Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m.

DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Vilnius University VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ Vilnius University SPANISH NAMES IN THE LITHUANIAN NAMING SYSTEM, 1991–2010 KEYWORDS: name, Spanish name, name of Spanish origin, Spanish-form name, children's names. In the Lithuanian naming system of the past two decades, new naming tendencies are emerging, one of which is the declining frequency of the most popular personal names (Sinkevičiūtė 2014: 3–8; 2014a: 3–8)1. Nevertheless, the total number of children's names shows that children are given these personal names less often not only because fewer children are being born, but also because parents are increasingly inclined to give their children new names that have not been used before or are little known, which they borrow from other languages or create themselves. In the contemporary Lithuanian naming system, alongside Baltic names from different chronological strata and calendar baptismal names, newly borrowed names are also widespread: personal names previously not given in Lithuania, adopted from other languages, as well as variants or shortened forms of names of Christian origin used in Lithuania (LVKŽ 32–33). It is commonly thought that these foreign names began to spread in Lithuania from the third or fourth decade of the 20th century through literary and musical works, and, with the advent of television, through films (LVKŽ 32–33), and later through television series2. In recent decades, the spread of borrowed names has also been encouraged by other means of information and communication—the internet, printed pseudo-scholarly reference literature, or people's desire to give their children the names of celebrities or their children, and so on. The frequency of the name Deividas shows that, in 1991–2010, alongside names of Baltic and Christian origin, newly borrowed foreign names also spread in the Lithuanian naming system: in the final decade of the 20th century, it was given to so many boys that this variant of the name Dóvydas, derived from English, ranked among the ten most frequent names of 1991–2010 (Sinkevičiūtė 2014: 3–9). Alongside other names of foreign origin and their variants, the Germanic-origin, Romanized name Ármando also became widespread in 2005–2010 (Sinkevičiūtė 2011: 3–9). This shows that, in recent decades, children were often given newly borrowed names, some of which became very popular. This prompted attention to be directed toward one group of names of foreign origin today—Spanish names and their inventory. 1 Tai pastebima ir Ispanijos vaikų vardyne (Albaigės 2010: 9) ir greičiausiai yra visuotinė dabarties vardų davimo mada. 2 Apie tai kalba ir metrikacijos biurų darbuotojai, pvz., žr. Ivašauskaitė 2014, nors jų komentarai vardyno tyrėjui atrodo nepatikimi dėl netikslių vartojamų sąvokų ir subjektyviai matomų vardų davimo polinkių. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 2 The subject of the article is the adapted and grammatically inflected names, borrowed from Spanish, given to citizens of the Republic of Lithuania (hereafter RL) born in 1991–2010. The study includes only names adopted from Spanish and written with Lithuanian endings according to their pronunciation. Some names, e.g., Elyvra, have long-established forms in Lithuanian. Names that lack customary Lithuanian endings and do not conform to the norms of standard Lithuanian, e.g., Enrikue, Ines, Isabel, Javier, Karmen, Ricardo, Rocio, Sol, and others, were excluded. Also excluded from the study were names with formal grammatical markers—endings—but pronounced differently in Lithuanian from how they are written, e.g., Alejandra, Carmela, Jandra, Rosaria, and others. All the personal names discussed are collectively termed Spanish names, since the aim was to emphasize the language in which they arose or from which they spread. Accordingly, when classifying Spanish names by their base, two types of personal names were distinguished: names by origin and names by form. Spanish names by origin are personal names derived from Spanish vocabulary, e.g., Esmerálda, Milagrà. Spanish names by form are personal names whose base did not originate in Spanish but acquired stem forms in that language, e.g., Alechándras, cf. Spanish Alejandro; Andresitas, cf. Spanish Andresito. These groups of names were distinguished in order to highlight the specific characteristics of the personal names classified within them; dictionary references were provided where a position other than that of LVKŽ was adopted or where a second origin was presented. Thus, the main aim of the article is to determine which adapted and grammatically inflected Spanish names were given to RL citizens born in 1991–2010. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were set: 1) to discuss problems in researching and classifying Spanish names in the context of the Lithuanian name stock; 2) to distinguish groups of names of Spanish origin and form, identify the forms used in Spanish, and relate them to their variants used in Lithuanian; 3) to establish when Spanish names became widespread in Lithuania and to highlight trends in their use during the period under study. The study material was obtained in 2006 from the Population Register Service under the Ministry of the Interior of the RL through the mediation of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter VLKK), and was supplemented with names from subsequent years. Treating the components of multi-part names as separate entries, more than 23,000 names given to RL citizens born in Lithuania and abroad in 1991–2010 were reviewed. In presenting the names, the components of compound names are listed as ordinary personal names; alongside the number of instances of a single-part name, the number of instances of that personal name in a multi-part name during the period under study is given in parentheses, e.g., Alòndra 2 (1), Esmerálda 8 (3). If the name under study occurred only as a component of a multi-part name, its number is given only in parentheses. Statistics for all names are available on the VLKK website, www.vardai.vlkk.lt. Names were assigned to three periods according to Lithuania’s political history: foreign names given during the years of independent Lithuania (1918–1940), the Soviet period (1941–1990), and after the restoration of Independence (1991–2010). It should be added that, on the basis of 2006 data, some names were assigned conditionally to the beginning of the Soviet period: the available data do not record all the personal names given to children born in the early twentieth century, since those people may already have died by 2006. Nevertheless, this division into periods seemed meaningful, because it was assumed that the names in each group have characteristics shaped by Lithuania’s cultural situation, its political and economic ties with other countries, and the influence of mass information and communication media. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 3 RESEARCH ON SPANISH NAMES AND PROBLEMS IN THEIR ASSIGNMENT Until now, no research has been conducted into which Spanish personal names have been given to children in Lithuania, but their use has been discussed. Antanas Salys (1983: 3–5), drawing more on place names than on personal names, discussed differences in the spelling and pronunciation of names in 1936 in Native Language and presented features of their stress patterns. A. Salys (1983: 3–5) suggested that, when writing Spanish proper names as they are pronounced, one should stay close to Spanish pronunciation, and identified regularities he advised following when adding Lithuanian endings. It appears that A. Salys’s proposed rules for adapting Spanish names are close to the current VLKK principles for name adaptation³. In this connection, Vytautas Ambrazas (2008) should also be mentioned; in discussing the principles for adapting foreign names, he also provided examples of Spanish names. Articles by researchers of the Lithuanian name stock sometimes note that names derived from Spanish vocabulary, Gitana, Gitanas, are unsuitable for use because of the meaning of their base word (e.g., Maciejauskienė 1978: 17; 1989: 83). In noting the growing number of people’s names with various foreign-origin endings, Spanish personal names such as Lolita, Rosita, and others are also mentioned (Klimavičius 2004: 19–20). Apparently, no further individual observations about Spanish names have been published. Although Spanish names used in Lithuania have not been studied, some of them appear among the foreign names listed in LVKŽ. LVKŽ states that the following names are of Spanish origin: Ármandas (variant Ármondas), Doloresà (variant Dolorosà), Elvyrà, Elvỹras, Estelà, Fernánda, Fernándas, Inesà (variant Inezà), Karmelà, Ksaverà, Ksaveràs, Ksaverìja, Lolità, Rodrìgas, and Rosità. It is also stated that the names Benità, Benìtas and Ferdinándas may have arisen in Italian as well as Spanish, while Elmyrà is considered a Spanish and Arabic name. It should be added that not all names were included in LVKŽ from its earliest editions: the names Ármandas (variant Ármondas), Elmyrà, Rosità, Inesà, the variant of which became Inezà, previously listed in LVKŽ, first appeared in its third edition; the variant Dolorosà of the name Doloresà was also added. This illustrates the LVKŽ authors’ approach to updating the name stock: the Lithuanian name stock can be expanded by steadily incorporating names of foreign origin as well (see Maciejauskienė 2004: 84). Thus, the current LVKŽ lists 19 Spanish names, three of which have variants. These personal names are of two kinds: some derive from Spanish vocabulary, e.g., Doloresà, while others originated in other languages but acquired a stem form in Spanish, e.g., Inesà. It is therefore clear that, when assigning a personal name to the names of a particular language, not only the origin of its stem but also the changes through which it acquired other forms are important. The Spanish names listed in LVKŽ also show that there are cases in which it is difficult to distinguish names formed in Spanish alone from those formed in other Romance languages. The same problem arises when researching Spanish names. LVKŽ was the primary source used to compile Spanish personal names from the list of names given to children in 1991–2010. It was established that children were not given two of the variants of Spanish names listed in LVKŽ—Dolorosà and Inezà—whereas the other names were used. However, because LVKŽ lacks some names from recent years⁴, other sources were also consulted. The principal source selected was the Spanish name dictionary by Roberto Faurè (Robert Faur-re) (2008) (hereafter DNP), which describes more than 13,000 3 See the VLKK website, available online: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/nutarimai/svetimvardziai/adaptavimas.html. 4 This further confirms the point made earlier that LVKŽ should be systematically expanded with new names, not only of native but also of foreign origin (see Sinkevičiūtė 2011a: 214). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 4 the origin of personal names used in Spanish is provided, abbreviations and variants of names used in other languages are included, and its compilation drew on the most recent name dictionaries for other Romance languages5. Papildomai naudoti Enzijo la Stelos (Enzio la Stella) (2009) italų ir Šantalės Tanė (Chantale Tanet), Tristano Ordė (Tristane Hordé) (2000) prancūzų vardų žodynai, kai tikslinta, kokios vardų formos vartojamos kitose romanų kalbose6. Tikrinant vardų kilmės aiškinimus remtasi Rosos ir Volkerio Kolheimų (Kohlheim) (2007) vokiečių vardų žodynu (toliau – GVN). Naudotasi ir vardų interneto svetainėmis, tačiau jų informacija buvo problemiška, nes dažnai skyrėsi vardų kilmės aiškinimai, įvairavo romanų kalbų vardų formos (žr. http://www.behindt-hename.com/, http://www.20000-names.com/ ir kt.). Comparing the explanations of the origins of names considered Spanish in LVKŽ with information from other dictionaries revealed that in some cases they differ. Therefore, several sources, especially DNP, were consulted when compiling the Spanish personal names. As a result, the name Ármandas, which has a Germanic-language base, was excluded from the Spanish names, although LVKŽ 59 considers it a Spanish name, since according to DNP 97–98 and GVN 65 it is characteristic not only of Spanish, Italian, or other Romance languages, but was formed in French7. The names Benitas, Benità were treated as exclusively Spanish names, although LVKŽ 74 classifies them as Spanish and Italian names, because DNP 145–146 and GVN 77–78 state that these names were formed specifically in Spanish8. It appears that in the 20th century citizens of the Republic of Lithuania may have been given the name Elmýros not only because the name spread through European languages from Spanish, where it arose as a shortened form of a Germanic name (see DNP 263, GVN 138), but also because it may have spread in Lithuania from Russia, where in the early 20th century it became a name formed as an abbreviation from Russian электрификация мира (Суперанская 2003: 451). Since this name has several distinct sources of origin, it cannot be classified as exclusively Spanish. Another name considered Spanish and Italian in LVKŽ that proved problematic was Ferdinándo: some authors (Grzenia 2006: 125–126; Суперанская 2003: 327–328; Tanet, Hordé 2000: 179–180), assessing its component parts, consider it Germanic; the authors of GVN 155 regard it as a Germanic name that spread from Spanish; and the authors of DNP 313–314 consider it a Latinized name of Germanic origin, borrowed into Romance languages. Since this name did not originate in Spanish, it was excluded. Thus, because of their presumed different origins, the names Ármando (Armondo), Elmýros and Ferdinándo are not discussed, as they are not considered Spanish personal names. Personal names were classified as adapted and grammatically integrated Spanish names according to specific criteria. First, names originating in Spanish vocabulary were selected, and Spanish-language forms of names were sought. Once cases were identified in which the same personal-name stem form was characteristic of several Romance languages, those names were excluded. For this reason, for example, the name Raulis, of Germanic origin and widespread through Romance languages, and its variants were not studied, since it can be linked to Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese Raul and French Raoul. Names such as Grasielė, formed on the basis of the identically pronounced Latin-origin Spanish and Portuguese name Graciela, Leònsija, linked to forms of the identically pronounced Greek-origin Spanish and Portuguese name Leoncía, Arnaldas, which is an identically pronounced form of the Germanic name in Spanish and Italian Arnaldo, Ároldas, which derives from identically pronounced forms of the same name, cf. Italian Aroldo and Spanish Haroldo, and others, were not included. 5 In individual cases, the origins and forms of names were also checked against Albaigės 2008, 2011; Vázquez de Haro 2008, but the content and scope of these publications do not match those of the aforementioned dictionary. 6 In this regard, a dictionary of name forms published in Poland by a collective of authors was also consulted (see SI). 7 Tokios nuomonės yra ir kitų vardų žodynų autoriai, pvz., Grzenia 2006: 60; Tanet, Hordé 2000: 52–53 ir kt. 8 In other languages, the name Benito spread after 1930 as a result of the personality cult of the Italian Benito Mussolini (GVL 77–78). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 5 Some personal names can be compared not only with forms of names in several Romance languages, but can also be traced to other Slavic or Germanic languages that are geographically or culturally closer. Examples include the names Patrisija, which can be linked not only to the identically pronounced Spanish and French Patricia and Portuguese Patrícia, but also to the English form Patricia; Ilārija, which can be linked not only to Spanish Hilaria, Portuguese Hilária, Italian Ilaria, and Catalan Hilària, but also to Russian Ilarija forms; and others. Thus, the article examines Spanish-form names that originated only from forms used in Spanish. Personal names with more than one etymological explanation were also omitted when Spanish origin or form represented the second possible explanation of the name in the context of the Lithuanian name inventory. Thus, for example, the names Reinà, which in Spanish is a form of the Latin-origin name Reginà, cf. Spanish Reina, was excluded because it can also be considered a shortening of a German two-stem name containing the stem rein-; Luisà, because it can be linked not only to Spanish Luisa, but also to Luīsas, used in English, cf. the English form Louis; and Lòrenas, which derives not only from Spanish Lorenzo, but also from the identically pronounced English name Lawrence, and others. It was also necessary to address how to distinguish abbreviations that originated in Spanish, since the personal names selected for study were those derived from abbreviations formed or used only in Spanish. Where identical abbreviation stems used in different languages were encountered, and their bases could be several different names, those abbreviations were excluded. Thus, abbreviations such as Benà were excluded, since the name may be explained as having arisen in several languages from several different names, Benediktà, Benignà, Benità, Benonà, and others; Dòlfas, linked not only to Spanish and Portuguese Dolfo but also to English Dolf, which are abbreviations of the Germanic name Ādolfas; and Rėjus, which may be linked not only to the Spanish common-noun-derived Reyes and Portuguese Reis, but may also be considered an abbreviation of the Germanic name Ráimundas, used in Spanish and English, cf. Spanish Rey and English Ray, and others. Among suffixed personal names, those formed with diminutive formatives characteristic of Spanish were selected first, cf. Lithuanian -eta(s), -ita(s), -ina(s), see NGLĖ 62, e.g. Benìtas, Lolità, and others. As Jonas Klimavičius noted (2004: 20–22), many names with these endings can be found in Lithuanian; therefore, when identifying Spanish names, form alone was not relied upon, and attention was also paid to the language in which the name was formed. Thus, only after sources confirmed that diminutives with the aforementioned suffixes had been formed exclusively in Spanish—for example, Adelità, Rosarità, Nandìtas—were these personal names included in the study. In some cases, suffixed names were classified provisionally, since a suffix such as -ita could also have been added to a name stem in Lithuanian, thereby creating a name. In summary, it can be said that names derived from Spanish have not attracted researchers’ attention in Lithuania, although some personal names are mentioned in LVKŽ or in studies addressing issues of name use. The main problem encountered in distinguishing Spanish names given to citizens of the Republic of Lithuania was that some forms of names used in Spanish coincide with personal-name forms used in other Romance languages or in other language families. Therefore, when identifying adapted and grammatically integrated Spanish names, the study included only names derived from Spanish vocabulary and forms characteristic exclusively of Spanish. In studying the names, not only their origins and patterns of use in Spanish were considered, but also whether the child given the name was born in Lithuania or in a Spanish-speaking country. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 6 NAMES OF SPANISH ORIGIN Names of Spanish origin are considered anthroponyms derived from Spanish vocabulary. An examination of names of this origin according to their bases shows that in 1991–2010, the largest number of appellative anthroponyms were given. These include the girls’ names Abrilė 3, cf. Spanish Abril < Spanish abril ‘April’; Alondra 2 (1), cf. Spanish Alondra < Spanish alondra ‘lark’⁹; Bėja 1, cf. Spanish Bella < Spanish bella ‘beautiful, pretty’¹⁰; Blánka 1, cf. Spanish Blanca < Spanish blanca ‘white’; Bonità 1 < Spanish bonita ‘pretty’¹¹; Doloresà 5, cf. Spanish Dolores < Spanish dolor ‘sorrow, remorse’; Esmerálda 8 (3), cf. Spanish Esmeralda < Spanish esmeralda ‘emerald’; Gitanà 245 (2) < Spanish gitana ‘Roma woman’; Iglėsija 1, cf. Spanish Iglesia < Spanish iglesia ‘church’¹²; Konsuelà 6, cf. Spanish Consuelo < Spanish consuelo ‘consolation, comfort’; Mersedesà 1, cf. Spanish Mercedes < Spanish merced ‘mercy, gift’; Milagrà 6, cf. Spanish Milagros < Spanish milagro ‘miracle’; Morenà 1 < Spanish morena ‘dark-haired woman’¹³; Palomà 2, cf. Spanish Paloma < Spanish paloma ‘dove’; Pilarà 1, cf. Spanish Pilar < Spanish pilar ‘pillar; trough, bowl’; Sagrãrija 1, cf. Spanish Sagrario < Spanish sagrario ‘sanctuary’. Many of these names in Spain are associated with local invocations of saints, e.g., Konsuelà and cf. Nuestra Señora del Consuelo, Sagrãrija and cf. Nuestra Señora del Sagrario, among others. Appellative anthroponyms of Spanish origin were also given to boys. These are the names Esmeráldas 1, Gitãnas 5, probably formed in Lithuania from the more common women’s names Esmerálda and Gitanà, and Morenàs 1, cf. Spanish Moreno < Spanish moreno ‘dark-haired man’, attested in the Spanish surname (cf. Spanish surname Moreno, DAE 532). The name Rosarà (1) can also be classified as appellative in origin; it was probably adapted in Lithuania from Spanish Rosario and is associated with Spanish rosario ‘rose garden, (eccles.) rosary’. Names with suffixes formed in Spanish are also attested; their base is an appellative anthroponym of Spanish origin. These are Dolorità 2, cf. Spanish Dolorita < Spanish Dolores, cf. Lithuanian Doloresà; Rosarità 1, cf. Spanish Rosarita < Spanish Rosario, cf. Lithuanian Rosarà. Among names with other types of bases, children in the Republic of Lithuania were given Spanish anthroponyms of toponymic origin in 1991–2010. These are names with a tradition of use dating from the early 20th century: Ksaverà 8 (1), Ksavėras 14 (3), cf. Spanish Javiera, Javier, based on the place name Ksavėras of Basque origin, cf. Spanish Javier, and Ksavėrija 4, formed from the male name Ksavėrijus, derived from the Latinized form of the Spanish name Javier, cf. Spanish Xaverius. Other names of this origin are Arasėlė 1, cf. Spanish Araceli, associated with the place name Araceli; in recent years, Chaviėras 1 has been readopted into Lithuanian, cf. Spanish Javier, associated with the aforementioned Spanish place name Javier (see Lithuanian Ksavėras), and Sevilė 1 (2), cf. Spanish Sevil, Seville, associated with the name of the city Sevilija (Spanish Sevilla). The name register also includes hypocoristics derived from names of Spanish origin. One such name is the suffixed name of hypocoristic origin Lolità 131 (5), cf. Spanish Lolita, whose base is the hypocoristic Lolà (1), given during the period under study, cf. Spanish Lola, derived from the Spanish female name Doloresà. Also worth mentioning here is Diėgas 1, cf. Spanish Diego, formed by shortening and adapting the anthroponym Santjãgas¹⁴. ⁹ This name may be considered a contraction hypocoristic that arose in Spanish from Spanish Alejandra (Gómez 2005: 27). ¹⁰ The name Bėja may also be considered a hypocoristic that arose either in Italian from the name Isabella, or in English from the names Arabella, Annabella (DNP 143). ¹¹ This name is not used in Spanish-speaking countries; it has spread from the United States (GVN 86). ¹² This name probably arose because of the surnames of popular Spanish singers Chulijus Iglesijus (Julio Iglesias) and Enrikė Iglesijus (Enrique Iglesias), and is therefore classified here only provisionally; cf. Spanish surnames Iglesia, Iglesias (DAE 429). ¹³ This anthroponym is not used as a given name in Spain and probably spread from Italy, which adopted it from Spanish (GVN 305). ¹⁴ According to DNP 120, there is another explanation of the name’s origin: its base is Celtic. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 7 Other names of Spanish origin arose by combining stems of different origins (personal names, their short forms, or appellatives). These include the names Anālija 1, cf. Spanish Analía, formed in Spanish from the names Anà (cf. Spanish Ana) and Lijà (cf. Spanish Lía); Anabelà 2, Anabèlė 2, cf. Spanish Anabel, arose in Spanish by combining the names Anà (cf. Spanish Ana) and Izabėlė (cf. Spanish Isabel)15; Marisà (1), cf. Spanish Marisa, formed by combining the names María (cf. Spanish María) and Luisa (cf. Spanish Luisa). Structurally similar are Santjāgas 3, cf. Spanish Santiago, which arose in Spanish through the fusion of Latin sanctus ‘holy’ and the Spanish short form Iagus, based on the name Jokūbas (Spanish Iacobus). Such compound names, whose second part is a short form of another name, are characteristic of Spanish naming practices (see Рылов 2010: 41). Statistics on the names discussed show that during the period under study, names of Spanish origin were given more often to girls than to boys. In addition, the bases of the Spanish names given to girls in 1991–2010 are more varied than those of the boys’ names. According to data from 2006, names of Spanish origin began to be used in Lithuania at different times. Some names that were widespread in 1991–2010 had already been given to children since the beginning of the second decade of the 20th century: Ksavėras, Ksaverà and Ksavèrija. In Lithuania, these names were most common in the 1920s–1940s, and their spread in the early 20th century is associated with the tradition of giving saints’ names, since the name Ksavėro is well known in Lithuania because of St. Francis Xavier. By 1941, the names Doloresà, Lolità had become widespread in the Lithuanian name pool. Of these, Lolitòs became especially common in the 1960s, after the publication of Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Lolita and the release of the film of the same title based on it. The name Alòndros, given before 1941 to a Lithuanian woman in Uruguay, is provisionally assigned to this period as well; since 1998, girls born in Lithuania have also been given this name, following the appearance of the Mexican television series of the same title. Thus, by 1991–2010, the more common names of Spanish origin—Doloresà 5, Ksavėras 14 (3), Ksaverà 8 (1), Ksavèrija 4, Lolità 131 (5)—which had become widespread in Lithuania by 1941, have become part of the Lithuanian name pool: children (most often Lithuanians born in Lithuania) continued to be given these names in subsequent decades, and they are included in LVKŽ. Girls named Alòndra 2 (1) reappear in Lithuania at the end of the 20th century. This shows that the name pool is renewed by giving children names that were known from the emigrant name pool in the early 20th century, and that have spread through television since the end of the 20th century. During the Soviet period, the names of Spanish origin Blánka, Bonità, Doloritá, Esmerálda, Gitánà, Gitánas, Konsuèla, Lolà, Morenà, Morènas and Sevilė began to be given in Lithuania. The more recent of these are Morènas, widespread in Lithuania since the 1960s, and Blánka, Morenà, Sevilė, since the 1970s. Marisà may also be provisionally assigned to this period; during the Soviet era, it was given to girls born in South America. Because data from the early 20th century are lacking, some names cannot be assigned to the personal names of an earlier period. However, it may be surmised that, for example, girls were named Esmeráldomis before 1941, since works by Victor Hugo (Victor Hugo), from which the name spread, had been translated in Lithuania since the 1910s. Other names may have been given in pursuit of distinctiveness or because their sound was appealing. Personal names of Spanish origin that began to be used during the Soviet period varied in popularity in 1991–2010: the name Gitános 245 (2) stands out among all of them for its frequency, having been particularly common in Lithuania in the 1950s–1960s16; somewhat more children were named Esmeráldos 8 (3), Gitáno 5, and Konsuèlos 6, while the other names were given to children once or twice. All the names that began to be used during this period ...................... 15 The origin of the name Anabel may also be explained differently: it may be considered a reworking of the Latin name Amabel (GVL 59). 16 In total, it was given to more than 4,200 citizens of the Republic of Lithuania. Since linguists criticized this name because of the negative associations evoked by its base appellative, which is connected with the ethnonym for the Roma, it is clear that at the time people knew which foreign names were being given to children born then. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 8 duoti vardus sieja bendras bruožas: ir 1941–1990, ir 1991–2010 m. jais dažniausiai vadinti Lietuvoje gimę lietuvių tautybės vaikai. Thus, the names of Spanish origin that began to be used in 1941–1990 have become established in the Lithuanian name repertoire, and a tradition of their use is taking shape. The use of literature and television may have encouraged parents to give these names to children in 1991–2010; for example, girls may have begun to be named again Konsuėlomis in 1993, after the translation of George Sand’s novel Konsuela, while other names, e.g., Blánka, Esmerálda, Morenà, Morènas, may have spread through the names of characters in television series or of the actors who played them. In view of the name Marisà, given in 1991–2010, it should be added that during the Soviet era (as in the preceding period), emigrants influenced the diversity of names: the personal names of girls born in South America enriched the repertoire of names of citizens of the LR with new names, which by the end of the 20th century had also begun to be given to children born in Lithuania. Of the Spanish personal names that spread in Lithuania during the Soviet period, apart from the name Lolà, listed only as a shortening of the name Lolitá, not a single one is included in the LVKŽ. It may therefore be surmised that the LVKŽ was probably not expanded with new foreign names in order to preserve traditions of giving names of native Christian origin or foreign names that had become widespread between the two world wars. The most recent names of Spanish origin are the personal names Abrìle, Anabelà, Anabèle, Anãlija, Arasèle, Bèja, Chavièras, Diègas, Esmeráldas, Iglèsija, Mersedesà, Milagrà, Palomà, Pilarà, Rosarà, Rosarità, Sagrãrija and Santjàgas, not given before 1991. Of these, Milagrà is somewhat more common, while the other names were given one to three times to children born in 1991–2010. None of these names is mentioned in the LVKŽ, although they too were mostly given to children born in Lithuania, many of whom are Lithuanian; only a Lithuanian living abroad was named Iglèsijos. Some names that became widespread in Lithuania in 1991–2010 probably emerged under the influence of television; for example, Chavièras, Diègas, Mersedesà, Milagrà, Palomà, Pilarà, Santjàgas are names of characters in soap operas broadcast in the last decade of the 20th century and the early 21st century. A girl may also have been named Mersedesà after a character in Alexandre Dumas’s novel Grafas Montekristas, reissued in 1998 or 2005, or in a film based on it. It should be added that the name pool in 1991–2010 also included four modified Spanish personal names: Esmirálda 7 (3), Esmiráldas 1, Kseverà 1, Ksevèras 2. Some of these personal-name forms appeared and began to be used in Lithuania at the same time as the principal forms Esmerálda (during the Soviet period) or Ksavèras, Ksaverà (before 1941); only the name Esmiráldas has been known since the Soviet period. If the names Kseverà, Ksevèras are considered dialectal East Aukštaitian forms (see LVKŽ 206), it can be argued that the tradition of dialect forms remained alive at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. Nevertheless, Esmirálda is somewhat more common than the other names, so it may be surmised that some girls may have been named Esmiráldomis after hearing the name pronounced in the soap opera of the same name, broadcast during the period under study. This suggests that the status of some names changes over time: forms once considered dialectal may in recent years become distorted forms of names. To summarize, most names of Spanish origin are appellative personal names, although toponymic, shortened, and compound names also occur. Most Spanish names that spread at different times throughout the 20th century were given primarily to Lithuanians born in Lithuania; when considering why these names entered the Lithuanian name pool, the influence of other cultures must first be taken into account. It should also be added that names of Spanish origin given before the end of the Soviet period to female citizens of the Republic of Lithuania born abroad began in 1991–2010 to be given to girls born in Lithuania as well, showing that these names, characteristic of other-language cultures, are spreading in Lithuania too. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 9 The most popular Spanish names given in 1991–2010, Gitanà 245 (2) and Lolitā 131 (5), were considerably more common during the Soviet period. This shows that these names continued to be given to children in recent years, alongside other foreign names. Some Spanish names, beginning with Esmerálda, spread through literature and later through films and television series. It has been observed that over the past two decades, the number of Spanish-origin names as distinct entries in the name pool of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania has increased, but there has been no influx of such names, since most are rare, having been given to only one or three children. NAMES IN SPANISH FORM As noted, names in Spanish form are personal names whose stems developed in the Spanish language. They arose as the language evolved and personal names of various origins, borrowed from other languages at different times, changed. There are also names borrowed from other languages whose stems took on specific forms in Spanish and were shortened or expanded with suffixes. Thus, names in Spanish form are of two kinds: some developed in Spanish and spread from there into other languages, while others arose in Romance languages when personal names of various origins were Latinized, but acquired distinctive forms in Spanish through linguistic development. An examination of names in Spanish form by their etymological bases shows that many personal names given in 1991–2010 derive from Germanic languages. These include the female names Elvyrà 163 (6), cf. Spanish Elvira; Fernánda 8 (3), cf. Spanish Fernanda; Florinda 117, cf. Spanish Florinda; Reinálda 3, cf. Spanish Reinalda; Rosènda 1, cf. Spanish Rosenda; and the male names Elvyras 1, cf. Spanish Elviro; Enrikė 4 (2), cf. Spanish Enrique; Fernándas 15, cf. Spanish Fernando; Florìndas 118, cf. Spanish Florindo; Ramìras 2, cf. Spanish Ramiro; Rodrìgas 7, cf. Spanish Rodrigo; Rosèndas 1, cf. Spanish Rosendo. One girl born in Lithuania was also given a name derived from a Germanic male name that developed in Spanish: Rodrigà 1, cf. Spanish Rodrigo and Lithuanian Rodrìgas. The bases of other personal names in Spanish form are variants of names of Christian origin, some of which have other conventional forms in Lithuanian, newly borrowed into Lithuanian from Spanish. Some personal names in Spanish form derive from Latin; these include the female names Domìnga 9 (1), cf. Spanish Dominga and Lithuanian Dominykà, Domininkà19; Estelà 188 (5), cf. Spanish Estela; Estrèja 45 (4), cf. Spanish Estrella; Orianà 8 (1), Orijanà 6, cf. Spanish Oriana20; and the male names Amãdas 1, cf. Spanish Amado; Domìngas 3, cf. Spanish Domingo and Lithuanian Dominỹkas, Dominìṅkas; Estèlas 1, probably formed in Lithuania from the female name Estelà. There are also personal names based on Greek, including the female names Agèdà 1, cf. Spanish Águeda and Lithuanian Agatà, Agotà; Anchèlà 2, cf. Spanish Ángela and Lithuanian Angèlė; Anchelìkà 1, cf. Spanish Angélica; Inesà 1001 (9), cf. Spanish Inés and Lithuanian Ãgnė; and the male names Alechándras 1, cf. Spanish Alejandro and Lithuanian Aleksándras; Anchelìkas 1, cf. Spanish Angélico. Also worth mentioning here is the name Inesė 1 (1), probably formed from the name Inesà. Other names are of Hebrew origin, namely Adãnas 4, cf. Spanish Adán and Lithuanian Adòmas; Chésus 1, cf. Spanish 17 Florìnda 1 may also be regarded as a suffixal derivative of the Latin name Florà, formed in Spanish and Italian (GVL 159). 18 Florìndas 1 may also be regarded as a suffixal derivative of the Latin name Flōras, formed in Spanish and Italian (GVL 159). 19 Here and elsewhere, the notation Lith. introduces forms of these names used in Lithuanian, derived from forms of the same names previously borrowed into Lithuanian. 20 The origin of this name is not entirely clear: it is either a derivative formed with the suffix -ana from the name Oria, which is a form of the Spanish names Áurea or Auria (DNP 575), or is simply associated with the vocabulary of the Latin languages (GVN 322–323). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 10 Jesús, and Lithuanian Jėzus; Chimenà 1²¹, cf. Spanish Jimena, Ximena and Lithuanian Simonà; Isabelà 6 (4), cf. Spanish Isabel and Lithuanian Elzbietà; Isabelė 5 (2), cf. Spanish Isabel and Lithuanian Elzbietಲ; Karmenà 2 and cf. Spanish Carmen. There are names borrowed from Spanish that entered this language from other Romance languages. One such name given in 1991–2010 is Mirėja 2, cf. Spanish Mireya, which is based on the form Mireille used in French²³. There are also names that are variants of personal names, formed from name forms used in Spanish. These are the names Ernánda 2, cf. Spanish Hernanda; Ernándas 15, cf. Spanish Hernando, which arose from these forms of the names used in Spanish and are variants of the names Fernánda, Fernándas. Other personal names were formed in Spanish by shortening the stems of names of non-Romance origin. These are shortened forms that arose in Spanish from diminutive forms of names of various origins: Belità 1, cf. Sp. Belita > Sp. Anabelita, Isabelita, etc.; Delità 2, cf. Sp. Delita > Sp. Adelita, Cordelita, etc.; Litá 1, cf. Sp. Lita > Sp. Adelita, Carmelita, etc.; Nanditas 4, cf. Sp. Nandito > Sp. Fernandito; Norità 3²⁴, cf. Sp. Norita > Sp. Eleonorita, Honorita, etc.; Renità 6, cf. Sp. Renita > Sp. Irenita; Sitá 3, cf. Sp. Sita > Sp. Alfonsita, Inesita, Rosita, etc.; Tonità 1, cf. Sp. Tonita > Sp. Antonita. Shortened forms Gojà 11 (2), cf. Sp. Goya; Gòjus 10 (1), cf. Sp. Goyo, were formed from Sp. Gregoria, Gregorio, cf. Lith. Grigòrija, Grigòrijus²⁵. Personal names and the stems of their shortened forms were also extended in Spanish with diminutive suffixes²⁶. Examples include names of Hebrew origin: Anità 44 (8)²⁷, cf. Sp. Anita < Sp. Ana; Gabrielità 1, cf. Sp. Gabrielita < Sp. Gabriela; a name of Iranian origin, Esterità 1, cf. Sp. Esterita < Sp. Ester; as well as names of Greek origin: Andresitas 1, cf. Sp. Andresito < Sp. Andrés; Melisità 1, cf. Sp. Melisita < Sp. Melisa; names of Latin origin: Almità 1, cf. Sp. Almita < Sp. Alma; Emilità 4, cf. Sp. Emilita < Sp. Emilia; Leonità 1, cf. Sp. Leonita < Sp. Leona. There are also names with suffixes of Germanic origin: Adelità 2 (1)²⁸, cf. Sp. Adelita < Sp. Adela; Rosità 228 (2)²⁹, cf. Sp. Rosita < Sp. Rosa; names of French origin: Armandità 3, cf. Sp. Armandita < Sp. Armanda; Estelità 2, cf. Sp. Estelita < Sp. Estela; Lurdità 7, cf. Sp. Lurdita < Sp. Lurdes. Suffixed names Benità 234 (7), cf. Spanish Benita; Benìtas 9, cf. Spanish Benito, function in Spanish as distinct independent names, formed through the shortening of Latin personal names; the Latin names are given as their bases (DNP 145–146). Also worth mentioning is a name of Latin ori- 21 DNP 428 also offers a Basque explanation for the origin of this name. 22 The name variant Izabėlė, apparently spread from French, is now established in Lithuania (see LVKŽ 171), as is the later form Izabelà. 23 The origin of this name is explained in two ways: it is either considered a derivative of the names Marijà, Miriam, or a diminutive derivative of an appellative name (DNP 532–533). 24 The name Norità may also have arisen from the Germanic-origin shortened form Norà. 25 The names Gojà, Gòjus may also have arisen through association with gojus, meaning “a small, beautiful wood, a grove,” although this word is not recommended for use in standard language. 26 It has already been noted that the classification of these names is conditional, since, regardless of whether Spanish has a name expanded with a diminutive suffix, the personal names may have arisen through the addition of the aforementioned suffixes to names or their shortened forms in Lithuanian or other languages. 27 Lithuanians may have borrowed this name form from Latvian at the beginning of the 20th century by adding a suffix to the name Anà (see Siliņš 1990: 59). The name may also be regarded as a shortened form of Juanità, a name used in German (GVL 58). 28 Рылов (2010: 46) teigia, kad ši germaniškos kilmės vardo Adelà deminutyvinė forma dažniausiai vartojama Pietų Amerikoje. 29 This name may also be considered a Germanic name, a shortened form of Rozalinda, Rozamùnda expanded with a suffix (DNP 646). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 11 the name Felisitė1, cf. Spanish Felicita < Spanish Felicia, which, with the ending -ė, was most likely formed in Lithuanian from the name used in Spanish as it is pronounced. Thus, names in Spanish form were more often given to girls than boys in 1991–2010, and girls’ names containing diminutive suffixes are more common than boys’ names of this kind. Not only are names borrowed into Lithuanian from Spanish, along with their shortened stems extended by diminutive suffixes -ita(s), but shortened forms whose stems derive from the endings of names containing diminutive suffixes are also spreading. Some of the names discussed were given to citizens of the Republic of Lithuania before 1941. Some are the names Benità, Elvyrà, Inesà, which were common during the period studied, used throughout the 20th century, and quite popular before 1941. These names were given to children born in Lithuania, most often ethnic Lithuanians. Other personal names—Almità, Anità, Elvỹras, Fernánda, Karmenà, and Rodrìgas—were not common even during the Soviet period, except for the name Anìta, which gained popularity in the 1980s through the Lithuanian video film Raudonmedžio rojus (Paradise of Mahogany); however, they too were most often given to children born in Lithuania. It may therefore be argued that the popularity of many names in Spanish form given before 1941 remained similar throughout the 20th century and in the early 21st century. As noted earlier, Benità, Elvyrà, Elvỹras, Fernánda, Inesà, and Rodrìgas are included in LVKŽ and have become an established part of the Lithuanian name inventory. However, the personal names Almità, Anità, and Karmenà, which began to be used in Lithuania before 1941, are not included in LVKŽ. This can most likely be explained by the rarity of these names in the first half of the 20th century. On the other hand, the authors of LVKŽ may have excluded Almità and Anità because they are foreign-origin suffixed names, which were generally avoided in LVKŽ. The name Karmenà, which most likely spread in Lithuania through Georges Bizet’s opera Karmen, staged in the interwar period, may have been omitted from LVKŽ because of the heroine’s ethnicity—she was Roma. Other names in Spanish form spread during the Soviet period. The most common of them in 1991–2010 were the girls’ names Estelà, Estréja, Rosità; less common were Benìtas, Domìnga, Ernándas, Fernánda, Fernándas, Gōjus, Orianà, Orijanà, Renità. Benìto can only conditionally be considered a name that spread during the Soviet period, since it was first given in the very early 1940s. The names Domìngas and Fernánda are also included here only conditionally, since during the Soviet period they were given only to girls born in South America. Names that were still relatively uncommon in 1991–2010 but had been given to children since the Soviet period include Adelità, Belità, Delità, Emilità, Ernánda, Estelità, Inèsė, Lità, Norità, Ramìras, and Sit̀à. Of these personal names, the most recent Soviet-period names are Adelità, Belità, Estréja, Orianà, first given from the 1980s onward, as well as Delità, Gōjus, Orijanà, Sit̀à, first given from the 1990s onward; many of the other names began to be given to children before the early 1970s. A number of the names mentioned—Adelità, Belità, Benìtas, Delità, Domìnga, Emilità, Estelità, Estréja, Gōjus, Orijanà, and Ramìras—were given to children only once during the Soviet period, and some became more common in 1991–2010. The names Rosità and Inèsė differ from these, having been more common during the Soviet period than in 1991–2010. Nevertheless, many names in Spanish form share a common characteristic: in earlier decades as well as during the period studied, they were most often given to children born in Lithuania.3031 It is now difficult to say why children began to be given these names. One may suppose that some were given out of admiration for famous people; for example, Domìnga was associated with the Spanish opera star Plácido Domingo, Ernándas with the Spanish explorer and conquistador of the first half of the 16th century Hernando de Soto, Fernándas with the Spanish racing driver Fernando Alonso, and Gōjus with the Spanish painter and graphic artist Francisco Goya. 30 Although his popularity did increase at the end of the 20th century. 31 During the Soviet period, the name Inèsė may have spread thanks to the Latvian song Inese. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 12 (Francisco Goya), among others, or with characters from literary works that were later adapted into films, e.g., Estelà—one of the characters in Charles Dickens’s novel Great Expectations, etc. Other foreign-origin names in Spanish form may also have arisen from attitudes favoring the alluring but forbidden Western culture of the Soviet era32, or from a desire for originality and distinctiveness. Of all the Spanish-form names that began to be used in 1941–1990, the LVKŽ lists Benìtas, Estelà, Fernándas and Rosità, of which the most frequent is Rosità33. The female names mentioned, given to girls from the 1960s onward, may have been included in the LVKŽ because of their frequency, while the name Estèlos may also have been included because of literary influence. The male names may have been listed alongside the female names Benità and Fernánda, which were given to girls in 1941, and later probably became popular under the influence of the LVKŽ. The LVKŽ does not include the other Spanish-form names given during the Soviet era. Some of these began to be used in 1941–1990 later than the 1960s and were relatively rare. Some names known since the Soviet era began to be given more frequently in the last decades of the 20th century and the early 21st century; these include Benìtas, Domìnga, Ernándas, Estelà, Estrèja, Oriànà, Orijànà. It was also observed that among Spanish-form names given in 1941–1990, the number of personal names with diminutive suffixes increased from the 1960s onward, with their number and variety growing each year. Thus, different Spanish-form names have become established in the Lithuanian name stock and are growing ever more popular. Other Spanish-form names became widespread in 1991–2010: girls’ names Anchelà, Anchelikà, Anchelìkas, Armandità, Chimenà, Esterìta, Felisìtė, Florìnda, Gabrielìta, Gòjà, Isabelà, Isabelè, Leonità, Lurdìtà, Melisità, Mirèjà, Rodrìgà, Rosèndà, Tonità, and boys’ names Adànas, Alechándras, Amàdas, Andresìtas, Domìngas, Chèsus, Enrikè, Estèlas, Florìndas, Nandìtas, Rosèndas. It can only be surmised that many names from this period spread through Spanish-language TV series shown in Lithuania at the time. Still other names may have been given after creating personal names for children of the opposite sex, based on Spanish-form names already in use; for example, Estèlas was created alongside the name Estelà, Rodrìgà alongside Rodrìgas. Parents choosing the names Domìngo or Gòjos may likewise have been influenced not only by the names Domìnga and Gòjus, given since the Soviet era, but also by famous Spanish artists, whose influence may have led to names with the same stems emerging during the Soviet era. Of all the names given to children in 1991–2010, Adànas 1, Alechándras 1, Armandità 1, Enrikè 1 (2), Gòjà 2, Isabelà 5 (1), Isabelè 1 (1), Lurdìtà 1 were given to Lithuanian citizens born abroad, some of them in Spain and Portugal34. Thus, the inventory of Spanish-form names is enriched not only by personal names given in Lithuania, but also by those of Lithuanian citizens living abroad, who are probably following naming trends in other languages. Nevertheless, the personal names mentioned (except Alechándras) are also given to children born in Lithuania, showing that the Lithuanian name stock is becoming more international and is being enriched with names used abroad. The names that began to be used in 1991–2010 show that the number of Spanish-form names not previously recorded in the Lithuanian name stock, with diminutive suffixes, continues to grow. In addition, in 1991–2010, residents of Lithuania renewed the name stock by giving children Spanish-form names that had not been used before; none of these is included in the LVKŽ. Thus, the Spanish-form names given to Lithuanian citizens vary: some are names of diverse origins formed in Spanish, or their variants, borrowed into Lithuanian. Another group consists of variants of names of Christian origin that have Lithuanian equivalents. Also borrowed are names of diverse origins and shortened forms expanded with diminutive suffixes, which were formed from suffixed- 32 Pvz., dėl tokių minčių žr. Čekanavičiūtė 2014. 33 Overall, the name Rositòs was given to more than 1,000 girls, and in 1991–2010 to 228 (2) girls. 34 The figures given here indicate the number of Lithuanian citizens born abroad who were given these names. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 13 Throughout the 20th century, most people given Spanish-form names—whether coined at different times or lacking a suffix—were Lithuanians born in Lithuania; only at the end of the 20th century and in the 21st century did the number of Spanish-form names given to Lithuanian citizens born abroad increase. However, these names were also given to children born in Lithuania. This shows that the same names characteristic of other languages and cultures are also spreading in Lithuania. The most common Spanish-form names in 1991–2010 were Benità 234 (7), Elvyrà 163 (6), and Inesà 1001 (9), which had been in use before 1941, as well as Rosità 228 (2) and Estelà 188 (5), which had been used since the Soviet period. This primarily shows that in recent years Spanish-form names have continued to be given to children alongside other foreign names. It is plausible that before 1991 parents gave children Spanish-form names not only inspired by literature and films, but also in pursuit of distinctiveness and out of admiration for Western culture. The increase in Spanish-form names in the register of Lithuanian citizens in 1991–2010 can be associated with the television series that began airing during that period, although these names did not become widespread on a mass scale. CONCLUSIONS In 1991–2010, alongside other newly borrowed names, Lithuanian citizens were given adapted and grammatically integrated Spanish personal names. Some frequently given Spanish names are included in the LVKŽ, and some are mentioned in discussions of name-use issues. The selection of Spanish personal names aimed to distinguish names originating in Spanish vocabulary from personal-name forms of various origins borrowed exclusively from Spanish. However, distinguishing names of this origin proved problematic, since many Spanish personal names coincide with name forms used in other Romance languages or in other language families. It should be added that not all the names described as Spanish by the authors of the LVKŽ are of Spanish origin; therefore, the names Ármando (Áŕmondo), Elmýros and Fer-dinándo were excluded from the category of Spanish names. The Spanish-origin names given in 1991–2010 show that appellative-based personal names are the most numerous; there are also toponymic, abbreviated, and compound names. Some Spanish-form names given during the period studied are names of various origins that arose in Spanish or variants of such names, borrowed into Lithuanian. Other names are variants of Christian-origin names that have other equivalents used in Lithuanian; abbreviated names and names extended with diminutive suffixes also occur. Lithuanian citizens were consistently given Spanish names throughout the 20th century, and the number of these names increased, with new names becoming widespread at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, although there was no mass influx. Statistics show that in 1991–2010, Spanish-origin and Spanish-form names were given more often to girls than to boys; likewise, girls’ names with diminutive suffixes were more frequent than boys’ names of that type. The range of bases for Spanish names given to girls in 1991–2010 was more varied than that for boys’ names. Spanish-form names also show that abbreviated forms are spreading into Lithuanian, with the endings of names containing diminutive suffixes becoming their stems. Many Spanish names first entered the Lithuanian name register through literature, and later through films and television series. Consequently, the increase in Spanish-origin or Spanish-form names given in 1991–2010 in the register of Lithuanian citizens can be linked to the television series aired during this period and produced in Spanish35. Another 35 A large proportion of the names of television-series characters are not Spanish: many are common-form names of Christian origin, widespread in Lithuania, e.g., Marijà, Víktoras; therefore, one can only subjectively surmise that the series influenced their selection. In general, films of this genre may often have been just one of the reasons for giving a child such a name. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 14 The reason why parents could have given children Spanish names was their tendency to choose rarer, distinctive names of foreign origin, or their fascination with Western culture during the Soviet era. Throughout the 20th century, most bearers of Spanish names were Lithuanians born in Lithuania, and only at the end of the 20th century and in the 21st century did the number of Spanish-form names given to Lithuanian citizens born abroad increase. However, Lithuanian citizens born abroad were also given the same names as children born in Lithuania during this period. This shows that Spanish names are spreading in Lithuania under the influence of other cultures, while Spanish names characteristic of Spanish-speaking countries have formed a distinctive part of the name stock of Lithuanian citizens since the beginning of the 20th century. The Spanish names listed in LVKŽ have mostly been given to Lithuanian citizens since the beginning of the 20th century, and children began to be given only a few names included in LVKŽ during the Soviet era. This shows that LVKŽ recommends only those Spanish names that had spread in Lithuania by the mid-20th century. Most of the Spanish names given in 1991–2010 are not in LVKŽ. All these names, except for Anitą, Estrėją, Gitaną, Gitąnas, share one characteristic—they were rare in the 20th and early 21st centuries, which was probably the reason for their rejection. A considerable proportion of the names not included in LVKŽ were first given to Lithuanian citizens from the mid-20th century onward; this probably indicates that the authors of LVKŽ rejected names that spread in a later period because they wanted to preserve the interwar tradition of giving foreign names. LITERATŪRA Adaptuotų asmenvardžių ir vietovardžių galūnių rašymas. Prieiga internete: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/nutarimai/svetimvardziai/adaptavimas.html (žiūrėta 2014 11 12). Albaigės J. M. 2008: El gran libro de los nombres, Barcelona: Planeta. Albaigės J. M. 2010: Los nombres de moda, Barcelona: De Vecchi. Albaigės J. M. 2011: El libro de los nombres de niño y niña, Barcelona: Integral. Ambrazas V. 2008: Svetimų tikrinių vardų rašymas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Behind the Name. The etymology and history on first names. Prieiga internete: http://www.behindthename.com/ (žiūrėta 2014 11 12). Čekanavičiūtė D. 2014. Apie vardus. Prieiga internete: http://www.bernardinai.lt/straipsnis/2014-04-06-daile-cekanaviciute-apie-vardus/115863 (žiūrėta 2014 11 12). DAE – Faure R., Asunción Ribes M., García A. 2009: Diccionario de apellidos españoles, Madrid: Espasa Calpe. DNP – Faure R. 2008: Diccionario de nombres propios, Madrid: Espasa Calpe. Gómez T. 2005: Todos los nombres (red. Teodoro Gómez), Barcelona: Océano. Grzenia J. 2006: Słownik imion (red. Aleksandra Kubiak-Sokół), Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. GVN – Kohlheim R., Kohlheim V. 2007: Das große Vornamenlexikon, Mannheim, Leipzig, Wien, Zürich: Dudenverlag. Ivašauskaitė R. 2014. Adeodatas, Gautuma, Alpis – tai lietuvių vaikų vardai. Keisčiausi tėvų pasirinkimai. Prieiga internete: http://www.15min.lt/ji24/straipsnis/vaikai/adeodatas-gautuma-alpis-tai-lietuviu-vaiku-vardai-keisciausi-tevu-pasirinkimai-551-452468?cf=df (žiūrėta 2014 11 12). Klimavičius J. 2004: Tarptautiniai žodžiai lietuviškoje reklamoje. – Reklamos kalba, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 14–32. La Stella E. 2009: Dizionario dei nomi di persona, Bologna: Exegi. LVKŽ – Kuzavinis K., Savukynas B. 2003: Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. Maciejauskienė V. 1978: Ukmergiškių vaikų vardai. – Mūsų kalba 4, 14–17. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 15 Maciejauskienė V. 1989: Ne visi vardai puošia vardyną. – Kalbos kultūra 57, 82–86. Maciejauskienė V. 2004: Dar kartą apie lietuvių vardus. – Kalbos kultūra 77, 84–95. NGLE – Bosque I. 2009: Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Morfología, Sintaxis 1, Madrid: Real Academia Española. Piliečių vardų sąvadas. Prieiga internete: http://www.vardai.vlkk.lt (žiūrėta 2014 11 12). Salys A. 1983: Rinktiniai raštai 2, Roma: Katalikų mokslo akademija. SI – Janowa W., Skarbek A., Zbijowska B., Zbiniowska J., 1975: Słownik imion. Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków, Gdańsk: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. Siliņš K. 1990: Latviešu personvārdu vārdnīca, Rīga: Zinātne. Sinkevičiūtė D. 2011: Žvilgsnis į populiariausius pastarųjų penkerių metų vardus. – Gimtoji kalba 10, 3–9. Sinkevičiūtė D. 2011a: Nauji 2007–2010 m. lietuviškos kilmės vaikų vardai ir jų davimo polinkiai. – Kalbos kultūra 84, 214–229. Sinkevičiūtė D. 2014: Populiariausi 1991–2010 m. berniukų vardai ir jų davimo tendencijos. – Gimtoji kalba 6, 3–8. Sinkevičiūtė D. 2014a: Populiariausi 1991–2010 m. mergaičių vardai ir jų davimo tendencijos. – Gimtoji kalba 7, 3–8. Tanet Ch., Hordé T. 2000: Dictionnaire des prénoms, Montréal: Larousse. Vázquez de Haro C. 2008: 25.000 Nombres de bebé, Barcelona: Robin Book. Рылов Ю. А. 2010: Системные и дискурсивные свойства испанских антропонимов (ред. Рылов Ю. А.), Воронеж: ВГУ. Суперанская А. V. 2003: Словарь русских личных имён, Москва: ЭКСМО. 20,000+ Names From Around the World! Prieiga internete: http://www.20000-names.com/ (žiūrėta 2014 11 12). Gauta 2014 11 19 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 16 SPANISH PERSONAL NAMES IN THE CONTEXT OF LITHUANIAN PERSONAL NAMES IN 1991–2010 S u m m a r y The article presents adapted and grammatically corrected Spanish personal names given to the citizens of the Republic of Lithuania (hereafter – RoL) in 1991–2010. It was found out that part of the most common Spanish personal names were those included in the Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Personal Names, while some other Spanish personal names are mentioned in the discussion of personal names that are not recommended. The collection of personal names for the research was aimed at selecting names originating from Spanish lexis only and miscellaneous etymological forms of personal names derived solely from the Spanish language. However, it was problematic to distinguish between Spanish and other personal names as most of Spanish personal names coincided with the forms of personal names used in Roman languages or other language families. Personal names of Spanish origin given to the citizens of the RoL in 1991–2010 show that appellative personal names account for the largest part; place names, abbreviations, compound personal names also occur. One group of personal names with a Spanish form in the period studied comprises personal names and their variants of different origin formed within the Spanish language. Other personal names are variants of personal names of Christian origin with different equivalents used in the Lithuanian language; abbreviations and personal names with diminutive suffixes also occur. Throughout the entire 20th century, Lithuanian citizens were given Spanish personal names, yet an increase in these personal names and the spread of new ones occurred in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, even though no massive influx has been observed. Over the period in question, Spanish personal female names were more frequent than the male ones, and personal female names with diminutive suffixes were more frequent than the male ones. In 1991–2010, Spanish personal female names were more diverse in terms of their base form than the male ones. Currently, abbreviations with endings of personal names with diminutive suffixes at their base form have become widespread in Lithuania. Spanish personal names had firstly emerged among the Lithuanian names from literature, then from cinema films, TV series. Therefore, an increase in the number of Spanish personal names given to the citizens of the RoL in 1991–2010 might have been related to Spanish TV series. Also, parents might have given Spanish personal names to their children with the purpose of giving a rare, distinct personal name of foreign origin or, in the Soviet times, because of admiration for the Western culture. At different time periods throughout the 20th century, most of Spanish names were given to Lithuanians born in Lithuania; only in the late 20th and early 21st centuries there is an increase in personal names with a Spanish form given to the citizens of the RoL born abroad. It was found out that the citizens of the RoL born abroad were given the same personal names as children born in Lithuania. This shows that Spanish personal names have become widespread under the influence of other cultures, while starting from the early 20th century Spanish personal names characteristic to Spanish speaking countries form a unique part of the personal names of the citizens of the RoL; in the late 20th and early 21st centuries these names are integrated into the personal names given to children born in the RoL. Spanish personal names included in the Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Personal Names (Lith. Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas – LVKŽ) were usually given to the citizens of the RoL starting from the early 20th century; some of personal names included in the LVKŽ were given to children starting from the Soviet times. However, the majority of Spanish personal names given in 1991–2010 are missing in the LVKŽ. All these personal names (except for Anita, Estreja, Gitana, Gitanas) share the same feature – they were quite rare in the 20th century and in the early 21st century, which was probably why they were not included. It was noticed that a substantial part of personal names not included in the LVKŽ had been for the first time given to the citizens of the RoL starting from the BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ, VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ. Ispaniški vardai Lietuvos vardyne 1991–2010 m. | 17 mid-20th century, which probably suggests that the authors of the LVKŽ rejected personal names widespread in the recent time period as they intended to preserve the traditions of giving foreign names widespread in the interwar period. KEYWORDS: personal name, personal Spanish name, a personal name of Spanish origin, a personal name with a Spanish form, children’s personal names DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Vilniaus universiteto Baltistikos katedra Universiteto g. 5, LT-01513 Vilnius [email protected] VAIDA GRINIŪTĖ Vilniaus universiteto Baltistikos katedra Universiteto g. 5, LT-01513 Vilnius [email protected] BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204