Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language PRESENTATION OF HEADWORD MEANINGS IN THE DICTIONARY OF STANDARD LITHUANIAN KEYWORDS: dictionary, standard language, language standardization, Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, meaning, definition. INTRODUCTORY NOTES The Institute of the Lithuanian Language has been compiling the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (hereafter, the D)1 for quite some time; for more on this, see Liutkevičienė 2014b: 15–19. At present, 70 author’s sheets have been published online, comprising dictionary entries for headwords and phrases beginning with the letters b, c, č, d, e, ę, ė, f, h, j, o, z2. Texts for other letters (a, g, k, l, m, r, š, t, ž) have also begun to be uploaded3. One might wonder why dictionary entries are uploaded out of sequence, rather than alphabetically. This is because non-prefixed verbs are written and edited first, and only then prefixed verbs, since it would be difficult to edit, for example, the entries for aplenkti, nulenkti, sulenkti, užlenkti before the entry for the base word lenkti has been edited, and so on. The 70 author’s sheets mentioned above do not include the separate section of the D, the Headword List4, which comprises 82 author’s sheets online. The Headword List was uploaded because the D is not yet complete; thus, if users cannot find a word in the dictionary, they can check whether it is in the Headword List—if it is there, that means it is, or will be, included in the dictionary. In the Headword List, the word is marked for stress, its part of speech is given, and a single usage example is usually added. For example: footnote noun A footnote is usually set in a different, smaller typeface. pabėgti verb Run away harder, maybe someone will hear. skaniai adv. I like to eat deliciously. 1 Available online http://bkz.lki.lt/. 2 These letters are shown in blue on the D website, meaning that all dictionary entries beginning with those letters have been uploaded. 3 These letters are shown in red on the D website, meaning that only some of the dictionary entries have been uploaded. Letters shown in black have not yet begun to be uploaded to the internet. 4 Available online http://bkz.lki.lt/antrastynas/. – BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 2 It should be noted that, as in other lexicographic sources, words included in the Headword List can also be found using the Google search engine. The Headword List, like the BLK, is not a finished product—its information is continually updated. Whenever something is changed in the dictionary, it is also changed in the Headword List. These changes are most often related to accentuation (changes to accentuation norms) or to correcting noticed inaccuracies or proofreading errors. The dates of dictionary updates are indicated on the first page of the BLK and in the News section. The aim of this article is to show how word meanings are presented in the BLK and how this presentation differs from the presentation of meanings in other dictionaries. 1. WRITING THE BLK TEXT IN LEXICAL-SEMANTIC GROUPS The BLK has several objectives: to include words not recorded in other dictionaries (terms, international words, words denoting new realities, and already well-known lexemes); to provide correct accentuation; to codify several levels of standard-language norms; and to show syntactic combinability, certain morphological features, and so on. However, its principal purpose, as with most dictionaries, is to explain words and reveal the lexical-semantic system. For this reason, the dictionary devotes particular attention to the meaning(s) of a headword or phrase. Consequently, some of the dictionary text was written and edited not alphabetically, but in lexical-semantic groups; see also Lazauskaitė, Liutkevičienė 1998: 205–217; Liutkevičienė 2006: 9–18; Murmolaitytė 2006: 34–54; Naktinienė 2006: 19–31; Naktinienė 2011: 150–164; Sakalauskienė 2003: 106–113; Zaikauskas, Jasionytė 2006: 149–169. The primary source for the BLK was the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian5 (hereafter DŽ), so it is worth comparing how the same words are described in the two dictionaries. Cf.: DŽ BLK balzāmas (2) <...> a certain strong drink balzāmas noun, singular (2) <...> a strong, dark alcoholic drink containing natural balsams and extracts of various plants <...> 5 When compiling the initial BLK Headword List, words were collected from the third edition of the DŽ, but in the article the BLK is compared with the seventh (online) edition of the DŽ. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 3 ròmas (2) a strong, intoxicating drink made from sugarcane juice ròmas6 noun, singular (2) a strong alcoholic drink made from sugarcane juice or molasses <...> alùs (4) a refreshing drink, usually made from barley malt and hops<...> alùs noun, singular (4) a mildly alcoholic drink, usually made from barley malt and hops <...> limonadas (2) a refreshing drink with lemon (or other fruit) juice or essence limonadas noun (1) a refreshing drink made from fruit or berry juices and essences, water, and sugar <...> gaivà (4) <...> a refreshing drink of this kind (usually made from fruit) <...> gaivà noun, singular (4) <...> a refreshing drink, usually made from fruit <...> girà (4) a slightly sour refreshing drink <...> girà noun, singular (4) a refreshing drink made by fermenting dried bread, dried fruit, etc. <...> In both dictionaries, drinks are defined as intoxicating (alcoholic) or refreshing. However, the definition of the word balzamas in DŽ does not include these semantic features (intoxicating or refreshing); their presence can only be inferred from the word stiprus. DŽ uses both definite and indefinite forms: svaigusis (rum), svaigus (beer), gaivusis (gaiva, gira), gaivus (lemonade). In the definitions in BŽ, an effort has been made to follow the formula “a drink made from”; it is departed from when other aspects are considered more important (as in the case of balzamo). DŽ defines drinks more freely, using several formulas: “a certain drink” (balzamas), “(modifiers) drink” (gira), “a drink made from” (rum), “a drink made from” (beer), “a drink with” (lemonade). Such inconsistencies are minor details, but when writing and editing dictionary entries for words in thematic groups, they are much easier to avoid. Let us look at how words from a completely different lexical-semantic group—zoological terms—are described; these are also accompanied by their Latin names: DŽ BŽ balañ̃dis (2) 1. a bird of this kind, a dove (Columba) <...> balañ̃dis noun (2) 1. a bird that lives freely in cities, with grayish, bluish, 6 The words romas, alus, limonadas, gaiva, gira have already been written, but have not yet made it into the online BLK, so their edited dictionary entries may still change. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne |4 with white and other plumage, a small head with a curved beak, short legs; syn. domestic pigeon <...> goose, ~ės m. zool. (4) a large wild and domestic waterfowl (Anser) <...> goose, goose noun feminine (4) 1. a large, strong-swimming wild or domestic waterfowl with a long neck and broad bill (usually the greylag goose, Anser) <...> nuthatch zool. (2) a passerine bird that climbs tree trunks (Sitta europaea) nuthatch noun (2) a sparrow-sized bird that climbs tree trunks (Sitta europaea) <...> linnet zool. (2) a finch-family bird that nests in gardens and hedges (Acanthis cannabina) linnet noun (2) a small bird with grey and brown plumage that nests in gardens and hedges (usually the common linnet, Acanthis cannabina, Carduelis cannabina) <...> As the examples show, the definitions in BŽ are more consistent here as well. All four definitions in DŽ differ: goose is described very similarly to BŽ; the definition of linnet specifies the order, the family for the linnet, and the pigeon is a kind of bird (underlined by the article’s author) or the same as a dove. It should be noted that the dove is defined comprehensively in DŽ, cf. “a bird with gray, bluish, white, and other feathers, a large crop, a pigeon (Columba).” In BŽ, in such cases, the comprehensive definition is repeated under both synonyms. Now, the synonym of pigeon is considered to be not just any dove, but a domestic pigeon, so this information was clarified in BŽ. The Domestic pigeon is the primary term, and therefore the Latin name will also be added to its definition in the latter dictionary (rather than to the definition of a pigeon). The Latin name will also be уточнено. Incidentally, it is not so easy to provide the exact Lithuanian scientific and Latin names of this bird. The Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia (hereafter VLE) states: “A feral domestic pigeon, or pigeon (C. livia), descended from the rock dove, is common in cities” (VLE IX: 515). Thus, domestic pigeon and pigeon are synonyms, and the domestic pigeon is the primary term. However, the following information is found in two sources listed in the Terminology Bank of the Republic of Lithuania (hereafter TB): “rock dove <...> Columba livia <...> synonym – domestic pigeon <...>” (PAT 2002), and “rock dove <...> Columba livia <...>” (PPŽ 2009). Accordingly, according to TB, the primary term is no longer domestic pigeon, but rock dove, and only one of these sources indicates that they are synonyms. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 5 Wikipedia7 provides information as follows: “The rock dove (Latin Columba livia) is a bird in the pigeon family (Columbidae). About 15 subspecies are distinguished. Only the domesticated form Columba livia f. domestica is found in our country, and it is commonly called the domestic pigeon.” The information is very similar to that in VLE, but another Latin name appears. A search on the internet using the Google search engine reveals that this Latin name is recorded in many other sources as well. So, what is a pigeon? A domestic pigeon or a rock dove? Columba livia or Columba livia f. domestica? Are the domestic pigeon and the rock dove the same, or not? For now, therefore, the BŽ editors treat pigeon and domestic pigeon as synonyms; however, when the dictionary entry for domestic pigeon is edited, they will reassess the information available and look for new information. Let us return to the bukutis and the čiuvlys. As for the choice between family and flock in the DŽ definitions, the compilers of that dictionary presumably chose one word or the other (family or flock) for a reason and had particular considerations in mind, but such inconsistency seems rather odd to an ordinary dictionary reader. Questions may arise about the Latin names given in parentheses in the BŽ definition of the čiuvlys. Sometimes a single (Lithuanian) zoological or botanical term can have two or more Latin names (synonyms). Thus, BŽ gives both (or more). One more point is worth mentioning: in the dictionary entries for goose and čiuvlys, the abbreviation ppr. tikroji žąsis, ppr. eurazinis čiovylis appears in parentheses before the Latin name. This means that the terminological (scientific) name of these birds is the one given in parentheses, followed by its Latin name. When ppr. (usually) is placed before a scientific name, it means that when we say goose, we usually mean that particular true goose (because it is the most common, best known, or the like in Lithuania), but there may also be “other kinds of geese.” Thus, goose is not Anser, and čiovylis is not Acanthis cannabina (as stated in DŽ). Cf. TB: geese, Latin Anserinae, narrower terms medžąsės, šlakuotosios anty s, vištinės žąsys; geese, Latin And erini, narrower terms berniklės, gulbės, koskorobos, tikrosios žąsys. Also cf. čiuvyliai, Latin Carduelinae, narrower terms akiniuotieji kikiliai, amerikiniai svilikai, auksagalviai kikiliai, auksasparniai svilikai, Bonino salos svilikai, čiuvyliai; čiuvyliai, Latin Carduelis, narrower terms amerikinis alksninukas, andinis alksninukas, antilinis alksninukas, barzdotasis alksninukas, eurazinis alksninukas, eurazinis čiovylis. This terminological information would probably only confuse non-specialists and would likely be of no use to them. BŽ therefore aims to provide not all the information, but information that is relevant to readers and easy to understand. It also includes not only zoological but also 7The compilers of BŽ use this online encyclopedia as an additional source, and rely on the information it provides only when it is corroborated by other sources as well. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 6 botanical terms, cf.: potato a garden plant with a branched stem that produces such tubers (usually the common potato, Solanum tuberosum); eggplant a warm-region plant that produces such fruits (usually the common eggplant, Solanum melongena); hyssop an aromatic medicinal, culinary, nectar-producing subshrub with clusters of blue flowers (usually common hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis). We can look at which main semes the two dictionaries choose to describe certain animals; cf.: DŽ BŽ hedgehog animal animal zebra animal animal monkey mammal animal hippopotamus mammal animal horse livestock animal fallow deer livestock animal cow livestock animal deer ruminant animal yak ruminant animal buffalo ox animal bison horned animal animal roe deer herbivore animal giraffe herbivore animal antelope even-toed ungulate animal European bison even-toed ungulate animal BŽ chose the word animal as the main seme. As can be seen, the semes in DŽ differ considerably, and their selection raises questions. Why are only the monkey and the hippopotamus identified as mammals, although the other animals under discussion are mammals too? The primary meaning of livestock is domestic mammal, so this seme should not be included in the dictionary entry for fallow deer. Ruminants include not only the deer and the yak, but also (from the list under consideration) the fallow deer, cow, bison, roe deer, giraffe, antelope, European bison. The horned animal definition is applied to the bison, but the fallow deer, cow, deer, yak, buffalo, roe deer, antelope, and European bison also have horns. Herbivores include not only the roe deer and the giraffe, but also most of the animals on this list. Even-toed ungulates include, in addition to the antelope and the European bison defined this way, the cow, buffalo, and bison. Taken separately, the word indicated for each entry BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 7 The information is correct, but the realia of a given species must nevertheless be defined consistently. It is not possible to include all the semes mentioned here in the definition8, so one or two must be selected and applied to all similar words. In the BŽ, dictionary entries for some parts of speech—interjections, pronouns, exclamations, particles, numerals, and groups of particular adjectives, verbs, etc.—were also written and edited in lexical-semantic groups. Cf.: DŽ BŽ burdi̇̀nkšt interj. kebėriȯ̀kšt burdi̇̀nkšt interj. used to depict the impression of an unexpected noisy fall <...> burkū̃ burkū̃ interj. to describe the sound of a dove burkū̃ interj., burkū̃ used when repeated to imitate cooing (usually of a dove) <...> čėrkšt interj. tarkšt čėrkšt interj., čėrkšt used to imitate the sound of a sharp snap or crackle; syn. tarkšt <...> In the BŽ, interjections are most often defined using the formulas “<...> to imitate a sound” or “<...> to depict an impression.” The latter definition means that the action denoted by an interjection is not only heard but also seen. As the examples show, DŽ interjections are defined in various ways: by a synonym (čėrkšt), by a synonym with an additional explanation (burdi̇̀nkšt), and descriptively (burkū̃). The same can be said of the description of exclamations: the BŽ gives formulaic definitions, whereas the definitions in DŽ vary: DŽ BŽ cibà, ciba excl. the sound of calling a goat <...> cibà excl., ciba said repetitively when calling a goat <...> jùkš colloq. excl. ukš, uis (when driving pigs) jùkš excl. said when driving a pig <...> kàč excl. used repetitively to call a cat9 kàč excl. said repetitively when calling a cat <...> 8 Cf. what a word defined by all the semes (actually characteristic of it) would look like: stumbas – an animal, mammal, herbivore, ruminant, horned animal, even-toed ungulate. 9 This definition is ambiguous overall—if we understand the word šaukiama as a modifier, the head word of the definition will be katė, and the definition will then be nominal. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 8 2. DISTINGUISHING MEANINGS AND SHADES OF MEANING In the BŽ, meanings are marked with numbers, as in other dictionaries. Shades of meaning are marked with the sign |. For example: balsuotojas, balsuotoja noun (1) a person who is entitled to vote in an election, referendum, or the like: List of voters. There were fewer voters than ever in these local elections. • cf. rinkėjas. | a person who votes: We invite all voters to take part in our website's other contests as well. baltagalvis, baltagalvė adj. (2) having a white head: A white-headed pigeon [dove]. White-headed sheep. Tethered for the night in Paklūonė, Sartis gobbles up white-headed flowers. | white-haired, grey-haired: A portrait of the white-haired Vydūnas. It is lovely to watch the singing, white-haired grandmothers. The sign | separates not only a shade of meaning but also certain other items—it is placed before the abbreviations aukšt. (comparative degree), aukšč. (superlative degree), įvr. (pronominal form), neig. (verb with a negative particle10), sngr. (reflexive form), beasm. (impersonal usage), prk. (figurative usage). For example: ėdrùs, ėdrì adj. (4) 1. eating a lot; syn. rajus: <...> | comparative: When the weather turns cold, the cat gets even more voracious. | superlative: This puppy is the most voracious of all four. optimistiškai adv. → o p t i m i s t i š k a s 1: <...> | comparative: His work should be assessed more optimistically. <...>. ekstremaliai adv. while taking risks, going beyond usual limits: <...> | superlative: To receive the prize for the racer who drove most extremely. detalùs, detalì adj. (4) with all the details: What a detailed report! | pronominal form: A detailed city plan. dvidešim̃tas, dvidešim̃tą ordinal numeral (4) following the nineteenth: <...> | pronominal form: The twentieth century. hiperbolizuoti, hiperbolizuoja, hiperbolizãvo verb (what) to deliberately exaggerate when describing something: <...> | negative: Don't exaggerate the situation—it isn't that bad. žiebti, žiebia, žiebė verb 1. (what) to light (a light), kindle (a fire): <...> | reflexive (where): One after another, the lamps lit up.<...> 10Other parts of speech with a negative particle are given separate dictionary entries. In the future, the same should be done with negative verbs, as well as reflexive verbs and reflexive nouns. For more on this, see Murmulaitytė 2012: 71–91. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 9 to drizzle, drizzles, drizzled verb. to rain in fine drops; syn. to sprinkle: Fine rain drizzled all morning. | impers.: It’s drizzling outside; take an umbrella. It should be noted that the sign | before the abbreviations sup., sup., prn., refl. is used only when the words they indicate also have neutral forms—that is, the positive degree, non-pronominal and non-reflexive forms. When these forms are absent, the abbreviations are presented differently; cf.: low, lower adj. (4) <...> 7. sup. preceding something higher, more complex: The Supreme Court overturned the decision of the lower court. Decisions of the lowest-level court may be appealed to both the regional and Supreme Courts. <...> 8. sup. prn. simpler, less developed, evolved: Lower organisms [animals]. Lower plants. <...> two-hundredth, two-hundredth num. ord. rel. prn. (4) following the one hundred ninety-ninth: The two-hundredth visitor. The two-hundredth part. to laugh, laughs, laughed verb. refl. 1. to show merriment, joy, etc., through one’s voice and facial expression: Laughter is healthy. The children laughed happily [loudly]. Why are you laughing? He laughs as if he’d found a piece of iron (folkl.). The abbreviation neg. for negative verbs is used only when the syntactic valency of the simple and negative verbs differs (to annoy someone / not to annoy someone [in the genitive]). When the valency does not differ, the abbreviation is not used11, e.g.: to yell, yells, yelled verb. <...> 4. (at someone) colloq. to speak loudly, in a raised voice; syn. to shout, to bawl: The boss will yell again and call us lazy. Don’t yell at me; you’re the one at fault. Ma’am, don’t bawl as if you were being slaughtered; let me say something too. The marking of figurative use is worth mentioning separately. It is indicated after the same sign | and the abbreviation fig. For example: wedding noun pl. (2) marriage ceremony, wedding: Wedding rites. | fig.: The union of these two parties is in the making. bait noun (4) food used to lure animals, birds, or fish; syn. lure: Scatter some bait. | fig.: A lure set by thieves for unsuspecting shoppers. to dry up, dries up (dries, dries out), dried up verb. 4. (from something, near something) colloq. to grow thin, waste away, diminish: He is wasting away from worry. | fig.: Why are you always holed up with your books?! 11A question may arise as to why sup., sup. and prn. are marked in every instance (when such forms occur in the text), whereas neg. is not. This is because in the first three cases the stress often differs from that indicated for the headword. In negative verbs, however, only the form differs (and it is visible as such anyway), and the syntactic valency may differ; therefore, this is indicated when it does. But, as mentioned earlier, the plan is to create separate entries for such verbs in the future. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 10 If the usage is not merely figurative but an established meaning has already developed, it is marked as a meaning, and the abbreviation prk. (figurative) is no longer written, e.g.: duobė noun (4) <...> 3. difficult situation: Financial pit. Get out of a pit. dúoklė noun (1) <...> 2. contribution, tribute: To pay tribute to children's literature. At the first showing – a tribute to femininity. The editors of BŽ maintain that once a separate meaning has developed, it no longer matters whether it is figurative or not. Many meanings have developed in this way, but no one regards them as figurative. For example, in the phrases the road goes, unemployment grows, prices rise, the meaning of the verbs is also figurative, but it is not marked as such in dictionaries. See also Mikulskas 2006: 146–147 on this. 3. WORDS IN DEFINITIONS OF MEANINGS All words used in definitions of meanings, except personal names, are included in the dictionary as headwords and explained. Therefore, some rarer or more specialized words that would not otherwise have been included in the dictionary’s headword list also had to be added and defined; cf.: DŽ BŽ juod(a)õdlis, ~ė (2) noun a person whose skin is black; a person of the Black race juodaõdis, juodaõdė noun (2) a person of the Black race <...> The word juodaodis appears in both dictionaries, but BŽ does not distinguish the nuance of meaning “a person whose skin is black” (since it is difficult to imagine a situation in which a person has black skin but does not belong to the Black race). Because the term Black race is used to explain the meaning, under BŽ’s compilation system it too must be defined: DŽ BŽ none Black race the race of Africa, Australia, and Oceania; syn. Australonegridai: Very dark, almost black skin is characteristic both of the African Black race (Negroids) and of the Australian Black race (Australian Aboriginals, Australoids). BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 11 When collecting and examining material about this term, it became clear that the main term is Australonegridai (the black race is a secondary variant12), and therefore, although the word is less familiar, it must be included in the BŽ. DŽ BŽ none Australonegridai n. pl. (2) a race of Africa, Australia, and Oceania; syn. black race: Australonegridams are characterized by dark skin, hair, and eye color; tightly curled hair, a broad, flat nose, and thick, everted lips. Australonegridai are divided into two sub-races: Negridai and Australidai. • cf. Australidai, Negridai. According to the BŽ compilation system, that would be sufficient, but an important fact emerges: this race is divided into two sub-races, and so their names are also included in the BŽ: DŽ BŽ none Australidai n. pl. (2) a branch of the Australonegridai race, found in Australia and Oceania: Australidai (unlike Negridai) are characterized by wavy hair, a particularly broad nose, and pronounced body hair. • cf. Australonegridai, Negridai. none Negridai n. pl. (2) a branch of the Australonegridai race, found in Africa and America: Negridai are characterized by dark skin, tightly curled hair, a long head, and thick, everted lips. • cf. Australidai, Australonegridai. It should be emphasized that both synonyms and information marked with the abbreviation plg.—compare—are part of the definition. Therefore, these words must also be defined. For more on the cases in which plg. is used, see Liutkevičienė 2014: 219–229. 4. FORMULATION OF DEFINITIONS The meanings have been explained as accurately, unambiguously, and clearly as possible. One might think that this is how they should be presented. Nevertheless, it is necessary to clarify what is meant. Cf. the definition of the verb buriuoti in DŽ and BŽ: 12 Another name for this race is the equatorial race (VLE II: 275), but it too is secondary and considerably less common than the black race, so it is not included in BŽ. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 12 DŽ BŽ burliúoti, ~iúoja, ~iãvo to sail in a sailing vessel: ~iúoja against the wind. buriúoti, buriúoja, buriãvo verb (with what, with whom, against what, what) to sail or glide with sails raised (in a sailing vessel, on a sailing sledge, on a windsurf board, or using other sailing equipment): To sail against the wind. To windsurf (with) a board [using power kites]. The thirteen-year-old has already sailed alone in the open sea several times. | (what): I get the most rest while sailing a yacht [iceboat]. A closer look at the DŽ definition makes it clear that it is inadequate. First of all, a passenger can also “sail in a sailing vessel,” but does not sail the vessel. Moreover, nowadays one can sail not only vessels but also other kinds of sailing equipment. The BŽ definition has therefore been expanded, and usage examples illustrating the semantic environment of the word buriuoti have also been selected. As regards accuracy, another example would be appropriate; cf.: DŽ BŽ daugiašakn|is, ~ė (2) having many roots: a ~ė bladderwort daugiašaknis, daugiašaknė adjective (2) 1. having many roots (sense 1): A plant with many roots. 2. having many roots (sense 2): A tooth with many roots. The word šaknis has six meanings in both BŽ and DŽ. How many meanings does the word daugiašaknis have? According to BŽ, two; according to DŽ, apparently six—but is that really so? Cf. DŽ¹⁴: šaknìs, ~iẽs, ~į̃ noun (4) 1. the underground part of a plant by which it anchors itself and takes in nutrients: He uprooted the tree with its roots. Buttress roots. A willow twig stuck in the ground puts out roots. A silent pig roots deeply (proverb). 2. the part of a hair, tooth, etc. that is inside the body: He pulled out the root of the tooth. 3. the origin or source of something: The roots of evil. 4. the basic part of a word, without its prefix, suffix, or ending. 5. a quantity which, when raised to a certain power, yields the given number: Taking the square root of nine gives us three. 6. a solution of an equation. 13 The number of the sense of the word being defined is given in parentheses only when it is not clear from the wording of the definition itself which sense is intended. 14The same meanings are distinguished in BŽ, so it is not quoted. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 13 The first two meanings of the word daugiašaknis, -ė are indeed familiar, but the others are questionable or at least uncommon15. BŽ also seeks to avoid the flawed circular definitions often found in DŽ. Cf.: DŽ BŽ čerlkšti, ~škia, ~škė 1. chirp, twitter, trill. <...> čerkšti, čerškia, čerškė verb. 1. make short, shrill sounds (of birds, animals); syn. čirkšti: The magpie is chattering—guests will come. The bird chattered as it defended its nest. Thrushes attacked, chattering. čirlkšti, ~škia, ~škė 1. chirp, trill: The sparrow, cricket ~škia. <...> čirkšti, čirškia, čirškė verb. 1. (of/in) make short, shrill sounds (of non-singing birds, insects); syn. čerkšti, čirpti, svirpti: The sparrow [cricket] chirps. Grasshoppers chirped in the meadow. čirplti, ~ia, ~ė 1. chirp, trill (of a cricket, little bird). <...> čirpti, čirpia, čirpė verb. 1. make a chirping sound (of insects, some non-singing birds); syn. čirpti: Grasshoppers [crickets] chirped all day long. svirplti, ~ia, ~ė chirp (of a cricket). svirpti. svirpia. svirpė verb. (of/in) make a chirping sound (of insects); syn. čirkšti, čirpti: A cricket chirped annoyingly nearby. From the DŽ definitions, it still is not clear what action is being described, except that it is characteristic of a cricket and (perhaps not always?) a small bird. The BŽ definitions are very similar to one another, but these words are synonyms, and, moreover, readers immediately see the definition next to the word they need. 15 One can, of course, imagine a many-rooted evil; the internet also yields a many-rooted path, but this is more a metaphor than a separate meaning. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne |14 5. ALPHABETICAL PRESENTATION OF ALL HEADWORDS IN THE BENDRINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ŽODYNAS (DICTIONARY OF STANDARD LITHUANIAN) For the sake of precision and clarity in definitions, the BŽ has abandoned the nested-entry method of presenting words; this has also been discussed in other articles, cf. Liutkevičienė, Naktinienė, Vosylytė 2010: 235–251; Murmulaitytė 2012: 71–91; Sakalauskienė 2005: 153–161. This means that verbal and adjectival abstracts, adverbs, and diminutives also have their own dictionary entries with definitions, grammatical information, and illustrative examples. In this way, the entire system of meanings is much more clearly visible than when these words are presented under a single headword, as is done in DŽ. The information about the words ėjėjas and ėjimas in DŽ and BŽ can be compared: DŽ BŽ eiti, eina, ėjo <…> ėjėjas, ~a (1) n. ėjimas (2) (eiti – 23 meanings) eiti, eina, ėjo v. <…> (eiti – 27 meanings) ėjėjas, ėjėja n. (1) one who walks (usually said of a person); syn. ėjikas: A good walker always gets there. You’re a poor walker. ėjimas n. (2) 1. usually sing. → eiti 1: Walking competition. 2. usually sing. → eiti 2: He got tired of going to work every day. 3. usually sing. → eiti 4: The horse’s gait is like thunder! 4. usually sing. → eiti 6: A guard’s round. 5. usually sing. → eiti 9: We drove there through the very middle of the ice. 6. usually sing. → eiti 14: A bid for power. 7. in draughts, chess, and similar games, one player’s move: Make a move. As can be seen, the information in DŽ about the words ėjėjas, -a and ėjimas consists only of their stress patterns. Another, much more ambiguous issue is the same question once again: how many meanings do these two words have—do they really have all twenty-three meanings of the base verb? In the view of the BŽ editors, ėjėjas, -a has only one meaning, while ėjimas has seven. Formally, derivatives with the suffix -imas can be formed from any meaning of eiti, since these would be regular derivatives, but would they be real, widespread, conventional lexical items? Cf. the several meanings of eiti given in DŽ: BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 15 to go, goes, went <...> 5. to travel: The train, bus goes <...> 12. to fit, hold: How much grain will go into that sack? <...> 14. to be in demand: These goods sell well. 15. to be consumed, used up: Bread sells fast. Firewood is much in demand. 16. to be sent, transported: The letter took a long time to arrive. A lot of goods pass through that port. 17. to be earned, received: A large income came from the garden. He receives a pension.<...> 19. to become, turn into: Rye turns into darnel. The porridge becomes lumpy. The days grow longer. <...> 21. to go well, prosper: His studies are going well. The work went excellently. <...> 23. to be shown: Today the play “Skirgaila” is on at the theater. A good film was showing. <...> Now let us try to form abstract nouns from these meanings of the verb to go. Grain going into a sack? Firewood going? A pension coming in? “Skirgaila” being on at the theater? And so on. Clearly, any editor would correct such word combinations. As for names of agents, semantics would prevent even the formal creation of twenty-three lexemes ėjėjas, -a. 6. CHANGING THE NORMATIVE EVALUATION OF SOME MEANINGS The BŽ contains no words marked as unacceptable or to be avoided. The normative evaluation of some words previously considered such has changed; they are now recommended for use and are therefore included in the BŽ. For more details, see Liutkevičienė 2015: 5. The same applies to some word meanings. For example, with the approval of the Dictionary Subcommission of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language, it was decided to include in the BŽ the following meanings of words previously considered nonstandard: deleguoti16; draugiškas, -a; blizgėti: delegúoti, delegúoja, delegãvo verb. <...> 2. (to whom, what) to transfer with authority, authorize to carry out: The municipality delegates its functions to residents. For any organization to work effectively, managers must delegate authority to their employees. When necessary, the association president delegates powers to the vice presidents. draugiškas, draugiška adj. (1) <...> 5. safe, suitable, favorable, adapted for human use: The website is friendly to various search engines. Our store has customer-friendly prices even without discounts. A university friendly to people with disabilities aims to provide equal opportunities for all students. 6. harmless, not damaging to the environment: The company manufactures high-quality cars that are safe and friendly to people and the environment. Environmentally friendly gas stations are equipped with pollution-reducing devices. 16 See also the Consultation Bank of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 16 blizgėti, blizga, blizgėjo verb. <...> 3. (with what) colloq. to make a good impression, look excellent, distinguish oneself; syn. shine: Before the elections, the parties once again want to shine with well-known faces. Since childhood, he has stood out for his exceptional musical talents. | neg. (with what): This semester, the second-year students’ knowledge is certainly not shining. That celebrity in the entertainment world is no intellectual. GENERAL REMARKS 1. Part of the BŽ text was written and edited not in alphabetical order, but in lexical-semantic groups. This made it possible to define similar words or their meanings more systematically and consistently. 2. In the BŽ, the symbol | indicates a shade of meaning, figurative usage, and the reflexive form—these are also indicated in one way or another in other dictionaries. However, the BŽ also uses it to distinguish features that are usually not indicated at all in the DŽ—the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs, the pronominal form, impersonal usage, and verbs with the prefix ne-. Given that in many of the cases mentioned, even the forms of the headword and the word given after the symbol | differ (ėdrus, -i | ėdresnis, -ė | ėdriausias, -a; detalus, -i | detalesnis, -ioji; hiperbolizuoti | nehiperbolizuoti), the compilers of the BŽ consider it essential to indicate this. 3. All words used in definitions, except personal names, are included in the dictionary and explained as headwords. In this respect, the BŽ differs from the DŽ and many other dictionaries. If a dictionary user does not know not only a headword but also one or another word in its definition, they will find its explanation in the dictionary. 4. When formulating definitions, the BŽ pays particular attention to precision and clarity, and seeks to avoid the ambiguities and defective circular definitions found in some other dictionaries. 5. The BŽ has abandoned the nest-based method of presenting words. Verbal and adjectival abstracts, adverbs, and diminutives also have their own dictionary entries, with explanations of meaning, grammatical information, and illustrative examples of usage. A general tendency is becoming apparent: the BŽ will distinguish and describe many more meanings than the DŽ. 6. The normative evaluation of some words previously considered inadmissible or to be avoided has changed; they are now considered standard and have therefore been included in the BŽ. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne | 17 ŠALTINIAI BŽ Antraštynas – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno Antraštynas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt/antrastynas. BŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (rengiamas). Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt. DŽ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas / vyriausiasis redaktorius Stasys Keinys. – 7-as patais. ir papild. leid. – Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2012, XXVI, 969 p.; elektroninis variantas, 2015. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt. Interneto tekstų ištekliai naršyti paieškos sistema Google (https://www.google.lt). LITERATŪRA Lazauskaitė V., Liutkevičienė D. 1998: Valgių ir gėrimų pavadinimai „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 40, 205–217. Liutkevičienė D. 2006: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Siekiamybė ir realybė. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žodynų aktualijos, Vilnius: LKI, 9–18. Liutkevičienė D., Naktinienė G., Vosylėtė K. 2010: Veiksmažodžiai ir jų abstraktai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 2, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 235–251. Liutkevičienė D. 2014: Nuorodinis žodžių aiškinimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 4, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 219–229. Liutkevičienė D. GK 2014: „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas“ žengia į internetą, Gimtoji kalba 9, 15–19. Liutkevičienė D. 2015: Bendrinės kalbos normų pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Bendrinė kalba 88, 1–8. Mik ulskas R. 2006: Judėjimo reikšmės kelio predikatai. Leksikografinis aspektas. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žodynų aktualijos, Vilnius: LKI, 146–147. Murmulaitytė D. 2006: Kai kurių daiktavardžių apibrėžimas „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žodynų aktualijos, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 34–54. Murmulaitytė D. 2012: Vedinių pateikimo sistemiškumas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Kalbos kultūra 85, 71–91. BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ. Antraštinių žodžių reikšmių pateikimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne |18 Naktinienė G. 2006: Svarbesnieji „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ semantikos aspektai. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žodynų aktualijos, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 19–31. Naktinienė G. 2011: Parūpinamieji veiksmažodžiai „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Kalbos kultūra 84, 150–164. PAT 2002: Paukščių anatomijos terminai = Nomina anatomica avium / L. Daugnora, R. R. Budrys, R. Trainienė; Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija. Anatomijos ir histologijos katedra, Vilniaus universitetas. Zoologijos katedra. – [Kaunas]: Naujasis lankas: Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija. PPŽ 2009: Paukščių pavadinimų žodynas = Vocabularium nominum avium = Dictionary of bird names = Vogelnamenverzeichnis = Dictionnaire des oiseaux = Словарь названий птиц: lotynų, lietuvių, anglų, vokiečių, prancūzų ir rusų kalbomis / Vilniaus universiteto Ekologijos institutas; sudarė Mečislovas Žalakevičius, Irena Žalakevičienė. – Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto Ekologijos institutas. Sakalauskienė V. 2003: Leksikos tyrimo semantiniais laukais vaidmuo leksikografijoje. – Leksikografijos ir leksikologijos problemos, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 106–113. Sakalauskienė V. 2005: Veiksmažodžių abstraktų pateikimas dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynuose. – Kalbos kultūra 78, 153–161. TB – Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas. Prieiga internete: http://www.lrs.lt/pls/tb/tb.search. Vikipedija – laisvoji enciklopedija Vikipedija. Prieiga internete: https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija. VLE II – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 2, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2002. VLE IX – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 9, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2006. Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos Konsultacijų bankas. Prieiga internete: http://konsultacijos.vlkk.lt/lit/konsultacijos/paieska.html. Įteikta 2016 12 28 Priimta 2017 01 20 DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ Lietuvos kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected] BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351–7204