6e]. It is also common for dictionaries of other languages to include derivatives in the articles of the base words. They also contain unmentioned types of inclusive words, depending on the grammar and constructional characteristics of a particular language – for example, in Russian and Polish dictionaries, the articles of verbs of the event verb often include verbs of the course verb. Some examples: līdzīgs -ais, līdzīga -ā, īp. ; similar approx. 1. Someone who has approximately the same characteristics as someone else. A daughter is like a mother. Similar characters. They have similar voices. Similar geographical conditions. 2. Equivalent, corresponding (usually mutual). L. partner. Speak like one to one. // Equal (by size, values). Cut the cake into equal pieces. Distribute equally. Similar money sar. – an amount of money exactly equal to the value of the payment. ◊ similarity v. lietuv. [MLVVe]; 74 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 85 apple v. apple fruit. Juicy, sweet, sour, pink a. Apple core, seeds, peel. Apple juice, jam, compote. Dried apples. Pink as hell. – one that has a healthy color, with a healthy blush (usually on the cheeks, face). Eyes. – the main component of the eye, a round body in the eye cavity. ◊ Dispute â. – cause of dispute./ clover, -ša; appletin; apple. [LVV]; FATHER, -a; m. 1. The father of the father or mother. 2nd ed. Old man, old man. 3rd pt. : grandfathers, -s. People who lived in ancient times, ancestors. Grandparents and great-grandparents; fathers and grandfathers. [...] < Grandpa, -i; mn. 1996-1997 - Doc, date. -dcam; Mr. Lask. (1–2 eds.). Dedkin, -a, -o. Dedov, -a, -o. Dedovski, -a, -oe. D. way (old, tried and tested). Grandfather, -dká; 200 m2 (2 sq. ft.) Grandfather, -i; Mr. Lask. (1–2 eds.). Grandfather, -a, -o. Grandfather (see). "Granny, call me". [BTWC]; СЛОВА’РЬ, -я’, м. 1. Собрание слов (обычно в алфавитном порядке), устойчивых выражений с пояснениями, толкованиями или с переводом на другой язык. Толковый с. Энциклопедический с. Фразеологический с. Двуязычный с. Терминологический с. Словари синонимов, омонимов, антонимов. С. морфем (толкующий значимые части слов). 2. ед. Совокупность слов какого-н. языка, а также слов, употреблённых в каком-н. одном произведении, в произведениях какого-н. писателя или вообще употребляемых кем-н. Богатство русского словаря. Поэтический с. Пушкина. Он изъясняется по-английски с трудом: его с. очень беден. ǁ уменьш. слова'рик, -а, м. (к 1 знач.). ǁ прил. слова'рный, -ая, -ое. Словарная статья (главка словаря, посвящённая отдельному слову или фразеологизму, вынесенному в её заглавие). С. запас. [ТСОШ]; СТРО’ИТЬ 1, -о'ю, -о'ишь; -о'енный; несов. 1. что. Возводить, создавать какое-н. сооружение, здание, а также конструкцию, машину. С. дом. С. плотину. С. корабли, локомотивы. Ломать - не с. (посл.). 2. что. Созидать, создавать, организовывать. С. новый быт, новую жизнь. С. своё благополучие на чём-н. С. семью. 3. что. Мысленно создавать. С. планы. С. разные предложения. С. гипотезу. С. себе иллюзии. 4. что. Организовывать, основываясь на чём-н. С. доклад на точных данных. С. свою тактику на чём-н. 5. что. Выражать, формулировать. Правильно с. фразу. С. систему доказательств. 6. что. Вычерчивать на основании заданных размеров (спец.). С. треугольник. С. усечённый конус. 7. что. Делать что-н. (в соответствии со знач. следующего далее существительного) (разг.). С. гримасы (гримасничать). С. глазки (кокетничать, играя глазами). С. рожи (гримасничая, придавать лицу какое-н. неестественное выражение). 8. кого (что) из кого. Представлять, изображать себя или кого-н. кем-н. (разг. неодобр.). С. из себя простака, дурачка. С. из ребёнка вундеркинда. ǁ сов. вы'строить, -ою, -оишь; -оенный (к 1 знач.), постро'ить, -о'ю, -о'ишь; -о'енный (к 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 и 6 знач.) и состро'ить, -о'ю, -о'ишь; -о'енный (к 7 и 8 знач.). ǁ сущ. стро'йка, -и, ж. (к 1 знач.), построе'ние, -я, ср. (к 1 устар., ко 2, 4, 5 и 6 знач.) и постро'йка, -и, ж. (к 1 знач.). ǁ прил. строи'тельный, -ая, -ое (к 1 знач.). С. сезон. Строительные материалы. Строительная площадка. [ТСОШ]; D. Murmulaitytė. 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 75 kabaret 1. «satire and entertainment show; also: a place where such performances take place» 2. «absurd or surreal situation» • kabaretowy • kabaretowość • kabarecik • kabareciarz, kabarecista [SJP]; pacha 1. «recess between the inner side of the arm and the side of the chest» 2. «the opening on the shoulder in the clothes; also: part of clothing located in the recess under the arm» • axillary • paszka [SJP]; spić dk Xa, spity – spijać ndk I, ~any 1. «to make someone unconscious» 2. «drinking to collect liquid, especially its upper layer»: Birds drank dew from leaves. spić się – spijać się « to get drunk with alcohol, to be drunk» [NSJP]; at·ten·tive [...] adj. [...] 1 paying attention; observant 2 considerate, courteous, devoted, etc. [an attentive husband] – syn. t h o u g h t f u l – at·ten´tive|ly adv. – at·ten´tive·ness n. [WNWD]; hair·style [...] n. a special style of hairdressing, often distinctive and fashionable – hair´styl´ing n. – hair´styl´ist n. [WNWD]. The examples show that the vedic articles of the reference words are included by presenting them: • as a separate lexicon (e.g., conjugated verbs), • as a separate shade of meaning (e.g., conjugated verbs), • in illustrative examples of usage (e.g., deminutives, words with negatives), • at the end of an article, after all information about the title word (e.g., abstracts of verbs and nouns, names of characters, adverbs); sometimes (more often in electronic dictionaries) they are written from a new line. The Institute of Lithuanian Language is applying new methods to complete the preparation of the General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter – GLD), the concept of which emphasizes the principle of systematicity (Liutkevičienė 2010: 141). It is also used in the presentation of derivatives, which are equivalent to other heading lexical units in terms of their lexical independence. Therefore, the information about them must be no less comprehensive, diverse and accurate, and this is not possible to achieve in any of the above-mentioned ways of including the Vedic presentation. So: • abstracts (e.g., meow, embrace, embrace, brotherhood, fraternity, stormy, high, dear, brotherhood), 76 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 85 • deminutyvai (pvz., ausẽlė, balandlis, namùkas), • prieveiksmiai (pvz., áiškiai, nuoseklia, aiškỹn, garsỹn), • names of persons (e.g., griežakas, áuklėtojas), • words with a negative (except verbs, e.g., nedarnà, nedaũ ge lis, nedaddelis, neblõgas, neblogaau, negiñčijamai) and other derivatives (except recognition verbs and prepositional inverbs) are presented analogously to all other lexical units of BZ, i.e., they are written in separate articles. In them, the vedic words are highlighted by heading words, thus entering the alphabetical sequence of all lexical units and are usually found2. Systematics is also maintained when providing information about the pronunciation of vedic nouns – as in the case of other nouns, their pronunciations are indicated; It should be noted that the included deminutives are usually presented without their pronunciation, although the latter often differs from the pronunciation of the base words in which the deminutive articles are included (see cited mážas, trobà articles from DŽ6e and LKŽe). In the derivative articles of the BZ, all the intended meanings are distinguished and presented according to their usage, each lexem is marked with the necessary grammatical, lexical, stylistic, field of use, etc., and illustrated with typical examples of usage that show their semantic and syntactic connection. Thus, the information on derivatives is not limited to the recording of their relationship with the base word, the data on derivatives is as detailed and varied as that of other heading lexical units. Most importantly, the semantic structure of the vedic, the hierarchy of meanings and their shades, the interrelationships and connections with the meanings of the reference words (in the case of abstracts) can only be presented in the article. Inclusive presentation of a veda does not explain, does not reveal its semantics (or insufficiently, incorrectly explains it). For example, the names of characters often rely not on all but only on some of the meanings of the base verbs. The dictionary user does not know this if the derivative is only entered at the end of the article of the base word, for example: nouns ėjjas, ėjja, which would be based on the 5th, 6th or 23rd meaning of the verb eėti, could be imagined only as occasionalism: 2 Presentation of lexical units in alphabetical order is no longer relevant in electronic lexicography, since their search is done by a computer. In printed dictionaries, however, some derivatives included in the articles of the base words are far away from the place where they should be written according to the alphabet (e.g., knitter, -a, knitting and knitting find themselves between knitting and knitted articles, rover, -a, rover, -ė and roving – between rover and rover articles, etc. [DŽ4]). D. Murmulaitytė. 77 eetti, eenna, jo 77 eetti, eenna, jo 77 eetti, eenna, jo 77 eetti, eenna, jo 77 eetti, eenna, jo 77 eetti, eenna, jo 1. go from place to place on foot, step: E. by road. He didn't run, he ran. There are several walking paths. Get out of here. We go to eat, dance, hunt. E. through the door, through the field, to school, to the forest. [...] 5. ride: Train, bus eenna. 6. scroll (about time): Days, months eenna. [...] 23. to be shown: Today the theater plays “Skirgaila”. A good movie. ◊ Eek eek (said astonishing, denying). ~a dk (1). motion (2) [D6e]. In addition, writing a separate Vedic article avoids the occurrence of its presentation several times, cf.: bendrýbǁė (1) common thing: Lithuanian and Latvian languages have many ~ies [DŽ6e]; 1 beñdrǁas, ~à (4) 1. dependent on all: B. property. ~à the kitchen. 2. together done, performed: B. work. B. Life. ~omjahs efforts will do. ~óji rod (grammar includes words used in the same form in both male and female genders). 3. equal, similar: ~en aspirations. 4. suvestinis: ~à suma. 5. covering the foundations of something: ~school of education. ~a first. ~ybė (1). ~ùmas (2) [DŽ6e]; bendrybė dkt. (1) that which is common, common thing, characteristic, feature: Community and difference (ph.). Lithuanian and Latvian language communities. Mẽs bend rý bių nei skirtýbių. • ant. atskirybė, skirtybė. [BŽ]. su tavimų tùrime dau giaũ Pure abstracts (names of actions or characteristics) are presented in BZ with reference to the base verb or noun and the corresponding number of the latter’s meaning, while lexicalized ones are defined and (or) interpreted by synonyms. Examples (can still be edited because the dictionary is not finished): giedojimas dkt. (1) 1. → sing 1: Singing the hymn. 2. → sing 2: Stop singing the birds. complicity dkt. (1) 1. intentional joint participation of two or more persons in the offence: Co-operation may be realized through inaction. 2. → complicit 2: Participation of several plaintiffs in a civil proce sè. This is complicity. Compulsory [facultative] complicity. 78 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 85 clarity dkt. (2) 1. → clear 1: The President's annual report lacks clarity. Until there is clarity, there is hopelessness. Intuition suffers from sharp [language] clear mu. 2. → clear 2: The honorable professor of age stirs the clarity of the mind. The disease has enveloped the cacophony, but not the clarity of scientific thought. 3. → aiškus 3: To make it clear to him to educate him through all kinds of exercises. 4. → aiškus 4: What a clear morning – the sky is not even a cloud! 5. → clear 5: Errors [cat] sounds visual clarity. baikštybė dkt. (1) great, extraordinary cowardice, cowardice, cowardice: Kās per baikštýbė vaėkko! • an. courage. The informal submission of abstracts highlighted some problems that might not have been encountered in the preparation of dictionaries of a different structure. One of them – but also gramatinės pažymos. BŽ stengiamasi nuosekliai žymėti ne tik daugiskaitinius, singular nouns. In Lithuanian grammar, it is stated that one of the types of singular nouns are nouns denoting abstract concepts that cannot be counted (LKG 1965: 175; cf. DLKG 1996: 66; Valeckienė 1998: 219). When they have become more specific, acquired a new meaning or a new shade of meaning, they can also be used in the plural form. This is also possible for stylistic reasons. As mentioned above, these lexemes are presented in the BG defined or interpreted as synonyms, and transpositional derivatives (i.e. those whose works and lexical meanings coincide), or, in other words, pure abstracts, are referred to the base lexem. It would seem that the latter, unlexicalized, abstract names of action or property should be marked with the abbreviation vns. (singular), but far from every lexem of the abstract raised by a separate article can be marked as such3. There are many cases when abstract lexicons are very difficult to formulate a lexicographic definition (this is typical of transpositional derivatives, so they are interpreted in a reference way), and sometimes used and usual sounding plural forms of them indicate at least the beginning of lexicalization. The use of the abstract verb bėgiojimas (running) has been examined, and there are many examples where the plural form of this word is used (in all three meanings provided in the BZ): Although games, walks or jogging improve the dog's figure and prevent weight gain, it is very important that the dog does not overheat during sports. Cats are nocturnal animals: during the day, they are mostly out and about, and at night everything starts: jogging, meowing, playing. Regular morning jogging in London, regardless of the weather. 3 On the plural of abstract nouns, see also the discussion article by Ramunė Vaskelaitė Use of the plural of abstract nouns in economic language and the norm in this volume of Language Culture, pp. 190–215. D. Murmulaitytė. 1979: The 79th edition of the Dictionary of the English Language is published. Every time you have to go on a business trip, you start running and asking for someone to look after the animal. The plural forms of abstract nouns may be used to reinforce the meaning, show the intensity of the phenomenon, its continuation, repetition or specific cases of the noun-perceived characteristic or the manifestation of the action (LKG 1965: 178–181). The semantics of the base word is also important. For example, physical actions can be repeated, counted, so the plural of their names is more common, for example, the mentioned running and other abstractions of verbs that occur in the cited illustrations of it (meowing, begging, walking). Also: Drivers do not have time to find out where police officers are on duty, and can no longer warn others about it by flashing their lights. Some coastal residents say they saw about 90 lightning flashes during the storm. Polka with trembling. I'm tired of moving, I want to have my own home. However, abstract nouns made from verbs denoting mental activity or various states, relationships, probably acquire more plural forms for stylistic reasons and occur less often, e.g. : As many heads – as many thoughts. After long deliberations and thinking I decided not to change the job. All your plans have gone down the drain. The examples show that when evaluating the presence of an abstract in a singular noun, much depends on the semantics of the specific base verb. In the presence of examples of the plural use of the abstract, or at least of the obvious possibility of such use (based on examples of analogous semantics), the abstract BZ was decided to be marked with the abbreviations ppr. vns., noting that usually, but not always, the singular forms of the marked word are used, e.g.: brangummas dkt. ppr. vns. (2) → depreciate: Depreciation of fuel encourages crime. Increase in rent. In Lithuania, the stock market has lost its value. The US dollar and the Japanese yen secured their positions in the foreign exchange market. bėdojimas dkt. ppr. vns. (1) → bėdoti: There is still a frequent grief – because of the lack of a better culture. There is constant whining, crying, complaining about the little eyes. Unresolved grievances and pessimistic moods are like national traits. intimidation dkt. ppr. vns. (1) → intimidate: Violence can be not only physical, but also psychological: intimidation, threats, intimidation. | sngr. : Hysteria, intimidation and fear are not signs of a dignified attitude. explanation dkt. (1) 1. ppr. vns. → explain 1: Sign explanation. 2nd Sngr. ppr. vns. → explain 2 (sngr.): Explanation of correctors. 3rd Sngr. ppr. vns. → explain 3 (sngr.): Unpenetrable explanation. 4th Sngr. a letter is given to the officer explaining the reasons for the offence, apologising for something: For the waste of money he has given an explanation. 86 LINGUISTICAL CULTURE | 85 The data of 85 units revealed their syntactic relationships, connectedness, which can be equally well shown in both ways of presentation of conjugative verbs – both independent and inclusive. The main drawbacks of including the recursive verbs in the articles of the base verbs are: 1) the majority of the recursive verbs in BZ do not have adjective (main) forms; 2) the lexems of conjugative verbs do not form a semantic structure among themselves, because the article characteristics of the basic ordinary verbs are determined by the degree of lexicalisation of the conjugative verbs. Because of the inclusive presentation of conjugative verbs, their abstracts se išdėstomos ne nuosekliai, iš eilės, o pagal semantinį ryšį su pastarųjų leksemomis; 3) pats įtrauktinis pateikimas yra nevienalytis – keli minėti are also presented non-systematically (with the whole vocabulary in mind). Only those recursive nouns that, like the base verbs, do not have non-recursive equivalents, such as joyful, laughing, are put in a separate article. Other recursive nouns are included in the articles of the corresponding non-recursive nouns (so in this case – not even the reference words) and the user does not see their heading (main) forms, unless the recursive noun should also be presented in the heading of the article due to different pronunciation (Liutkevičienė, Naktinienė, Vosylytė 2010: 246). For example: refresh dkt. (1) 1. → update 1: Senn boots update. 2. → update 2: Refresh computers. 3. → update 3: Proceedings of the trial at home. | sngr. : Recurrence of chronic inflammation. Fever dkt. (1) 1. → fever 1: The fever in the hospital has lasted for several days. Antipyretics. 2nd Sngr. → fever 2 (sngr.): Fever does not do any good. beating dkt. (2), combat sngr. (1) 1. → beat 1: Slap the arm [the belt]. I was on trial for beating my daughter. You should not punish the beating of a dog. Flies won't get sick from it. Not so much beating, so much screaming (flk.) | sngr. : Beating and rushing shows the aggressiveness of the dog. Beating teenagers is a waste of energy. […] 13. sngr. → mušti 20 (sngr.): to beat [to beat] into the art. 14th Sngr. → mušti 21 (sngr.): Ir k tókiu sàvo mušmusi užgyvena? Subsequent editions of the CZ, especially electronic versions, should distinguish between the basic ordinary verbs and the derivations made from them. The latter, as well as their abstracts (conjunctive nouns), are also presented in separate articles. In this case, the returning words should be found like all other lexical units of the BZ, i.e., their data should also be structured systematically. Only such a presentation of the derivatives of the BG could be considered systematic. D. Murmulaitytė. The systematic presentation of Vedic words in the General Lithuanian Dictionary 87 are included in one way or another in the BAIGIAMOSIOS PASTABOS 1. Aiškinamuosiuose žodynuose, ypač tradiciniuose, vediniai neretai articles of their base (or related) words. This presentation is not only found in Lithuanian dictionaries, but also in dictionaries of other languages. Most often, the articles of the reference words contain regular derivatives (abstract names of actions or properties, etc.), which depend on the word formation and grammar characteristics of each language. (2) Considering the Vedas as the same independent lexical units as their base and other head words, their data must be presented with the same detail and accuracy as those of the latter. This does not include the inclusion of derivatives. The Vedic languages have to have separate vocabulary articles. Only in this way it is possible to reveal the semantic structure of the word and describe it in all other aspects (grammar, pronunciation, stylistics, areas of use, etc.). 3. The concept of the Common Lithuanian Dictionary emphasizes the principle of systematicity. It is also used to treat and prevent dermatitis. This is not always the case, because the dictionary was originally designed as a traditional printed dictionary. When its preparation has entered the final stage, it is not rational to change the methodology of presentation of some derivatives. However, the incorporated derivatives should not remain in subsequent editions of the CF, especially in their electronic versions, which should also change the data structure of the CF. 4.Abstracts of verbs and nouns, deminutives, words with negatives (except verbs) will be presented as separate articles in the BZ. In order to avoid excessive vocabulary expansion, the verb prepositions are left in the articles of the base verbs. The presentation of conjugated verbs and nouns also remains heterogeneous, with the vast majority of them being presented in the articles of the basic ordinary verbs. As a separate and distinct group of lexical units, conjugative verbs in BZ are presented in accordance with the traditional (DZ1) system, but this system does not comply with the basic requirement of systematicity, which applies to the entire lexicon of this explanatory dictionary – to present all lexical units equally accurately and explain them in detail (especially semantically). (5) The harmonisation of the formal presentation of derivatives leads to unforeseen problems of a substantive nature, which in turn also impede the consistent observance of the principle of systematicity. For example, only by thoroughly examining the singular and plural usage of abstracts, classifying them in this respect and strictly defining the methodology of presentation, it would be possible to expect that 88 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 85 In the dictionary, singular nouns and nouns with both numerals denoting abstract concepts are properly marked. This problem emerged only when the abstracts from the base verbs and nouns articles were taken out and their grammatical characteristics were noted, where necessary, in order to systematically present all the lexical units of BZ. It can only be solved by bringing together the forces of dictionaries, grammatics, norms and other language specialists. 6. bearing in mind that sooner or later an electronic version of the CJ will also appear, a systematic presentation of the references would help to avoid the problems encountered in computerizing a traditional dictionary, when it is necessary to take into account a large number of non-uniform formal data presentation issues. By treating the Vedic as other lexical units and accordingly, by presenting them systematically, the dictionary data can be more accurately transferred to the database. A more precise, less exceptional structure of the latter’s data would create more opportunities for various types of research, and would undoubtedly make statistical analysis of the data more accurate. This is planned to be implemented in subsequent editions of the BJ. 7. Systematics was and remains the goal of the BZ organizers. The final dictionary will be more systematic in some respects than its predecessors. Some manifestations of non-systematics were unavoidable when creating the dictionary not on the basis of an electronic database. The use of more systematically organized data in the future would allow to avoid many formal errors and inaccuracies and to improve the already prepared dictionary more consistently, as well as to prepare better, more diverse, scientifically quality Lithuanian language standardization, teaching and learning tools based on it. ŠALTINIAI BŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (rengiamas). DŽ1 1954: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Ats. red. J. Kruopas. 1 leidimas, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. DŽ2 1972: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Ats. red. J. Kruopas. 2 leidimas, Vilnius: Mintis. DŽ4 2000: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyr. red. S. Keinys. 4 leidimas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. DŽ6e 2006: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyr. red. S. Keinys. 6 (elektroninis) leidimas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. LKŽe 2005: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (elektroninis variantas). Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga per internetą: <www.lkz.lt>. D. MURMULAITYTĖ. Vedinių pateikimo sistemiškumas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne 89 LVV 1987: Latviešu valodas vārdnīca, Rīga: Avots. MLKŽ 2010: M. Norkaitienė, R. Šepetytė, Z. Šimėnaitė. Mokomasis lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Baltos lankos. MLVV 2003–2008: Mūsdienu latviešu valodas vārdnīca. Red. Dr. philol. I. Zuice na. LU Latviešu valodas institūts. Prieiga per internetą: <www.tezaurs. lv/mlvv>. NSJP 2002: Nowy słownik języka polskiego, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. SJP: Słownik języka polskiego, Wydawnictwa Naukowego PWN. Prieiga per internetą: <http://sjp.pwn.pl>. WNWD 1988: Webster’s New World Dictionary of American English, 3rd college edition. Editor-in-chief V. E. Neufield. Cleveland and New York: Webster’s New World. БТСРЯ 2002: Большой толковый словарь русского языка, Санкт-Петербург: Норинт. ТСОШ – Толковый словарь русского языка С. И. Ожегова и Н. Ю. Шведовой. Prieiga per internetą: <http://slovari.ru/default.aspx?s=0&p= 244>. LITTERACY DLKG 1996: Grammar of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. Red. V. Ambrazas. 2nd edition, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Jakaitienė E. 2005: Leksikografija, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. KTŽ 1990: K. Gaivenis, S. Keinys. The Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. Liutkevičienė D. 2010: Structure, objectives and prospects of the Common Lithuanian Language Dictionary. – Language Culture 83, 141–150. Liutkevičienė D., Naktinienė G., Vosylytė K. 2010: Verbs and their abstracts in the Common Lithuanian Dictionary. – Lexicography and Lexicology 2, 235–251. LKG 1965: Lithuanian Grammar 1. Vyr. red. K. Ulvydas. Vilnius: Mintis. 1998: Functional grammar of the Lithuanian language, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. Морковкин В. В. 1993: О предпосылках системного лексикографирования. – Прагматика словаря. Под ред. О. Ю. Богуславской. Москва, 31–39. Received 29 August 2012 90 LANGUAGE CULTURE | 85 THE SYSTEMATICITY OF THE PRESENTATION OF DERIVATES IN BENDRINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ŽODYNAS (DICTIONARY OF STANDARD LITHUANIAN) Summary The Lithuanian language institute is using new methods in the preparation of Bendrosios lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian) the concept of which emphasizes the principle of systematicity – one of the main requirements of a quality dictionary. This article discusses how successful the attempts to apply this principle have been when presenting derivates in this dictionary and what difficulties have been faced. Different derivates are researched: verbal and nominal abstracts, diminutives, derivates with the negative prefix neand reflexive verbs. The comparison with other dictionaries of the Lithuanian language (Dabarti nės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian), academic Lietu vių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language), etc.) and explanatory dictionaries of the other languages (Latvian, Russian, Polish, English) is made and the main principles and methodology of the presentation of derivates in Bend rinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas are introduced. The main principle is that derivates (except for verbs with the prefix neand the majority of reflexive verbs) are presented not in the entries of underlying words, but as separate entries. In such entries the presentation of abstract nouns (for example miauktelėjimas, priglaudimas, paskiepijimas, broliavimasis, audringu mas, aukštybė, brangybė, brolystė), diminutives (for example auselė, balandėlis, namu kas) and words except for verbs with a negative prefix (for example nedarna, nedaugelis, nedidelis, neblogas, neblogai, neginčijamai) is analogous to the presentation of other lexical units. Different meanings are separated according to their usage, each lexeme has appropriate grammatical, lexical, stylistic, usage field and other marks and illustrative examples of usage which reveal the semantic and syntactic valency are presented. Transpositional derivates and abstracts (names of qualities or actions) are presented with their underlying nomen or verb and the number corresponding to one of the meanings. Lexicalized abstracts are defined or (and) explained through synonyms. The non-formal presentation of abstract nouns raised a number of problems which were probably not encountered when preparing dictionaries with a different structure. For instance, grammars suggest that abstract nouns are usually used in singular, though not every lexeme of an abstract noun presented in a separate entry can be marked as vns. (sing.) – quite a lot depends on the semantics of a particular verb. This aspect of abstract noun presentation is still being discussed. There are two ways of presenting words with the prefix nein: Nouns, adjectives and adverbs are presented in separate D. Murmulaitytė. 91 entries and verbs – in the entries of the corresponding underlying verbs as their illustrative examples. The consistent application of the principle of systematicity and the presentation of such verbs analogically to the presentation of other parts of speech which have a negative prefix would enlarge the volume of the dictionary substantially and extend the term of preparation. It would take even longer if at the final stage twofold presentation (incorporated and separate) of reflexive verbs was changed. Thus in the meantime an exception is made for these two groups with the hope to return to this issue and to search for alternative solutions in future editions. KEYWORDS: derivate, defining dictionary, sistematicity, underlying word, dictionary entry. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]