Sintaksės klaidos Vilniaus apskrities abiturientų rašiniuose

BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas SYNTACTICAL ERRORS IN THE DISTRICT OF VILNIAUS IN THE WORKS OF STUDENTS KEY WORDS: syntax, verbs, prepositions, subjunctives, participles, sentence structure defects. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS In recent years, there has been much talk about the increasingly poor writing performance of pupils and students, the lack of improvement in the results of the 1 Lithuanian language and literature maturity exam. Therefore, there is a need to thoroughly analyze the state Lithuanian kalbos ir literatūros brandos egzamino darbus, ieškoti priežasčių, kodėl taip yra, ir sprendimų, kaip pagerinti padėtį. In 2015, the National Examinations Centre received 2,000 essays from graduates of the 2014 2 state examination in Lithuanian language and literature. The researchers divided the papers according to 10 Lithuanian counties. These essays (uncorrected copies) are currently being examined for spelling, punctuation, syntax and lexical aspects. The article examines the essays of 238 students from Vilnius County who studied in schools in national minority languages (119) and in schools with Lithuanian as the language of instruction (119). The object of the study – syntax errors found in these papers. The aim of the article is to analyze the essays of the state Lithuanian language and literature maturity exam on a freely chosen topic, to identify the typical syntax errors, to clarify the similarities and differences of syntax errors of Lithuanian language maturity exam works of national minorities and Lithuanian schools, to try to identify the causes of these errors. The article uses descriptive statistical and comparative methods. 1 According to the National Examination Centre, in 2014-2015 about 10% of students failed this exam. of graduates. 2 See also Solvita Labanauskienė’s article “The most important syntax errors in the writings of the graduates of South Aukštaitija” in the 88th volume of General Language. SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of Vilnius district graduates | 2 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 STUDY DATA Language correctness check of textbooks for higher education (humanities, natural tyrimai atliekami nuolat. Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija (toliau – VLKK) atliko sciences and exact sciences) published in 2010–2012. The most common error found in textbooks was punctuation (35% of all errors). This indicates that syntactic relationships are not understood, which is why syntax errors came in second place (24%). In the final master’s theses submitted to the VLKK for the study of not only the use of siejimo klaidos, temos ir remos nepaisymas (Urnėžiūtė 2015: 14–15). 2013 m. aukštųjų verbs and prepositions, but also of sentence elements, the majority (60%) of the violations of language norms consist of syntax errors (incorrect use of verbs, prepositions, participles and participles, inappropriate construction of sentences and word combinations) (Urnėžiūtė 2015: 18). VLKK also evaluates the manuscript language of textbooks for general education (since 2003) and vocational education (since 2007) (for more information about the study see www.vlkk.lt). It should be noted that here, too, mainly syntax errors were found. The journal of native language, aimed at editors, language managers, lecturers and teachers and representatives of other specialties, evaluates and reviews the language of publications for various purposes. The reviews reflect the most common grammar errors, and syntax is one of the most widely discussed areas. These studies are supplemented by a descriptive study of syntax errors in the writings of Vilnius district graduates. The distinction between correct and incorrect syntactic usage was based on the evaluation of various syntactic phenomena presented in the Language Tips (the avoidable and non-presentable variants considered as language errors in the article), as well as the description of the language evaluation of the final theses in 2014. Essays of students from Vilnius County quoted in the article are marked with the codes: VATM – students from Vilnius County national minority schools, or foreign-language students; VA – Essays of Lithuanian schools, or native speakers, in Vilnius County. The cited examples correct only 3 the errors in question; other errors and stylistic defects are not corrected, the sentences are left authentic. Each essay consists of three pages (500-600 words). It should be noted that out of 238 papers, 16 national minority and 28 Lithuanian schools 3 For the convenience of the study, this division of pupils into native speakers and non-native speakers is conditional (representatives of national minorities also attend schools with Lithuanian as the language of instruction). SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of Vilnius County graduates | 3 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 students did not find any syntax errors in their essays. Syntax errors were found (see skirstomos į tris tipus: linksnių, prielinksnių ir polinksnių vartojimo bei sakinių sandaros Table 1). TABLE 1. Statistics of errors made by foreign and native speakers Type of error Kitakalbių daromos errors Gimtakalbių daromos errors Number Percentages of Error Number Percentages of Error 1. Linksnių errors 107 56,3 79 60,8 2. Prepositpolinksnių errors ional and 36 19 21 16.1 errors 3. Sakinių sandaros Total: 190 47 24,7 30 23,1 130 The analysis of the statistical data revealed three things: 1) non-native speakers make a third more mistakes; 2) the most common errors are the verb errors – they account for about 56.3% (VATM) and about 60.8% (VA) of all syntax errors; 3) the least number of prepositional and postpositional errors (about 19 per cent and about 16.1 per cent ). The groups of errors identified are discussed below by frequency. 1. ERRORS IN THE USE OF LINKS It has been noted that in the works of pupils of national minority schools, word combinations are usually formed incorrectly, choosing the wrong syllable. The errors in the lines are broken down in more detail (see Table 2). SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of Vilnius district graduates | 4 2 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 TABLE. Statistics of funny mistakes made by foreign and native-speaking graduates Klaidos Kitakalbių errors Gimtakalbių are made Pavyzdys Error Counting cents denominator 1 0,9 -life cen-35.5 this a) in the path errors appear b) the beneficiary 4 3,7c) Klaidų in Proback 19 17,8 1 1,3 errors local 26 24.3 32 40.5 errors funny errors Total: 107 klaidos numbers 79 difficulties thanks to f) binary her gave honey made by (d) 19 17.8 2 2.5 errors e) bees one such actor was 38 44 55.7 in the final result errors s noticeable this... can feel noble Table 1 shows that in the essays of the graduates of both types of schools, the most common errors are the two-word funny mistakes, although native speakers make more of them. Less often, but also quite often, schoolchildren make the mistake of atveju lietuviškų mokyklų abiturientų darbuose tokio tipo klaidų yra daugiau. Tautinių using the native vowel incorrectly. In the essays of the graduates of minority schools there are many errors in the use of the noun and adjective, and the least part consists of the noun and adjective errors, which are not typical for the essays of Lithuanian school pupils. 1.1.The data of the study show that one common problem of students is free use of binary verbs, i.e. the choice of an irregular verb instead of other verbs. Subjunctive of adjectives and adjectively used words in writing SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in Vilnius County graduates' essays | 5 ženkliai BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 incorrectly used instead of binary: (a) the denominator; (b) the descendant, (c) the beneficial owner, and (d) the tail end, e.g. : a) A person in love wants to improve, create, enjoy, be happy (= happy) (VATM 29); <...> Sruoga became morally stronger (= stronger), which helped him to find personal freedom and create a wonderful work “Forest of Gods” (VATM 85); I think this piece shows that not all people know how to remain noble (= noble) in love (VATM 182); He thinks that only he will be happy (= happy), and Elena would only suffer at that time to be free (= to be free), are forced to oppose social norms and rebel against society (VA12); <...> Liudas Vasaris matydama, kaip Garšvą ištinka ligos priepuoliai (VA 10); Taip pat lietuvių literatūros herojai, himself not being too religious (= religious) enters the seminary pushed by his parents (VA 71); b) Thus, from this creation we again see perfectly that love does not make a person neither nobler nor better (= neither nobler nor better) (VA 17); Thus, love often does not make a person noble (= noble), if it becomes “preoccupied” with jealousy, infidelity <...> (VA 28); c) For some it is the goal of life, for others – a simple feeling that simply helps a person become happy (= happy) (VATM 182); The most important task becomes to become a better person, not to be indifferent (= indifferent) to others (VATM 1525); After all, to be noble means to be honest, pure, respectable (= to be noble means to be honest, pure, respectable) (VA 10); In order to be happy (= happy), you need to love and be loved (VA 13); Freedom is to be independent, unrestricted (= independent, unrestricted) (VA 22); Love – warm, pleasant, it caresses the soul, helps to discover oneself, feel stronger (= stronger) (VA 22); Thus, memories that live in us about close people help us not to feel lonely (= lonely) (VA 68); <...> especially love becomes a strong support, allowing not to give up and to remain human (= human) even in the most absurd situations <...> (VA 87); happy (= bright, happy) (VATM 32); Love is able to change every person, is able to 50); This warm feeling changes a person, makes him better (= better) (VA 1); Doing good deeds through the most wonderful feeling makes people better (= makes people better) (VA 6); Look at those people who feel happy in everyday life, what makes them happy in everyday life d) Mykoliuko meilė Severiutei, mano nuomone, padarydavo vaikino dieną šviesia, (= makes them happy)? (VA 8). padaryti žmogų geresniu, švelnesniu, kilnesniu (= geresnį, švelnesnį, kilnesnį) (VATM SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Sintaksės klaidos Vilniaus apskrities abiturientų rašiniuose | 6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Iš visų dvejybinių linksnių tautinių mažumų mokyklų moksleiviai rečiausiai uses a nobleman. In adjectives and adjectively used words, the adverb is often mistakenly used instead of the noun (see Figure 1). 45% 2% 24% 29% Binomial denominator errors Errors of the dual klaidos Dvejybinio nobleman-- beneficiary Errors of the double-back 1 PAV. Frequency of duality humor errors (percentages) in the essays of national minority school graduates Examples of the language of pupils in native-speaking schools show that, unlike in minority schools, the verb is most often incorrectly used instead of the noun (see Figure 2). 35% 4% 43% 18% Binomial denominator errors Errors of the duality nobleman Binary naudininko errors Binary galininko errors 2 PAV. Frequency of binary humorous errors (percentages) in the essays of Lithuanian school pupils SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of Vilnius district graduates | 7 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 1.2. A considerable part of the syntax errors found consists of incorrectly used localities derived from the Russian language. The Russian pronoun has more meanings than the Lithuanian pronoun, its two main meanings are place and time (Šukys 1998b: 43). In the writings there are often some erroneous locals of time meaning, e.g. : But over time (= over time) the feelings of the relatives cool down (VATM 78); Thus, the problems depicted in B. Sruoga’s short story “Forest of Gods” were very relevant in the period of those years (= at that time) (VATM 76); After all, the main character is Jozefota, who goes crazy because of her love for Petriukas, whom we learn during the play (= while reading the play) that he is killed (VATM 50). The locality is frequently visited by students from the nearby schools, such as St. Mary's School. : Love for one’s neighbor, support and compassion for others (= compassion), appreciation of improvement or creation in the course of life (– in life) must provide fulfilment (VA 2). Unuseful Lithuanian pronouns found in several Lithuanian language and literature exam essays of Lithuanian school graduates a) the state (state) of the object, the way; (b) to indicate a reason, e.g. : a) <...> in theatrical uniform (= theatre clothes) the hero of the work feels like a character of J. Strauss’ operetta (VA 116); In the work “White Canvas” the author tries to convey the freedom of the personality in various human times (= tries to convey the freedom of the personality in various ways) (VA 53); <...> constant thinking about old memories is not a good thing, because if we lived in good conditions (= good conditions) and now we live not very well, we need to think forward <...> (VATM 124); b) First of all, the seen image remains in the memory of a person, and as a result (= therefore) a feeling appears that shows the truth of the event (VA 60); Liudas Vasaris very much respected his parents, his opinion, but as a result (= because of it) a person loses true personal freedom (VA 71); Severia can be viewed as a selfish personality, because in the final result (= in the end) it is noted that she loved Mykolik out of pity (VATM 286). Sentences were found in which the pronoun of verb nouns is used incorrectly. According to Jon Šukis, abstract nouns, especially those with the suffix -imas (-ymas) vietininkai netinka – juos reikia keisti pusdalyviu, padalyviu ar šalutiniu sakiniu (žr. Šukys 1998a: 297), e.g. : Tad Agnės kilnumas atsiskleidžia jos susitaikyme ir nekovojime (= jai susitaikant ir without fighting) (VA 74); This is also revealed in the change of his name (= after changing his name) from Mykoliukas to Dzidorių ploughman, who is respected in society (VA 87). SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of Vilnius County graduates | 8 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Translation expressions are also used incorrectly when they do not have a local meaning – such cases were found more in the works of pupils of national minority schools, e.g. : And what could help him more than love (VATM 80); The plot lies in (= such) that once a woman and a man meet while passing by the post office (VATM 192); <...> cigarettes and alcohol can definitely help him (= in such a case) (VATM 386); The nobility of this work lies in (= shows) that love is a very strong force <...> (VA 43). An actual error – in the writings of the students of Vilnius County, there is a common interjectional internal pronoun (iliativ) nadan, which is especially widespread due to the influence of the Russian language and should be used only in special phrases, e.g. : Very often people forget their personal desires and for the sake of (= because of) the happiness of others give up their independent choice (VATM 46); Only a strong feeling like love makes a person look at the world in a different way, to do in its name (= for it) what a person would never allow himself (VATM 80); In this work, exploitation and deception in the name of love are perfectly reflected (VA17); It is difficult to rejoice in our own happiness when we make others unhappy in the name of (= because of) our goals (VA 92); In spite of these circumstances, Mykolik keeps his humility, does not rebel in the name (= for) of his ego (VA 119). 1.3. There are errors in the end user. When the final verb receives the negative ne-, the so-called negative origin, typical of Lithuanian language, is used (see Šukys 1998a: 107), but foreign-language students sometimes incorrectly denote the negative santykius, pvz.: Memory is an unrepeatable feeling that helps us not to forget most of the nobility of (= daugumos) dalykų <...> (VATM 94); Taigi matome, jog meilė suteikia žmogaus everyday life, a person in love, although rejected, but still does not give up his hands In the (= nenuleidžia rankų) <...> (VATM 131). essays of Lithuanian school graduates, only one sentence was found in which the originator of the denial is used incorrectly: However, if you do not admit your guilt (= guilt), the voice of conscience can haunt you for a lifetime (VA 16). 4 Occasionally, graduates incorrectly use the adjective with some verbs, because those verbs control another verb, e.g. : Authors who represented the theme of freedom (= represented the theme) Balys Sruoga, Antanas Škėma show in their literature what is the value and meaning of freedom (VA 53). 4 It may also be a spelling error: instead of ė, e is written. SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of Vilnius County graduates | 9 In BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 the works of foreign-language students, about 21% of sentences with final errors were detected, native speakers – only 6%. 1.4 In some cases, in VATM writings, the noun complement is used with the verb be forms, it should be avoided to indicate a permanent or unchangeable state, e.g. : <...> also we are not always the smiths of our destiny (– blacksmiths) <...> (VATM 446); His object of inspiration (– object) was Severiutė (VATM 447); The 20th century was a difficult period (– a difficult period), since the Second World War took place from 1939 to 1945 (VATM 448); This story is a good example (a good example) that whatever the power of love, much depends on the choice of a person (VATM 449); <...> although there are some people who are volunteers and egoists (– voluntaries and egoists) <...> (VATM 506). When using the noun, the pupils of national minority schools sometimes make the mistake of choosing this noun for an object with full verbs with the prefix pri-, e.g. : Love is a feeling that fills the heart with warm feelings (= warm feelings) (VATM 1191). In the essays of Lithuanian school graduates there was one case when with veiksmažodžiu vartojamas įnagininkas, o ne naudininkas, kurio jis reikalauja: Two years the space surrounding Balius Sruogas was frightening, people were likened to animals (= animals) <...> (VA 21). The examples show that foreign-language graduates are more likely to make errors. 1.5. Several errors of the user were found in the works of pupils of national minority schools. It is less common to use the incorrectly used noun of verb nouns to indicate a purpose, e.g. : Meilė suteikia jėgų ir valios kilnaus tikslo siekimui (= kilniam tikslui siekti) (VATM 550). Incorrectly used noun to indicate time in one sentence, e.g. : And it is precisely the inner one that can see whether love really gives nobility to the individual every day (= every day / every day) (VATM 1522). In summary, it can be said that in foreign-language writings there are various errors, and in the works of native-speaking graduates they are not found. SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of Vilnius County graduates | 16 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 20% 67% 3% 7% 3% Word and sentence connection errors Errors of the participant Errors in word order Errors of the participant 6 PAV. Frequency of sentence structure errors (percentage) VA 3. ERRORS IN THE USE OF ADDITIONS AND INTEGRATIONS Irregular prepositional and postpositional constructions, as mentioned above, were the least common (see Table 4). TABLE 4. Statistics of prepositional and postpositional errors made by foreign and native-speaking graduates subsection Klaidos Kitakalbių errors made Gimtakalbių number of Pavyzdys Error Cents Counting Cents Klaidų errors made ProPrepositierrors ons 21 58.3 3 14.3 Love at all individuals usage Inclinative errors 15 41.7 18 85.7 period, thanks to which usage Total: 36 21 The study showed that foreign-speaking graduates make more prepositional and native speakers – postpositional usage errors. SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Sintaksės klaidos Vilniaus apskrities abiturientų rašiniuose | 17 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 3.1. Rašiniuose dėl slavų kalbos poveikio daroma prielinksnio pas vartojimo errors, e.g. : The most important landmarks for the Witch (= The most important landmarks for the Witch) were the Holy Scripture and Christian ideals (VATM 33); The child wanted normal, decent parents, like everyone else (= like everyone else) (VATM 78); They had only spiritual love (= their love was only spiritual), but that was enough for Mykolik for his whole life (VATM 79); Love gives strong emotions, because you have (= you have) many loving people who give you strength (VATM 326); Love is very different in all individuals (= Love is very different in all individuals) (VATM 500); The writer was one of those romantics who had an unhappy love (= whose love was unhappy) (VATM 552); To the happy, surrounded by beautiful jausmais žmones viskas gerai klostosi (= Laimingų, gražių jausmų apimtų žmonių gyvenimas klostosi gerai) (VATM 1995). Less frequently, this type of error can be found in the writings of Lithuanian school pupils, e.g.: <...> only some memories (= some memories) are deep in memory, while others live with memories <...> (VA 18); In our (= Our) minds are alive the works and memories of other people (VA 58). The data show that often the prefix errors made by foreign-language graduates are taken from the Russian language, e.g. : All this can be compared to a discarded toy <...> (VATM 245); In the novel “Autumn comes through the woods” it is described that autumn is not something to be admired (VATM 326); From day to day (= Day by day) you wait for a little miracle (VATM 1526). More irregular prepositional constructions were found in the essays of national minority school graduates, e.g. : a) with the prefix on: <...> because of love we become happier, on our faces (= in our faces) often appears a smile (VATM 298); <...> while not on so (= so) damaged <...> (VATM 803); b) with the prefix from: <...> in the novel The Forest of Gods, prisoners wore striped uniforms, which deprived them not only of physical but also of moral freedom (VATM 241); Such people stand out from others, because they are not always understood by the surrounding <...> (VATM c) with the preposition before: But Jacob, despite being innocent against the laws of that time, begins to hurt their lives (VATM 528). 669); save (VATM 192); Jausdami pareigą prieš kitus (= kitiems) stengiamės jiems padėti, gerinti SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of the graduates of Vilnius County | BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 18 Some of the graduates of national minority schools incorrectly use translational word combinations in their essays. There are also non-presentable translational combinations with the prefix при (see Russian при чём здесь, e.g. : When reading this work, the question arises, what is special about it and what is added to it (= what is added to it) asmenybės laisvė? (VATM 76). The study shows that non-Lithuanian syntactic constructions, which have arisen as a result of the influence of Slavic languages, are more frequently used in the essays of graduates of national minority schools. 3.2. In the works of pupils of national minority schools there are constructs with the help of adjectives. The choice of these constructions can be based on the principles of language economy and clarity: the tendency to say as short as possible, i.e. reduced, and clearly what was wanted (Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė 2016: 32). This is a list of Russian language abbreviations. For example: : Once he was quite different, but with the help of illness (= because of illness) he became some sort of unself <...> (VATM 124). The writer, with the help of the novel (= novel), was able to answer this question very precisely (VATM 186). The constructions of the noun (with) are also found in the final works of Lithuanian school graduates in Vilnius County, e.g. : This weapon was perfectly mastered and wonderfully knew with its help (= it) to spread the ideas of freedom to people priest Jonas Mačiulis-Maironis (VA 3); With the help of love (= Loving) people often achieve their dreamed goals, overcome fear, colour the grey and gloomy everyday life with warm colors (VA 39); This testifies that even what is forgotten can be remembered with the help of sound (= loudly) (VA 60); Therefore, with the help of flying imagination (= being a flying imagination) he incarnates into a bat, so that at least with the tip of his eye he can see his beloved and be near her (VA 61); Thus Irusia, when she grew up and became a woman, only with the help of memory (= remembering) could understand where her value base came from. (VA 118). It is used in both prepositional and postpositional forms, but most often in relation to objects and phenomena (e.g., благодаря кому). : The Romantic writer Antanas Baranauskas in his work “Anykščių šilelis” (Anykščių ridge) very clearly described the image of the ridge of Anykščiai thanks to the power of memories and imagination (VATM 94); They are grateful to nature, thanks to which they have (= from which they get) food (VATM 504); Only through books (= reading books) can we even imagine what love is (VATM 1997); accumulated during the world wars patirties dėka (= sukaupęs patirties) A. Škėma atrado būdą, kaip pabėgti nuo žiaurios SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of Vilnius district graduates | 19 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 realities (VA 16); Thanks to captivity (= Being in captivity) Sruoga finds himself on the brink of death <...> (VA 71); Thanks to some events (= After certain events) or sometimes by going to the same place where something happened, a person can suddenly remember <...> (VA (= 72); <...> pagrindinis veikėjas-pasakotojas bohemiško gyvenimo būdo dėka living a bohemian life) is able to resist, and love for Tula is the engine of life and joy (VA 87). In some cases, the word is used to refer to a period of time (e.g., in the Russian language, пару лет (веков) назад). : A couple of years ago (= A couple of years ago) I felt hopeless <...> (VATM 98); However, a couple of centuries back (= a couple of centuries ago) because of the cruel behaviour of whites, blacks were taken into slavery <...> (VA 36). One sentence was found, in which the word account is used in the syllable meaning, e.g. : But if love is achieved at the expense of others (= if love is achieved by hurting others), a person can never feel fully (= completely) happy and enjoy his love (VA 92). 58% 42% Errors in the use of prefixes Errors in the use of adverbs 7 PAV. Frequency of prepositional and postpositional errors (percentages) VATM Prepositional errors in the works of foreign-language graduates account for about Dažniau klaidingai vartojami prielinksniai pas, į, ant, rečiau – prie ir su. Iš netinkamai 58% (see Figure 7). of the adverbs used (about 42 per cent) are mentioned help, thanks and back. Value thanks as rodo tyrimo medžiaga, būdingesnis tautinių mažumų mokyklų abiturientams. SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of Vilnius district graduates | 20 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 14% 86% Errors in the use of prefixes Errors in the use of adverbs 8 PAV. Frequency of prepositional and postpositional errors (percentages) Native speakers of the VA are least likely to make prepositional and postpositional errors (see Figure 8). It was found only in the 21st manuscript. This represents about 14% of the prepositional errors, among which the most common are the incorrect constructions of lieka polinksnių klaidoms – pastebėta, kad dažniausiai netaisyklingai vartojamos the prepositions pas and dans. Almost 86% of inclines thanks to and help, rarely – back and at the expense of construction. CONCLUSIONS 1.The 2014 state examination of Lithuanian language and literature of Vilnius County national minorities and Lithuanian schools found three types of syntax errors – use of verbs, prepositions and conjunctions and inappropriate sentence structure. The analysis of the data shows that non-native speakers make a third more mistakes. The study allows to draw general conclusions. 1.1 One of the main errors made in all writings are humorous errors, they make up a similar percentage in both native speakers and foreign language writings. The most frequent group of errors is the non-use of bilingual verbs, such errors were found more in the works of native speakers, and the reason for this could be that this way of expression is chosen more often. Pupils of both types of schools make mistakes when using the local verb: in the essays of graduates of national minority schools, errors in the use of local verbs with a temporal meaning are more frequent, while in Lithuanian schools, errors are made in the use of the current internal local verb. 1.3 Foreign-language graduates outperform native-language graduates by a considerable margin in their writings by using the infinitive incorrectly instead of the genitive of the negation. SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Syntax errors in the essays of Vilnius district graduates | 21 2. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 The second group of syntactic errors is sentence structure errors. 2.1. The predominant error of this type is the incorrect use of the participle. It is also used by graduates of national minorities and Lithuanian schools. The nature of the errors and their relationship indicate that there may be the same reason – it is inconceivable that the participant is not suitable to express the secondary action of the same actor in personal sentences. 2.2 Unlike native speakers, probably due to the influence of Russian language, the writings of foreign-language graduates are rich in constructions that 3. Trečias klaidų tipas, būdingas ir gimtakalbių, ir kitakalbių rašiniams, – express a communicative purpose. incorrect use of prepositions and conjunctions. 3.1 Due to the influence of the Russian language, the majority of prepositional errors in the works of pupils of national minority schools consist of incorrectly used constructions of prepositions pas and in. 3.2.The students of Lithuanian schools are characterized by faulty use of the adverbs dėka and pagalba. The results show that the syntax errors that occur in the writings occur in the works of daugiausia atsiradusios dėl slavų kalbų poveikio. Iš rusų kalbos išsiverstų žodžių junginių both foreign and native-speaking school pupils. By analogy with the Russian language, syntactic constructions are established as the norm in the consciousness. Apparently, the language used in the family and by the surrounding people, as well as the media, which in both written and spoken texts are full of language errors typical of the graduates’ writings, also have an influence. LITERATŪRA Bielinskienė A. 2004: Dėl jungtuko bei vartosenos dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje. – Kalbos kultūra 77, 119–123. KP S1: Kalbos patarimai. Kn. 2. Sintaksė: 1. Linksnių vartojimas. Sud. Rita Miliūnaitė, teksto aut. Vitas Labutis, Aldonas Pupkis ir Jonas Šukys. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2009. KP S2: Kalbos patarimai. Kn. 2. Sintaksė: 2. Įvairūs dalykai. Sud. Rita Miliūnaitė, teksto aut. Vitas Labutis ir Aldonas Pupkis. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2009. Piročkinas A. 1990: Administracinės kalbos kultūra, Vilnius: Mintis. Šukys J. 1998a: Lietuvių kalbos linksniai ir prielinksniai: vartosena ir normos, Kaunas: Šviesa. SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ. Sintaksės klaidos Vilniaus apskrities abiturientų rašiniuose | 22 BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Šukys J. 1998b: Taisyklingi ir klaidingi vietininkai, normų ribos. – Gimtasis žodis 4, 43– 46. Urnėžiūtė R. 2015: Mūsų mokslo ateities kalba. – Gimtoji kalba 1, 14–20. Vadovėlių rankraščių kalbos apžvalga. Prieiga internete: http://www.vlkk.lt/aktualiausios-temos/svietimas/vadoveliuaprobavimas/vadoveliu-rankrasciu-kalbos-apzvalga (žiūrėta 2016 11 02). Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė 2016: Daiktavardžio pagalba įnagininko desemantizacija. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 74, 9–39. Įteikta 2016 12 05 Adopted on 20 January 2017 SOLVITA LABANAUSKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]