Bendrinės kalbos normų pateikimas „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language SUBMISSION OF COMMON LANGUAGE RULES General Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language KEY WORDS: dictionary, general language, standardization. INTRODUCTION The General Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language1 (hereinafter referred to as the GDL) prepared by the lexicographers of the Lithuanian Language Institute and already published on the Internet has several tasks. The most basic, as in many dictionaries, is the interpretation of words. However, as the name suggests, it is a dictionary of general language, so it should not contain non-normative things. When deciding which words to include in the dictionary, which sentences or combinations to illustrate them, the dictionary editors are faced with all the variations of usage of the language. There are four main types of standardization: standardization of standards, standardization of standards, standardization of standards, and standardization of standards. Only those words or their meanings that are considered as the main or secondary variant of the norm are included in the BD. There are no unpresentable or avoidable language phenomena in the dictionary – more precisely, the aim is that they are not present. This is also mentioned in the preface of the BZ: "This is a normative publication reflecting the real functioning lexicon of the language, the correct usage of common language words. There are no non-normative, unpresentable or avoidable words in it. The dictionary presents the variants of the secondary norm in addition to the variants of the main norm in terms of lexicon, word formation, pronunciation, etc. It is emphasized that the use of a secondary norm is not considered a language error.”2 This last sentence is very significant for the dictionary editors. It would seem strange to write about it, after all, the norm – main or secondary – is the norm. However, unfortunately, often overly diligent language managers consider the secondary variant of the norm unusable and automatically change it into the main one, regardless of style or context. In the dictionary editors' understanding, this is language impoverishment. After all, common language encompasses many spheres of social life, so it is understood in the dictionary not only as official, edited written language – it is also spoken language, figurative vocabulary, synonyms. It is difficult to determine whether a word is a fact of spoken language or a jargon. In general, the question whether a language phenomenon is normative or non-normative arises when starting the selection of words, this question is constantly raised when distinguishing the meanings of words, when pronunciating, when selecting 1 The Internet is currently loaded with completely completed texts of eleven letters. These letters are marked in blue. There are also four letters in the text, these letters are in red. The dictionary is available online at: http://bkz.lki.lt/. In addition, a separate section of the OJ, Heading, has been uploaded to the Internet. Internet access: http://bkz.lki.lt/antrastynas/. 2 Access on the Internet: http://bkz.lki.lt/?pg=bendros_zinios. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Danuta Liutkevičienė. Presentation of general language norms in the General Lithuanian Dictionary | 2 illustrative examples and even about spelling. The editors of the dictionary are not always able to make decisions about these matters on their own, therefore they refer to kt.), konsultacijų ir kitokiomis bazėmis (LVvGDB, ND, NSDB, VLKK KB), lietuvių kalbos various works of language culture (KKP, KP and dictionaries (LKŽe, DŽ, LNKŽ, MLKŽ, LKVJŽ, PVE, PVA, PVAAAO, PVAz and others), grammar and other works (DLKG, DLKSS, FLKG, LKE, LKG), the term bank of the Republic of Lithuania (TB)3. Already written and edited BŽ texts are evaluated by reviewers appointed by the State Lithuanian Language Commission (hereinafter – VLKK) (prof. dr. Albinas Drukteinis, doc. dr. Lina Murinienė, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Native Language Rita Urnėžiūtė). They provide comments and subsequently its and the BZ texts are discussed in the VLKK Vocabulary subcommittee. This is because the BZ is intended to be approved as a normative dictionary. 1. DESCRIPTION At the beginning of the preparation of the dictionary, several spelling variants were provided for some words, but it was later decided to provide only one, which was considered the main one. Therefore, there are no spelling variants in the dictionary. This situation, when there are two possible spelling variants (we are talking about the following words), is considered as a kind of transitional period, because one variant is still codified in the long run (just remember the cases biaurus / ugrus, spiauti / spjauti, etc.). For example, BZ provides: Dniêpras dkt. vns. (2) river in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, flowing into the Black Sea: In the eighteenth century, the Dnieper was used to transport wood to other parts of Lithuania and Ukraine. Hiroshima dkt. vns. (2) city in the south of Japan: Hiroshima was the place where the first atomic bomb was dropped. Hiroshima was formerly known as Hiroshima. fourth dct. (1) a narrow deep long bay with high cliffs: Norway's landscape is carved by fjords. Sailing in the fjords leaves a deep impression. forssttija dkt. (1) early spring yellow flowering ornamental shrub (Forsythia): Jaa yellowing forsythia. So far, it is common to spell these words slightly differently: Dniepr, Hiroshima, fjord, forzitia. It should be emphasized that the spelling norm is based on the recommendations of the VLKK with the right of approval, spelling issues are discussed in the VLKK Subcommittee on Grammar, Spelling and Punctuation. The editors of the dictionary also rely on other newer dictionaries, guides and encyclopedias. That is why it was decided to write the four words in this way4. The BZ also includes some words written differently than in other sources: bačiatà dkt. (2) Romantic couple dance of Dominican origin: Dókti bačiãtát. | his music: The melody of baciatos is playing. here here here dkt. mot. nekait. a fast-paced entertainment pair dance originating from South America: 3 Of Jiẽ mókosi šókti čia čia čià. | jo muzika: Skaba čia čia čià. course, this list is far from all the works or sources on which the organizers of the BZ are based. 4 For the Dnieper, as the main variant, cf. ICRC KB and PVE: 105; for Hiroshima – PVAz: 156 (VLE VII, 586 is the main variant of Hiroshima, but PVAz is a newer source); about fjord plg. VLKK KB; for forsitia – TB. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Danuta Liutkevičienė. Presentation of general language norms in the General Lithuanian Dictionary | 3 čaakrà dkt. (2) according to Tibetan and Indian medicine – any of the (e.g. seven) energy centers in the human body: the Chakra at the end of the spine, in the area of the genital organs, in the brain, in the heart, in the brainstem, in the brainstem, in the head. Is it possible to open the chakras? čianãchas dkt. (2) a Caucasian meat and vegetable stew made in a chianãchai: Tikrăn chianãchai – tăk ăş lamb. Will you eat calf or pork? These words were written without the soft sign: bachata, cha cha cha, chakra, chanach, etc. However, in the VLKK Foreign words equivalents list5 there are two variants – with and without the softness sign (bačata, bačiata; cha cha cha, ta ta ta). With the approval of the VLKK Dictionary Subcommittee, it was decided to include these words in the BZ, written as they are pronounced. Thus, their spelling norm is already gradually changing. 1.2. Capitalization BZ, there are also actual nouns, they are capitalized. However, there are some words whose one meaning can be expressed by a real word (written in capital letters), and the other by a generic word (written in lowercase letters). However, there are also cases where the capital letter is written out of respect, because of certain agreements or the like. Such cases are shown in the dictionary. 1.2.1. When a word with a certain meaning is written in a different letter than the heading (e.g. capital), a note is attached to that meaning and illustrative examples are given: bakchanãlija etc. (1) 1. (written in capital letters) dgs. Roman festival in honour of the wine and winemaking god Bacchus: the senate banned the Bakchanãlias sanctuary. 2. excessive loose foaming; Sin. orgy: After such bakchanãlijas mornings heads from the bẽčių spiẽčiaus not at at skėrdavau. I didn't start their fresh bakchanãlia, but I tolerantly looked at them. brahmãnas, brahmãnė dkt. (2) 1. a person of the highest caste in India, often a priest: a Brahmâna directly acquires the secret knowledge, then enters the śāstra. He was born in a Brahmin family. 2. (written in capital letters) senior vns. impersonal spiritual origin, the highest objective reality, existing independently of space and time: Brahmãna existed well before, because he was born of a brain and an intellect, therefore Brahmãna is impossible to be understood by minds and intellects. cèrberis dkt. (1) 1. (in capital letters) vns Ancient Greek mythical creature – a three-headed dog guarding the entrance to the underworld kingdom Hades: Ordinary mortals fossilized after seeing Cèr beir. 2nd ed. very vigilant and angry guard: in the dormitory you will not enter in the evening – sit there and watch for all the night. dalià dkt. (4) 1. destiny (2 r.), destiny (2 r.): This is the part of my soul: to listen to the confessions of all the friends. Sometimes you want to play your own song. • plg. don't give. 2. (written in capital letters) vns. ancient Lithuanian mythical creature, personifying human success: Some mythologists related Dãlià to the deity Láime. 1.2.2. When a word can be written both in uppercase and lowercase (depending on the context), it is shown only by illustrative examples: ãktas dkt. (2) <...> 2. official document, letter, record: a normative act. Act of inspection. The Act of Independence of Lithuania is otherwise referred to as the Acts of 16 February. 5 Internet access: http://www.vlkk.lt/aktualiausios-temos/svetimzodziu-atitikmenys/svetimzodziu-atitikmenu-sarasas-su-paaiskinimais. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Danuta Liutkevičienė. Presentation of general language norms in the General Lithuanian Dictionary | 4 bankas dkt. (1) 1. institution carrying out various monetary operations (holding, lending, exchanging money): the European Central Bank. Banking services. What caused the bank crisis? Contact the bank for a loan. Keep pieńnigus in a bank. I took my money from the bank <...> 2. SCREECHING Not only the title word, but also the whole illustrative sentence or word combination is pronounced BZ. If possible, the more difficult case of pronunciation is shown, i.e. the form of the title word where the most errors are made (e.g. singular noun, local noun, plural suffix): babiloniẽčiai, etc. dgs. (2) a nation living in Babylon, speaking one of the Semitic languages: <...> Assyrian soldiers tried to chase the Babylonians, whose culture was much older. babttas dkt. vns. (2) a friction-reducing alloy of tin or lead with other metals: <...> The spraying oil accumulates in the grooves, where the inner layer is covered with babitù. Badmakiaah dkt. dgs. (3b) village in Telšiai district: On the way we will stop at Bãdmakiai. Badmakiuo sè animalétors nedaag. D. dkt. (2) 1. fishing rod for bottom fishing: <...> The fishing rod was used for fishing at the bottom. hipodromos dkt. (2) riding and driving competitions, horse testing place – large, ppr. oval square: Hipodromè trained horses, reñgiamos competitions. If the title word has two pronunciation variants, they are indicated, but only the first (main) variant is given in the sentence6: cùkrinis, cùkrinė bdv. (1), confectionery, confectionery (2) containing sugar, sweet flavoured: Cùkriniai su obuoliais. oda dkt. (1), odà (4) 1. upper layer of the human or animal body: skin. "Sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet". As the body ages, the skin becomes wrinkled. Buy some dry eye cream. <...> There is no doubt that the second (lateral) variant of the pronunciation is not a mistake. Pronunciation variants are determined according to the latest VLKK decisions. Therefore, some BŽ are pronounced differently than DŽ: dárgana (1), darganà (3a) (DŽ was dárgana); Jėninės (1), Jonunės (2) (DŽ was Jonunės (2), Jėninės (1)); Late (1), Late (2) (DG was Late (2),Late (1)); Žallinė (1), Žolėnė (2) (DŽ was Žolėnė (2), Žalinė (1)); punishment (1), punishment (3b) (DJ was punishment (1)). It must be said that the spelling rules of the VLKK are constantly being reviewed and the authors of the BZ do not always have time to take into account the changes quickly. However, the situation is being monitored and the pronunciation variants are being adjusted. This is possible because the dictionary is online. The editors of 6 BŽ were also suggested to indicate the second variant of pronunciation in the illustrative example. However, in this dictionary, several types of brackets are sometimes used for other purposes, and the abundance of brackets would make the illustrative sentence more complicated and would be redundant information. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Danuta Liutkevičienė. Presentation of Common Language Norms in the Common Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 5 3. WORDS AND THEIR MEANS 3.1. It has already been mentioned that there are no words to be avoided in BJ. The editors of the dictionary have already received questions about why the words balius, bintas, charter, domkratas, kaladė, kaladėlė, samovaras are included in the dictionary. In fact, in some linguistic sources they were considered to be avoidable or not to be used at all for some time. Now their normative evaluation has changed, so they have entered the BD as normative words. KP42 presents the word bintas as the main variant of the norm, and as secondary variants of the norm – balius, domkratas, kaladė, kaladėlė. The word samovar is considered ethnography and can be used. As for the word charter – the word itself is not unpresentable, only its one meaning is unpresentable7. charter dkt. (1) charter contract for sea or air transport: charter for a fixed period. bnntas dkt. (1) very rare cotton fabric bandage for wound dressing: Sterile bandage. Break through the leg of the beast. Open the door. bàlius dkt. (2) talk, banquet, feast: Venice cakes. Invited from the backyard. Reñgti [or ga niën zúo ti] values. | party: Student's room is filled with robbers. domkrãtas dkt. (2) [tech.] lift 1: The car was lifted by a jack. The lower case letters indicate the main variant of the norm, in other words, the secondary variant of the norm is directed to the main one. One or more meanings of the word may also be directed to the more expressive one: fãktorius dkt. (1) Factor 1: Risk factor. Analysis of social factors. The action of factors. 2. in mathematics – multiplicative, multiplier: A number, from which the other number is multiplied, called a factor, or a multiplier. • e.g. rhesus factor. It should be noted that reduced capital letters also indicate the more common synonym or main variant of a less common word, a secondary variant in terms of terminology, a stylistically connoted or dialectal word8: diplòminis2 dkt. (1) speaking diploma thesis: When will you write your diploma thesis? begmotas dkt. (2) Hippo: We saw giraffes, beagle, zebras and many other savannah animals. The hippocampus is the brain's largest part. volásso stgà volásso klotė: After a long time, the vocal strings become weakened. Don't stretch the strings of trouble. 3.2.The BZ includes over 9000 new words9 and a number of new meanings that were not in the DZ – both long-known terms that have already spread in the common language, and new words that were not previously recorded in the dictionaries, e.g.: botany – actinàdia, arãchis, araukãrija, cukūnnija, fūnikas, forsättija, frézia, gardènia, kardamònas and others. ; medicine – analgesic, arthrosis, atherosclerosis, cellulitis, encephalitis, euphoria, glaucoma, catheter, laryngitis, myoma; Zoology – basset, boxer, 7 Pcs. KP42, 21: charters world. ntk. = closing rhesus. 8 For further details, see Liutkevičienė D. 2014: Reference interpretation of words in the General Lithuanian Dictionary. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 4, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 219–229. 9 Some of the words mentioned here (memo, file, lasagna, archive, printer, etc.) may raise questions for the inexperienced reader, since they are already included in the seventh edition of DŽ (2012). However, those words in the DG are taken precisely from the DG being prepared, and not vice versa. When the 7th edition of the DZ was being prepared, the editors of the DZ were asked to update the DZ vocabulary slightly. This was done, but these words are not included in the general text of the DŽ, they are presented in a separate appendix, under which is written “Compiled from the “Common Lithuanian Language Dictionary” being prepared. Furthermore, in the preface of the DŽ (p. VIII) there is the following sentence: „ <...> a small (almost 150) supplement of DŽ uncommon words from the “Dictionary of the Common Lithuanian Language” is inserted. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Danuta Liutkevičienė. Presentation of general language norms in the General Lithuanian Dictionary | 6 dygliãtriušis, echidnà, èmu, koalà, kòlis, opòsumas, rotveelleris, sètris; religion – abbot, exorcism, mandala, prayer, mantra, monsignor, reformer, reincarnation; culinary – adjika, brj, charchiò, edãmas, kapučjannas, kari, lasagna, tequila, tonic, ùžtepas; computing – memory, file, hypertext, modem, printer, webpage, twitter, virus, web. Thus, in some cases, the norm of the word or its meaning will already be codified. 4. DESCRIPTION BY ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES There are much more illustrative examples of BZ than of DZ. They aim not only to broaden the definition of the title word, provide more information about that word, show the semantic environment of one or another word, but also to draw attention to what usage is correct. Therefore, it is attempted to put such constructions where language errors can be made. Such examples are searched in textbooks (DLKT, LMKT), works of language culture, consultation databases, etc. Sometimes in the brackets is indicated another, additional variant of the usage – another vowel, preposition or so on. This presentation means that both (or several) variants are equivalent and can be used: bateluvỹs, bateluvėė, etc. (3b) shoemaker or shoe repairer: <...> In my youth my father was a shoemaker, shoe repairer [i kálvis, i bateluvỹs]. <...> būjti, yrà (būjenna, būjva, ẽsti), bùvo vksm. <...> 8. compound participle connection: <...> Táu reikėájjo būti mókytoju [to the teacher]. I don't want to be such a liar. Being faithful is not easy. <...> ddras, dorà bdv. (4) 1. moral, not lying, not deceiving; Sin. moralus: <...> Raise children to be decent people [dõrus žmónes]. "Svensson: "Det var roligt att spela med honom"". sverigetopplistan.se. sverigetopplistan.se. 1. (from, by, with) to be shaken, shaken by, under the action of internal or external forces; Sin. shake, tremble: <...> She trembled from the shake [nuõ šakčio]. His lips trembled with anger. 5. SYNTACTIC CONJUNCTIVITY NOTES In BZ, the syntactic conjunction (valence) is indicated for verbs, in more complicated cases and for adjectives or nouns. The conjunction BZ is marked with the vowels of the questioning pronoun (with or without a prefix)10. In this way, the reader of the dictionary gets additional information about whether one or another verb or prepositional construction can be used with the title word. By the way, syntactic conjugation is also shown by illustrative examples. For example: representáuti, atstovajúa, atstovãvo vksm. (for) to be represented: Deputies represent the electorate and their interests. Our countries will be represented at the conference. vote, voted, voted vksm. (for what, against what, for what, what) in an election or somehow collected by telephone or otherwise: Deputãtes voted for the ratification of the treaty. Dù people 10 For viai sprendžiant atiduoti balsą, reikšti nuomonę biuleteniu (balsu), pakeliant ranką, more details see. Liutkevičienė D., Naktinienė G., Vosylytė K. 2010: Verbs and their abstracts in the General Dictionary of Lithuanian Language. – Lexicography and lexicology 2, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 235–251. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Danuta Liutkevičienė. Presentation of general language norms in the General Lithuanian Dictionary | 7 votes for the move. Who is voting for the publication to be forced to be printed? Today we will vote on the draft resolution. bodėttis, bõdisi, bodėjosi vksm. Sngr. (what, with what) to feel hostility, dislike, hate, avoid: Ne veeltta káltą autumeñs diẽn bodėättis mistnà i ūakkanomis. A man's got a brain. I'm all over the place. Don't be afraid of guests. corresponding, corresponding dkt. (3b) Conformity with the requirements laid down or imposed on a product, product, process or service: Conformity with the requirements of the Directive. The Constitutional Compliance of the Act is being examined. neshinas, neshina bdv. (3b) (with) carrying (with): Výrai, nešinė gėlėmis peokštėmis. Women, pregnant with babies. He went home carrying his bags. The camp was carrying pensioners on their boats. GENERAL REMARKS Among other tasks, the General Lithuanian Dictionary also performs normative work. Language norms are presented in BZ in several sections. 1. The spelling. Dictionaries keep track of changes in spelling norms and include only one, the most recent version, although the second version is perhaps more commonly used at the moment. In addition, the dictionary texts systematically show – with some references and examples – cases where common words are written in capital letters or, conversely, real words become common and written in lowercase letters. 2. Pronunciation. Not only the title word is pronounced in the dictionary, but also all the words in the illustrative example. If a word can be pronounced in two ways, both pronunciations are highlighted as headings. 3. Words and their meanings. There are no unpresentable or avoidable words in BZ, all words in this dictionary or their meanings are usable. The BZ includes over 9000 new words and a number of new meanings that were not in the DZ. 4. Standardization with illustrative examples. The examples of BZ are not only intended to broaden the definition of the title word, provide more information about that word, show the semantic environment of one or another word, but also to draw attention to what usage is correct. 5. Syntactic conjugation marking. In the case of verbs, in more complicated cases, and in the case of adjectives or nouns, the syntactic conjugation is indicated. This provides additional information about whether a particular verb or preposition can be used with the title word. 6. It is likely that in the future this dictionary will become one of the sources of codified norms. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Danuta Liutkevičienė. Presentation of Common Language Norms in the Common Lithuanian Language Dictionary | 8 SOURCES BŽ – General Lithuanian Language Dictionary (in preparation). Internet access: http://bkz.lki.lt. BŽ Heading – Heading of the General Lithuanian Dictionary. Internet access: http://bkz.lki.lt/ antrastynas/. DLKT – Textbook of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. Online access: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas. DŽ 2011– Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, 6th revised and supplemented edition, online version, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Internet access: http://dz.lki.lt. DŽ 2012 – Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, 7th revised and supplemented edition, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. LMKT – Textbook of Lithuanian Scientific Language. Internet access: http://coralit.lt/. Internet text resources to browse the search engine Google (https://www.google.lt). LITERATŪRA DLKG 1996 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Red. V. Ambrazas. 2 leidimas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. DLKSS 1998 – E. Valiulytė. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos sintaksiniai sinonimai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. FLKG 1998 – A. Valeckienė. Funkcinė lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius, Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. KB – Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos konsultacijų bankas. KKP – Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai. Sud. P. Kniūkšta. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, internetinis leidimas. Prieiga internete: http://kanceliariniaipatarimai.lki.lt/. KP – Kalbos patarimai.1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2004; 2, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2003; 3, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2003; 4 (pirmas leidimas), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2005; 4 (antras leidimas), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2013. Liutkevičienė D. 2014: Nuorodinis žodžių aiškinimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 4, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 219–229. Liutkevičienė D., Naktinienė G., Vosylytė K. 2010: Veiksmažodžiai ir jų abstraktai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 2, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 235–251. LKE 1999 – V. Ambrazas, A. Girdenis, K. Morkūnas, A. Sabaliauskas, V. Urbutis, A. Valeckienė, A. Vanagas. Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija. Parengė K. Morkūnas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. LKG – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965; 2, Vilnius: Mintis, 1971; 3, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. LKVJŽ – N. Sližienė. Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas. 1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų lei dykla, 1994; 2(1), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų lei dykla, 1998; 3, Vilnius, Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2004. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, elektroninis variantas. Red. kolegija: G. Naktinienė (vyr. red.), J. Paulauskas, R. Petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, J. Zabarskaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. – Atnaujinta versija 2008. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt. LNKŽ 2001 – E. Jakaitienė E., S. Berg-Olsen. Lietuviųnorvegų kalbų žodynas = Litauisknorsk ordbok, Vilnius: Baltos lankos. LVvGDB – Lietuvos vietovardžių geoinformacinė duomenų bazė. Prieiga internete: http://lvvgdb.lki.lt. MLKŽ 2000 – M. Norkaitienė, R. Šepetytė, Z. Šimėnaitė. Mokomasis lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Baltos lankos. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Bendrinės kalbos normų pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 9 ND – Naujažodžių duomenynas. Prieiga internete: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt. NSDB – Naujųjų skolinių duomenų bazė. Prieiga internete: http://nsdb.sociolingvistika.lt. PVA 2008 – Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Amerika, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. PVAAAO 2010 – Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Afrika. Antarktida. Australija. Okeanija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. PVAz – Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Azija. 1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2012; 2, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2014. PVE 2006 – Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Europa, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. TB – Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas. Prieiga internete: http://www.lrs.lt/pls/tb/tb.search. VLE VII – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 7, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2005. VLKK konsultacijų bankas. Prieiga internete: http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_ id=385140&p_query=&p_tr2=. Received 02/11/2015 Adopted on 28 December 2015