Normų nestabilumo priežastys būvio konstrukcijose su veiksmažodžiu „tapti“

46 Languages culture | 85 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ Lithuanian Language Institute The norms are unbelievable, but the reasons for their existence are constructed with the action to become. KEY WORDS: syntax, expression of state, lexicon, codification, language norms, usage. 1. ĮVaDINĖs Pastabos rengiant naujus norminamuosius darbus arba naujus esamųjų leidimus, kyla būtinybė peržiūrėti įteisintas normas, ypač svyruojančius, ne visai in clear cases, to compare the codification with new usage data and, on occasion, to adjust that codification by strengthening, softening or refining it, to differentiate the means of expression and their evaluation. The aim of this article is to raise and describe one of the problems of the current common Lithuanian language codification and usage, related to the varying expression of the condition in noun and especially adjective constructions with the verb become. The problem is much broader than just the construction of this verb, but the case of become, the semantic and grammatical peculiarities of this verb and its use well reveal the essence of the variation of the expression of similar constructions and allow to look for the reasons for the instability of norms. Kniūkšta 1983: 30–38; Šukys 1997: 20–32; Miliūnaitė 2004: 26–39), because even in well-maintained areas of general language use (main newspapers, translations of fiction, etc.) the codificated norms are not always followed when denoting being, and in less edited usage the competition of normative and non-normative means of expression, for example, the non-normative adjective noun with other nouns (in the article they are called alternatives) is quite pronounced. so these rates are not stable. In usage, it is often possible to find sentences with a similar pattern, but with varying – normative and non-normative – expression, cf.: r. Honey. 47 In simple terms, potatoes, especially when stored for a longer period of time, become poisonous, so that today in their cultivation even the use of pesticides is not allowed. (mano sveikata.lt, 2012) Digged potatoes should be stored in a dark place, otherwise they turn green, sprout and become poisonous. (grynas.lt, 2012 03 31) Variations occur even in the text of the same author, although in the following excerpt of the article not with the verb become, but with the verb do, with which the expression of being is usually more normative: I am talking about a free press, [...] which is free from external interests that make the dissemination of information biased and tendentious. [...] Lying makes the mirror of the media broken, and who will then want to believe such a mirror. [...] This makes the media as free as possible not only from the government but also from business interests, and within the media it is still necessary to protect journalists from those above them. (delfi.lt, 2011 05 07) In order to find the reasons for this endless1 and even increasing competition in the usage (a large part of the public usage is not specifically regulated), it is necessary first to describe what determines the norm, on the basis of what criteria it is defined, how non-normative cases are distinguished. Based on the linguistic literature, normative works and usage data on the norms of the expression of the state, it is possible to say that the norms of the expression of the state – the choice of the verbe in constructions with various verbs – are determined by the following most important factors: 1) the semantics of the verb and its forms; 2) the expression of a condition by nouns or adjectives; 3) the nature of the condition (permanent or temporary); 4) syntactic position – a hypothetical factor raised in this article. These factors, interacting with each other in various ways, complementing or intersecting each other, draw a space open to variations, in which, it must be admitted, Jonas Jablonskis has also repeatedly corrected the 1 condition noun for the nominal part of the servile, cf.: waves [...] became dark blue (= dark blue) (see Piročkinas 1986: 190). 48 Language Culture | 85 Only those who have a good sense of language can be firm and unwavering. To simply rely on rules and not be misled by them is true in the context of expression of existence. Let’s take as a starting point the codification of the verb become in the normative Contemporary Lithuanian Dictionary (DŽ6e), nelengva. Panagrinėkime, kaip nurodyti veiksniai reguliuoja būvio raiškos normas su veiksmažodžiu tapti, kartu žvelgdami į šį veiksmažodį ir platesniame where the norm is not defined in any way, but shown briefly with illustrative examples: tàp‖ti, taatpa, tãpo darytis, virsti: T. mokytoju, gydytoju. T. Man. Is ~s a dream come true? He's so rich. What about the rich? Two important things are fixed: synonymous use with the verbs darytis, virsti and normos centras: 1) in constructions with noun expression: to become what? – a servant; 2) in constructions with an adjective expression: become what? – alternative funny. 2.1. Verb semantics The normal expression of the condition is not equally subject to the general laws of expression of the condition in all verb constructions. The verbs, with which the constructions of the present tense are most often formed, can be conditionally divided into various semantic groups, and they are partly related, as will be seen, to the difference in the expression of the present tense. One of the more important ones is the verb become: 1) verbs with the meaning of existence (be, partly (leave)2); 2) verbs with the meaning of feeling, pretending (to behave, to pretend, to look, to feel, to feel); 3) verbs with the meaning of transformation (transition to another state) (to become, to make, to turn, to leave in part); 4) verbs with the meaning of granting status (recognize, (declare), (appoint); 2 The semantics of the verb (pa)likti is twofold, so it can be separated from this group only conditionally: in the constructions of noun expression its meaning is close to the meaning of transformation – “5. get into any condition; 7. become, make”, and in adjective expression constructions – more often for the meaning of existence “to remain the same” (DŽ6e), cf.: the work remained unfinished. r. MiluNaItĖ. The reasons for the instability of the norms in the constructions of existence with the verb become 49 5) Verbs of the designative meaning (to be considered as having the meaning of "being", to call). The semantics of these verbs is partly related to the third factor already mentioned – the nature of the state expressed – temporary or permanent. this is important for noun expression. There is a marked tendency to express the constant state with the noun and other alternative syllables, and the temporary or variable state with the noun. The group of verbs of transformation (transition to another state) is the most complicated – these verbs form state constructions with different noun and adjective syllables: some verbs incline to the side of the noun, others – to the side of the alternative syllables (see more in section 2.2). As indicated in DŽ6e, the verb become is codified in one meaning3, which is described by the synonymous verbs do, turn (they, as mentioned, belong to the same semantic group of transformation, or transition to another state). The Lithuanian verb conjugation dictionary (sližienė 2004: 297–298) distinguishes two meanings of become: 1) “to become what” (in the tale the grey bear becomes a beautiful young man); 2) “to do whatever it takes to acquire some new characteristics (another profession, a different position in society, a different evaluation, status, etc.)” (Some schools have become gymnasiums). It is also noted that “[t]he verb to become, having lost its connection with the noun and being used with the noun of an adjective or noun, forms a compound noun, e.g. : He became angry, cruel and ruthless. [...]“. cases of adjective expression are not described in more detail, because syntactically it is not a control relationship. After examining the examples of the first meaning of the word become in lKŽ “to become something, to become something”, we see the following most important meanings: 1) transition to another state: to become a stone (a fir, a crow...); 2) transition to another status (temporary or permanent): to become a poor man (manager, partners...); 3) Acquisition of characteristics: a) acquiring an inner quality: to become healthy (happy, lifeless...), b) acquiring an outer quality: to become rich (poor, red...). 3 The Lithuanian language dictionary (lKŽe) presents more meanings of become – eight in total, but only the first one “to become something, to become something” and partly the second one “to become, to happen, to expect”, similarly as indicated in DŽ6e, actually function in current usage. 50 Language Culture | 85 Thus, the definition of the verb become only by synonyms does not reveal all its semantic peculiarities. Furthermore, it is important to determine whether become and its synonyms become and do (which belong to the same group of meanings when we talk about being constructions) have any differences in meaning. A closer look at the current usage shows that the semantics of these three verbs (as well as the norms for the expression of conditional constructions) coincide only partially (see figure). The expression of noun and adjective constructions differs, and most importantly, there are two different aspects of the change of the object (or subject) and the characteristic: transformation (essential change) vs. partial change. so these verbs cannot be used completely interchangeably simply because of differences in meaning. PaV. Synonymy of the verbs to become, to turn, to become (D – in noun expression constructions, b – in adjective expression constructions) It should not be forgotten that the verbs to do (to become) and to turn have transitive responses to translate and (to) do, and to become is used only as intransitive: made the city unrecognizable – the city became unrecognizable, Ø – the city became unrecognizable, made the city unrecognizable – the city became unrecognizable. In some cases the verb become tends to become half, in others – to turn. This feature of its semantics probably largely determines the varied expression of the conditional constructions with it, because the norms of the conditional constructions with the verbs make and turn are different. Therefore, the semantic criterion for choosing the state expression in these constructions is not reliable and is one of the reasons why the norms of state constructions with the verb become are not stable. r. MiluNaItĖ. Causes of the instability of norms in the verb-subject constructions 51 2.2. nouns or adjectives with nouns and adjectives verbs, with which the most commonly formed constructions are used in a wide variety, the norms have all kinds of reservations and exceptions (see table; examples in it with become emphasized). I'm sorry, I'm sorry. norms of verb constructions with nouns and verbs4 (I – conjunct; a – alternative verbs)5 semantinės veiksmažodžių grupės Konstrukcijų su daiktavardiškaisiais žodžiais normos Konstrukcijų su būdvardiškaisiais žodžiais normos 1. The meaning of existence (be) a; sometimes a and I5: Uncle is a teacher. His grandfather was a bookbinder. The brother will be a banker ǁ bankieru. a: Uncle is rich. The show was impressive. Autumn will be long and warm. 2. feelings, the meaning of pretending (pretend, look, behave, Boxer to feel) rich ǁ big In and a: He was pretending to be a fool. They seem good hosts. pretends to be big rich. The wronged felt righteous ǁ righteous. a: He pretended to be ill. The sister looks excited. The neighbor is very hurt. We felt happy. 3. Importance of transformation or partial modification (to remain, to become, to become, to turn) In and a or In: He became the chairman of the board. Two other candidates became members of the party. A dream turned into reality. The child became an orphan ǁ orphan. To or from: The secretary's getting too cheeky. The goal has become easily achievable. The wooden spoon turned golden. Everyone was satisfied. 4 refers to the publication Language Advice (KP 2003), although it does not list all cases. sentence models are simplified to show only the essence of the variations. The 5th expression is determined by the nature of the state – permanent or temporary (this is often indicated by the context). 52 Languages culture | 85 semantinės veiksmažodžių grupės Konstrukcijų su daiktavardiškaisiais žodžiais normos Konstrukcijų su būdvardiškaisiais žodžiais normos 4. the significance of the status (published, (a)warded, recognized) Į: They were recognized as winners. The Pope is to be declared a saint. He was appointed deputy. A and a or I6: The court found him innocent ǁ innocent. I declare the sitting open. We were appointed responsible for the organization of the seminars. 5. Meaning of the designation (keep, (re)name) Į: I'm still treated as a stranger. He can be called a jumper. Į: The Minister considers these relations promising. The President called the Government’s work historical. From all the groups of verbs, the third group with the meaning of transformation or partial change stands out as having extremely varied codified norms. The constructions with the verb become, which are found between the verbs darytis and virsti having different normative expressions (especially with adjectives), can be said to be inherently doomed to be unstable. 2.2.1. let's take a brief look at the noun expression of constructions with become. Like the other verbs of the third group, according to its semantics (denoting a variable rather than a constant state), become tends to be used with a noun. The standards for making the verb vary, but the conjugator is considered more promising. with the converting rate is considered only the servant; it is sturdy in use. with to become a noun as a norm not only DŽ6e, but also other sources of codification, but alternative syllables (especially common noun) are also recognized. They are regarded as a dialect, outdated, but not withdrawing from usage (partly, it must be assumed, due to overexertion and fear of the inhabitant) norm (KP 2003: 20): becomes (was...), wants (can...) become what trm. ; psn. ǁ becomes (has become...), wants (can...) become something to denote the being, when it is said by a noun or another noun word 6 About the necessary adjustment of the codification of this group of norms has already been written (see Miliūnaitė 2004: 35); the real rate is clearly in favour of the lender. r. MiluNaItĖ. The reasons for the instability of the norms in the existence constructions with the verb become 53 and emphasize the temporality, transformation into who: She became g u l b ė (ǁ swan). Someday I will also become a d i r e k t o r i u s (ǁ direktorium). He very much wanted to become a member of that delegation n a r y s (ǁ nasal). This case in itself does not cause any special problems due to the norms, although it is not very rare to become with a denominator in usage, cf. : The young swimming star – 15-year-old Rūta Meilutytė became an Olympic champion. (balsas.lt, 2012 07 30) What Lithuania needs to learn to become an ideal country [heading]. (alfa.lt 2012 06 24) The difficulty is that the unstable, fluctuating norm of noun expression cannot ignore the norms of adjective expression. 2.2.2. the adjective suffix with many of the verbs under consideration is considered to be influenced by Slavic languages (see ambrazas 1990: 6–7); that are errors, "from the foundations breaking down our traditional syntax system", therefore strictly corrected, cf. Šukys 2003: 160 (also 1997: 20–32): When a condition is described by an adjective or an adjective word (a participle, an adjective pronoun, e.g. koks, toks..., an adjective numerals, e.g. pirmas, penktasis...), the noun is considered Slavic and never used. [...] adjectives, pushing the second element of the binary verb, is a common and very big error, which destroys the traditional system of Lithuanian language syntax. It is considered to be an indisputable norm of Lithuanian language that the noun part of a compound noun, expressed by an adjective (adjective, participant, transitive, adjective pronoun koks, toks, bet koks, šitoks, visokis, etc.), in a personal sentence must be combined with a factor (usually a noun or a noun pronoun). Verbs that are used only with the adjective suffix (virsti kokiu, -ia) or constructions that vary in expression are considered exceptions (also cf. rasimavičius 1972a: 18–20; Kniūkšta 1983: 32–34). The verb to become is not considered an exception7, the adjective noun in constructions with it is corrected as a major error, although such errors and variations abound in usage, cf. : 7 it is true, Pranas Kniūkšta assigns the verb tapti to the group of “verbs of semi-independent meaning” virsti, paversti, padaryti, laikyti, pripažinti, with which “the adjective conjunct is possible in the nominal servile part”, but this may be a circumvention, because in the same article he assigns tapti also to the verbs likti, pasijusti, atrodyti, būti, with which the conjuncts of adjectives and nouns are “most difficult”, and corrects those conjuncts (Kniūkšta 1983: 33; 35). 54 Languages culture | 85 In the origins of democracy it was not taken for granted, the European and American builders who laid the foundations of modern democracy understood perfectly that only an independent and independent citizen can freely express his will in elections. Because it is one thing to release slaves or prisoners to freedom, and quite another to create conditions for them to become independent, responsible for the consequences of their activities and choices. (alfa.lt, 2012 10 31) two or three minutes before death a person becomes symmetrical. When a person dies, if he is not injured, he becomes completely symmetrical. (balsas.lt, 2012 10 20) a study found that meeting a happy person increases your chances of becoming happy by 15.3%. If your friend has a lucky friend, your chances of becoming lucky increase by 9.8%. Even a happy friend of your neighbour’s sister increases your chance of being happy by 5.6% (delfi.lt, 2008 12 05) Nevertheless, it is acknowledged that sometimes sentences with normative constructions of binary verbs, used in ancient writings, “may now seem dead, unnatural” (Kniūkšta 1983: 37; Šukys 1997: 30), therefore, correcting the indefinite verb into binary verbs, other ways of expression are also proposed (side connective sentences, etc.). Thus, it can be said that the difference between the noun and adjective expressions of being with become is another, albeit small, but long-established (cf. rasimavičius 1972b: 16–25; Šukys 1998: 256) reason for the occurrence of norm violations – both due to internal analogies8, and by confounding users. 2.3. Nature of habitat For the norms of noun expression, the nature of the existence expressed by the spoken constructions – whether it is permanent or temporary – has significance (see Kniūkšta 1983: 31–32). this is related to the semantics of verbs (sometimes even with different content of the same verb, especially being, in different tenses), but there is no direct correspondence. the nature (and expression) of the state can be determined by the context, for example: They have been good friends for some time; They were French. In the constructions of the verb become, which has the meaning of a changing state (transformation), the noun expression of the state, as we have seen, varies, but this variation is not related to any shades of the nature of the state – permanence or temporality. 8 As one of the motivating reasons of the adjective conditional noun, the possible elliptical nature of such constructions is often cited: He became a wise man → became a wise man → became wise.