Iš kur „jõrė“ ir kas iš „jõrės“

256 Languages and Culture | 86 DISCUSSION, CONDITIONS, REMARKS JONAS KLIMAVIČIUS FROM WHERE THE SEA AND WHAT FROM THE SEA KEY WORDS: foreign words, names; jorė, Jorūnė, Joris. The matter has been clear in Lithuanian linguistics for a hundred years, but for more than half a century it has been confused. In 1912 in St. Petersburg a separate edition of the study Lituanica (49 pp.) written in Russian for the publication of the Imperial Academy of Sciences by the still relatively young, but mature and already productive linguist Kazimieras Būga, who made a significant contribution to etymology, was published. The first part is devoted to the chronology of words from the Russian language (as we know, mostly relative). The case of interest – Russian. я (from pron. ėa) in Lithuanian borrowings is jo: яворъ → jõvaras, ярь → jõrė (or ė: пятница → pėtnyčia). It is necessary to say immediately: the genetic Russian equivalent of я is en (in): пять: five, пята: pentis, опять: atpent, зять: son-in-law; vязь: vinkšna, мятъ: minti... easy to distinguish by comparing the genetic bendd ryba мясо: зем. and mr. mensa and borrowed meat. The ярь community would be *enris or *ėris, but it is not. The meanings and sources of the words of the Jore and its relatives will be given in detail later, but it is enough to say now that neither of them is a data of the lexicon of either the old written or the new common language and is not necessary for it in any sense, and thus has a clear s ve t i my b ė s status. but there have been many breaches of this truth, there is no real end to this scourge, and the consequences are even serious. The dictionary writer John Baron did not take advantage of this interpretation of K. būga: зелень – greenness, green crafts; greens, (spring) yore; vegetables; žaliuonys-ių, žalesas (pelesiai), зеленѣться – joruoti rlŽ 1924. A few decades later – Vytautas Baronas with Vincas Galinis: зелёный – 1. green, J. Clifford. From where the river and what from the river 257 žalsvas, žaliukas, žaliuonėlis, jorùs, зеленоватый – žalsvas, žalzganas, jõrsvas, зеленеть 2. and зеленеться – green, jorúoti rlKŽ I 1967. Almost half a century passed before Zigmas Zinkevičius published the third volume of K. Būga’s Selected Writings and the subject of yore became easily accessible (būga 1958: 347). Years earlier, lKŽ IV 1957 was also published. Here with all primary and secondary (repeated) sources (and 2 meanings) is presented in detail jõrė – 1. „žaluma (pavasario)“: As a river in the green alsėdžiai. He was succeeded by A. A. Kasharov. Jõre is green in spring a. Juška's dictionary [and a. Emphasis on its river], 2. ‘green paint; metal greening (copper compound)": Wood is green like a river. And what is a river? – Such a green dye J. Jablonskis (no doubt, from the Zemgale dialect); a. Kašarauskas (without sentence). hereinafter – adjectives jorus ‘light green’: Laukas jorus, meeva jori, žali s. Daukantas. According to the variety of trees, different colours [i.e. colors]: already dark, already clearly yori or a little yellowish s. Daukantas (and abstract jorumas s. Daukantas), jorsvas „greenish“ s. Daukantas, verbs jorúoti „greening“: Grass, tree, it grows in spring, i.e. grows green; jõruoti bŽ (i. e. rlŽ 1933), joriuoti: Germinates, grows, joriuoja, blooms and bears maturity s. Daukantas (also a. Pabrėža), jorti “begin to green; turning green; žalti“ s. Daukantas, pajorinti „pažalinti“ a. Pabrėža. Non-colourful (as will be clear from the etymology, previous) meanings are yoras [lKŽ IV j is reversed] “spring sowing; "I sowed many yores, oi, oi, oi, out of those yores many bajors, oi, oi, oi" (in Lithuanian). Since there is no localization, if it were not transposed from the r hardening area (concerning with bajor), it would not dialectically be jorių, thus the same jorė (or joris), and not joras (phonetically this could not be Russian, but would be Polish). However, due to area motives, this possibility would be possible at least as a folkloric relic. There is also the adjective jorinis „early“ (about plants): Jorines bulves pirkau a. Juškos žodynas and „ištiessęs“ (?): [plants] Siūlai joriniai a. Emphasis, adjective noun – a. Emphasis new form jorinė „a saprophytic fungus of the Peziza family growing in forests on rot“ (Peziza aeruginosa) and the verb jorėti „to grow, spread (?)“: Plas taip laisvai jorėjo, kad trečioji dalis sviete liko s. Daukantas. Therefore, the family of jorė is large, the variety of meanings is considerable, the area of use does not leave the Žemaičių dialect and the prevalence in the dialect, frequency is low. the phenomenon seems recent and not disappearing, but simply not spreading, restrained. All words of the yore family in lKŽ IV 1957 are presented without the cross (×) for foreign words. K. Būgos Lituanica (1912) was already a rarity, his Selected Writings I volume (1958) was not yet available, and probably the editor of Ernst S. Daukanto writings, the linguist birutė Vanagienė, in her compiled dictionaries jorinti s. Daukr I 1976, jorėti s. Daukr II 1976, s. DaukIstŽ II 1995, 258 Languages and Culture | 86 Fraenkel’s Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch I t. (lEW I 1962), published in booklets since 1955, the corresponding booklet (with pp. 194–195). E. Fraenkelis also gives the deity name Jõris, -ė "der grüne Gott oder Göttin des Frühlings" (the green god or goddess of spring). This must be revealed and clarified: He called him [the god], as I said, Jore, because he knows that in the spring, when the snow is loose, the ice is blown out by the wind, and therefore Jore appears in the fields and bushes, by the way, green s. Daukr I 1976 503. By the way, in lKŽ IV 1957 this sentence of s. Daukant (shortened – from the word pavasarį) is attributed to... Jon Jablonski (apparently taken from his dictionary card or writings, where it is presented as a language data – an example) and made (perhaps by J. Jablonski) a generality. There is also Jo r ė s god s. Daukr I 1976 504 and its feast: The first feast was the spring, Tr i m p o s, or Jo r ės feast called s. Daukr I 1976 539. here probably to the Baltic, but unshaidė raus divinity Trimpas added – probably by s. Daukanto himself – motivated new name Jorė (to her and Trimpo family – grammatical or sexual? – Trimpa), not understanding that jorė – non-Lithuanian word (therefore Žemaitinis!..). as if a very folk example of formulaic usage is given by the double-minuscule Jore: lacking feed, they lament in an old habit: „Ai Jo rut a le, kame esi?“ s. Daukr I 503 (also 541). joriuoti s. Dauk s and V 1984, presents them as lKŽ IV 1957, i.e., without a mark on p. (Glory). but E. Fraenkel has already stated clearly: „Zugrunde liegt russ. jarь "Summer grain, summer cereal, productive power, green chip" (lEW I 1962). referring to Jan Otrębski, recalls that even in 1944 Franz Specht did not know about the foreignness of the yore, but also refers to a much earlier than K. Būga – the first to establish the borrowing of the yore – alexander brückner – his doctoral dissertation Die slawischen Fremdwörter im Litauischen (1877; thus 35 years earlier than Būga). In his major work, the 1927 Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (reprinted in 1970), a. brückneris, etymologizing the Polish word, referred to it as "polski". jar psn. „wiosna” (jarka – 1) summer, 2) young sheep, jary – 1) spring, 2) psn. new; strong, sturdy, 3) psn. bright, bright-coloured, jarzyna – 1) vegetables, jarzyć się – 1) sparkle, sparkle; firecrackers; 2) shine, shine lelieŽ 1979), firstly points to the pro-Slavic origin and an important thing for us – there is no related equivalent in Lithuanian (let us add – not even in the Baltic languages), and furthermore it is related to German. Jahr (Goth. jēr) is to bring. jar- – “year”, from gr. hōrā “time of year; 1970. "The Year of the Wolf, 1970" (PDF). J. Clifford. 259 Max Vasmer's Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1950–1958, Russian translation 1964–1973) could not help in this matter in the IV Congress of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1957, but many of them did not take advantage of it later. rus. tarm. ярь – summer, church. sl. яра – spring, old Russian: яръ – spring; summer – prosl. I'm going to take my relatives. yārǝ – year, from gr. ὥρᾱ – season; metas, ὥρos – time; years, got. jēr – year, Latin hōrnus – summer, also has a broad family in Slavic languages (ЭСРЯ IV 1973), from which only Russian words of characteristic meanings are mentioned here, having related counterparts in Lithuanian: урица – summer; Summer (rye, wheat), яровúна tarm. – summer, summer tarm. – summer; ярка, ярочка – young (unsheared) sheep, яроводье tarm. – (river) spring flood, ярутка – čiužutė (thlaspi) rlKŽ IV 1985, ярина „яровое“, яровик „hundred-year-old animal or plant“, ярчук „puppy“, ярец „yearly beaver“, ярица „young sheep“ (ярúна „sheep wool“, Bulgarian ррина „flock of goats“; ярúга „coarse fabric or cloth“): lietuv. ras, pr. eristian, gr. ἔριφος „goat“, lat. aries „ram“, arm. oroh ‘lamb’; 1973 (in the following, jarovy (jarovy bread, jarovy), ярый (and ярость), яростный, яровитый, ярить, яриться. The "straw scarecrow of the Ionian night for expelling the evil force" has previously been tried to be understood as a pagan deity, but it has not been proven. Jaroslav (plg. Igorio sakmės ярый Тур Всеволод) siejamas ir su gr. εὔωρóς „stiprus, nelKŽ IV 1957 atmieštas“ (apie vyną), neteisingai – su lot. ῑra „pyktis“ (ЭСРЯ IV 1973). neteisingai prie jorės 1. pridėjo ir 2. ‘green paint; greening of metal (...)“ – in fact it is an etymological (not semantic) homonym – another loan from Russian ярь II (ярь1 dialect summer, ярь2 prast. = яроcть rKlŽ IV 1985), which itself is also a loan from Middle Greek < nj. Gr. ἰάρι(ου), plg. sen. gr. ἰός „nuodai“ (ESRB IV 1973). The most distant etymological meaning is revealed through the Prussian language – from the Prussian-Gormic word for heat: toch. a ėärme ‘hammer’, arm. ererm "warm", eer "heat", Greek ϑερμός "warm", ϑερμασσα "stove", Latin forms "hot" (PЯ II 1979), though "summer" – pr. dagis: lit. daga (: to burn) "heat"; harvest“, dagoti „take, clean the harvest“, got. dags (German: Tag) ‘day’ (ПЯ I 1975, PKEŽ I 1988). Jõrė, fortunately, did not enter the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (1954, 1972, 1993…), nor even its certain predecessors – the Lithuanian Spelling Dictionary (Kaunas, 1948, 148–381), the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language Guide (Lithuanian Exile Bendų Ruomenė, Bielefeld, 1950) (157–604). but in the Lithuanian written language dictionary V t. (Lithuanian-German part, compiled by alfredas sennas and antanas salys, Heidelberg, 1968) 260 Languages Culture | 86 list, undoubtedly compiled by antanas salio, entered Jorūėnė (salys 1983). It is rather not his own (Žemaičių!) formed from Jorės or s. Daukanto Jorės, but taken from Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas Raštų II t. (1960) – the name of the daughter of the ruler Jorgės in the dramatic poem Skalvių mergelė. Three years later, in Kazis Kuzavinis and Bronius Savkyn's Lithuanian Names Etymological Dictionary, perhaps because the name is literary, Jorūnė is not mentioned (lVEŽ 1971). However, in the much wider nomenclature of these two authors, the second of whom „wrote the explanations and introduction of Lithuanian and other Baltic language names“ (lVKŽ 1987: 12), the name is given as: Jõris lit. ; from the ancient Lithuanian name of the spring green (= greenness – lVKŽ 2005) god (according to S. Daukantas) Jõris: lit. jõrė „greenness, spring greenness“, jorùs „green“, jor-iuoti „greening“; perhaps the further (= further – lVKŽ 2005) derivative of this name is v. Jõrigis; here also put Jõrigė, short. "I'm Not a Boy" (1987) 1987. Jorūanė and 2005. (in Lithuanian) Jorūanas (ūe) yra lVKŽ 2005. Wojciech Smoczyński makes two reproaches in lKŻ IV 1957: 1) "brak kwalifikatora sl. „słowiańskie“ – very correct (appropriate also for Vytautas Vitkauskas lKŽt 2006), 2) does not distinguish the meaning of „summer, spring sowing“, which is apparent from the examples zelenioj or zelenaliavo as jorė (sEJl 2007), although it is actually not as clear as jõro, which is not necessarily only an „adjacent (oboczna) form“. The author himself can be blamed for lack of localizations (there should be at least an areaal reference – żmudzki). The localization of Jór-river (syncopic var. Jórpė) given by aleksandro Vanagas – foksės (near Kaunas) – comes out of the Žemaičių area, and a. Vanagas does not mention jorè (Jórpės -ó!): “The origin of the first sando jorr is unclear. Plg. "Jar-upus". It is not clear whether this is the name of the Czech river, "kamien jarsietyn z lit. Jarà ež. sv.[ēdasai]" – "probably of Finno-Ugric origin" (Finnish: järvi "lake"), or – more plausible – originated from avd. (1981) 1981. Sea 4. „zielona farba”, as said above, is not a meaning, but a homonym. Proofreading error: joriuoja, žydi and nera (= neša) maturity. Daiva sinkevičiūtė, mentioning the non-Lithuanian (perhaps half-Lithuanian?) forms of Joris Ioris, Yoris and the hybrid new name Jormándas (sinkevičiūtė 2011: 225 and 219), says nothing about Joris himself. lKŽe 2013 – everything after old. The error of science, or at least the lack of science, spreads. Not only folk tales and ethnography lovers caught the jore. Lituanist Algis Uzdila, interpreting Polish. Jarosław, writes: "Polk. jary is young, fresh, lively, vigorous, strong and is common with the ancient Baltic word jorė “greenness, freshness of spring” (uzdila 2013 12: 6).“ in the advertising already goes bread Jorė. J. Clifford. From where the river comes and what comes from the river 261 can not continue like this – such name-making must stop. and these names must be based at least on the Scandinavian (Viking) origin of Joris tojai ir davėjai suklaidinti Vardų žodyno ar tiesiog jau vardo buvimo, galėtų (later – Vedic). CONCLUSIONS In 1912, Kazimieras Būga explained that jõre "greenness of spring" is a Slavic word (Alexander Brückner – already in 1877). so later and all etymologists. but many did not know them. 1924 John Baron's rlŽ jorė and joruoti are presented, so they are not considered foreign. lKZ IV 1957 jores with all their kinsmen do not count as extramarital affairs. it is a rarer word of the Žemaičių dialektas, mainly spread by the dictionary of S. Daukanta and A. Juška, but not known from the old writings, nor applied to the new common language. Due to the lack of appropriate reaction in lKŽ IV 1957 and s. Daukr I and II 1976, s. DaukIstŽ II 1995 and s. Dauk s and V 1984, a hole was opened, the most important thing is still not inserted neither in lKŽt 2006, nor in lKŽe 2013. antanas salys in 1968 missed into the Lithuanian name book – probably V. MykolaičioėPutin – Jorūnę, the continuation – with Joris, Jore, Jorūnas, Jorigis, Jorige – was made by bronys savkynas. The background to this carelessness is the chronic strengthening of an irresponsibly liberal attitude to foreigners. and the delineation of narrow specialties, specifically the nomenclature, prohibited zones...The truth of science will not be difficult to defeat in the end - it is enough to remember. It will be more difficult to eliminate the consequences of an ingrained error in life (the problem can be justified by Jorio's Scandinavian origin). The captivity of errors in language practice is increasing in general. but only the truth that is realized frees. we already have an unexpected example – and not from the works of linguists – the Soviet hybrid russification jarovization – “adaptation of the plant to seasonal climate changes” – vernalization augbiolŽ 1998 is already being replaced by a true international: jarovizacija (Russian: jarovyje – in summer) ↗ vernalizacija VlE VIII 2005 (tŽŽ 2001 change has only just begun: vernalisation (French: vernalisation < vernal – spring) ↗ jarovizacija; tŽŽ 2013 – also just started, MtŽŽ 2010 – not even started). SOURCES s. Daukr I 1976 – Daukantas s. Raštai 1, Vilnius: Vaga. s. Daukr II 1976 – Daukantas s. Raštai 2, Vilnius: Vaga. 1995 – Daukantas s. Istorija Žemaitiška, Vilnius: Vaga. 262 Language Culture | 86 p. Dauk s and V 1984 – Daukantas s. Tracking and translations, Vilnius: Vaga. lelieŽ 1979 – Vaitkevičiūtė V. Polish-Lithuanian Dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslas. rlKŽ IV 1985 – Russian-Lithuanian dictionary. composed by J. Kardelytė, Ch. lemchenas, J. Macaitis, a. Mankevičienė, Vilnius: Mokslas. lItEratūra augbiolŽ 1998: A short English-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-English dictionary of plant biology terms. Prepared by o. rupainienė, Vilnius: uab "National Research Center" publishing house. b ū g a K. 1958: Selected writings 1. compiled by Z. Zinkevičius, edited by V. Mažiulis, Vilnius: State publishing house of political and scientific literature. lEW I 1962: Lithuanian etymological dictionary by Ernst Fraenkel. bd. I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter. universitätsverlag, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & ruprecht. lHEŽ 1981: Vanagas a. Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Hydronyms, Vilnius: Science. lKŽ IV 1957: Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 4th ed. K. ulvydas, Vilnius: State publishing house of political and scientific literature. lKŽe 2013: Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 1–20. Vyr. red. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. lKŽt 2006: V i tk au sk as V. Amendments to the Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. lVEŽ 1971: Ku z avi ni s K., s av uk yn as b. etymological dictionary of Lithuanian names. – Names and Words, Vilnius: Mintis, 42–157. lVKŽ 1987: Kuzavinis K., savukynas b. Dictionary of the Origin of Lithuanian Names, Vilnius: Mokslas. lVKŽ 2005: Kuzavinis K., savkynas b. Dictionary of the Origin of Lithuanian Names. 4th pap. leid., Vilnius: Vilnius University Press, 2005. 2010: International School of Languages. Prepared by I. Ermanytė, V. černė, J. Klimavičius, l. Puzinienė, Kaunas: Šviesa. PKEŽ I 1988: Mažiulis V. Dictionary of Prussian Etymology 1, Vilnius: Science. rlŽ 1924: ba r o na s J. Russian-Lithuanian dictionary, Kaunas: sakalas. rlŽ 1933: b aro na s J. Rusų lietuvių žodynas, Kaunas: sakalas. rlKŽ I 1967: Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary 1. Prepared by V. baronas, V. Galinis, edited by b. larinas, J. Macaitis, Vilnius: Mintis. s a l y s a. 1983: Raštai 2, Roma, 187–266. sinkevičiūtė D. 2011: New names of children of Lithuanian origin in 2007–2010 and their giving tendencies. – Language Culture 84, 214–229. J. Clifford. 2007. pp. 263. Smoczyński, W. Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego, Vilnius: Vilnius University Press. Vilnius University. sEJP 1970: b r ü c kn er a. The etymological dictionary of the Polish language, Warsaw: General knowledge. tŽŽ 2001: Dictionary of International Words. a. red. a. Kinderys, Vilnius: alma littera. tŽŽ 2013: Dictionary of International Words. editors: a. Kaulakienė, s. Keinys, b. Kurkulis, V. račiūnaitė, V. Žalkauskas, Vilnius: alma littera. uzdila a. 2013: Vilnius, Wilno, Вильна or something else. – Word 12. VlE VIII 2005: Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia 8. Scientific editor, Pres. Z. r. rudzikas, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. 1975: Toporov V. N. Prussian language. Dictionary. A-D, Moscow: Наука. PJA II 1979: Toporov V. N. Prussian language. Dictionary. E-N, Moscow: Наука. ESRIA IV 1973: Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Translated from German and translated by O. N. Trubachev, Moscow: Proгресс. Received 15/09/2013 Adopted on 20 December 2013 WHErE DoEs JORĖ Come From aND WHat Comes From JORĖ? Summary In 1912 Kazimieras Būga argued that jõrė'spring vegetation' is a Slavism (alekķ sander brückner – as far back as 1877). all etymologists took the same road afterwards. However, many did not know them. Jorė and joruoti are included in the Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary published by Jonas baronas in 1924, meaning that they are not considered foreign words. The Dictionary of Lithuanian (IV 1957) does not consider jorė and its gender forms as barbarisms. It is a less common word of the Samogitian dialect, mostly disseminated through the dictionaries of simonas Daukantas and antanas Juška; however, it is neither known from the old writings nor was it trying to pave its way into the new standard language. In the absence of a timely reaction, a gap nevertheless opened. Most importantly, it was neither corrected in The Corrections of the Dictionary of Lithuanian by Vytautas Vitkauskas nor in the electronic edition of The Dictionary of Lithuanian (2013). 264 Languages and Culture | 86 In 1968 antanas salys opened the way to Jorūnė – probably deriving from Putinas, Lithuanian poet and writer – into the index of Lithuanian proper names. the continuity – with Joris, Jorė, Jorūnas, Jorigis, Jorigė – was established by bronys savkynas. the background for such carelessness was a gradual strengthening of an irresponsibly liberal approach towards barbarisms. It will not be hard for the truth of science to triumph eventually – it will only suffice to remember. It will be harder to eliminate the outcomes of the longestablished error from life (in the worst case scenario, it can be justified by the scandinavian origin of Joris). the captivity of errors tends to grow in the language practice. However, only the truth brought to life can make us free. an unexpected example is already in front of us – and it does not come from linguistics: a hybrid soviet russicism jarovizacija – ‘the adjustment of the plant to seasonal climate changes’– vernalization is already replaced by a true international word jarovizacija (russian jarovyje – spring crops) ↗ vernalizacija (Universal Lithuanian Encyclopaedia VIII 2005). KEYWORDS: barbarisms, names; jorė, Jorūnė, Joris. JoNas KlIMaVIčIus Erfurto g. 56a14, lt04107 Vilnius