„Meilės“ konceptas ir jo sinonimai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas MEILĖS KONCEPTAS IR JO SINONIMAI LIETUVIŲ KALBOS PASAULĖVAIZDYJE KEY WORDS: concept LOVE, cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, Lithuanian language worldview. Love is not a relationship. Love binds, but it is not a relationship. Relationships are a complete thing. It's a noun. The honeymoon ended, the relationship stopped in place. There is no joy, no enthusiasm, it is all over. You can continue the relationship only to keep the promises you made. You can continue the relationship, because it is patogu, jauku, malonu. Nes kitaip negalite. Nes jeigu santykius nutrauktumėte, susikurtumėte daug rūpesčių... Santykiai yra baigtas, uždarytas, išsemtas dalykas. so. Love is not a relationship in any way. Love is communication. Love is always like a river, it flows and has no end. This is not a novel that starts here and ends there. Love never stops completely – a honeymoon begins but never ends. It's an event. The loved ones end the relationship, and love continues because it is uninterrupted. Love is a verb, not a noun. (Osho Meilė, laisvė, vienatvė. Vilnius: Meilės kelias. 2013; p. 63) INTRODUCTION The object of this article is to investigate 108 examples of the word love and its synonyms, selected from the fictional literature and publications of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Textbook (hereinafter – DLKT). The dictionary of synonyms (hereinafter – DS) states that the synonyms of the word love are the following lexicons: falling in love, falling in love, attachment, passion (strong, hot love). According to the author of the article, as a synonym of the concept LOVE can be used the word enthusiasm, therefore the DLKT was searched for examples of the use of the six mentioned lexicons. Of course, such a volume of data does not allow to make large generalizations, but even in the limited empirical material Agnieszka Aleksa. The concept of love and its synonyms in the Lithuanian language worldview | 2 to BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 identify some emerging tendencies, especially since the concept of LOVE has not been studied in Lithuanian linguistics so far. However, there are individual articles that investigate other concepts – ROAD (Cibulskienė 2005: 51–64), GOOD and BEAUTY (Aliūkaitė, Sideravičiūtė-Mickienė 2006: 16– 22), EARTH (Aliūkaitė, Šorochova 2006: 4–7; Ruškys 2011: 120–140), ILLNESS (Kvašytė, Kęstutis 2011: Papaurėlytė-Kloviene 2013: 107–117) ir daugelis kt. – apstu 1 , todėl pravartu patyrinėti 120–140). It is assumed that a small fragment of the Lithuanian language worldview would reveal the basic (sensation-related) Lithuanian values. Abroad, on the contrary, various works on the analysis of the concept of LOVE are published (Lv, Zhang 2012: 355–359; Киреенко 2013: 286–291 and others), even at universities bachelor and master’s students investigate the trends of metaphorization of this concept by famous artists, e.g., Mariah Carey and Kylie Minogue. The concept of LOVE and its 2 synonyms are examined by conceptual analysis. According to Professor Aloyzas Gudavičius (2006: 47), the analysis of conceptual metaphors should be considered as the main tool to reveal the Minogue, dainose (Gavelin 2015; Harpela 2015). content of abstract concepts (e.g., LOVE) and their national specificity (see also Rutkovska, Smetona, Smetonienė 2017: 7). The structure of the conceptual metaphor consists of the connection of the s ri č i (concepts) of the source domain and the target domain. T i k s l o s r i t i s – what the nation thinks and speaks about, and i š t a k os s r it i s – what it relies on, what concept it uses, in order to more clearly imagine, model and structure the thought content (Gudavičius et al. 2014: 18). This article is based on the dictionary of conceptual metaphors Conceptual Metaphors in Public Discourse is an improved version of Tomasz Paweł Krzeszowski's great dictionary of conceptual metaphors. 1 A significant collective monograph published in 2017, Values in the Lithuanian Worldview, whose authors – Kristina Rutkovska, Marius Smetona and Irena Smetonienė – were perhaps the first in Lithuania to undertake a thorough and systematic analysis of concepts. In one publication, and not in pairs, separate articles, presented as many as eight – UGNIES, VANDENS, NAMŲ, ŠEIMOS, DARBO, EUROPOS, LAISVĖS ir GARBĖS – konceptų analizė. 2 The trends of metaphorization of the concept of LOVE are described in depth in George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's book (1980) Metaphors We Live By: LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE, LOVE IS MADNESS, LOVE IS MAGIC, LOVE IS WAR, etc. It is true that this article examines the tendencies of metaphorization in Lithuanian and English worldviews, but this is a separate subject requiring detailed research. apsiribojama lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdžio dalies tyrimu. Žinoma, būtų pravartu palyginti koncepto MEILĖ Agnieszka Aleksa. The concept of love and its synonyms in the Lithuanian language worldview BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 | 3 chains of being (Latin: scala naturae) [things – plants – animals – people – gods] scheme (Gudavičius et al. 2014: 43). Descriptive and comparative methods are used to describe the results and compare them with the definitions of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter – DŽ7) and the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (hereinafter – LKŽe). Cognitive linguistics as a new branch of linguistics emerged at the end of the 1970s (Dirvenas 2009: 11–12). In this period there was an important development of scientific (subjective) linguistics (Gudavičius 2000: 5, 65; Mikulskas 2009: 39). Representatives of cognitive linguistics, paradigmos kaita – perėjimas nuo struktūralistinės (objektyviosios) prie kognityvinės unlike structuralists, study language not as a self-existing (closed) system, but as a whole of language and human cognitive abilities, such as sensory catch, memory, attention, emotion, thinking, etc. (Dirvenas 2009: 11–12; Mikulskas 2009: 39). Cognitivists, searching for the connections of language with the world of human consciousness, society and culture, investigating the place of language in thought processes and analyzing the information that is updated in the act of communication (Gudavičius 2000: 6; 2007: 9; see also Jakaitienė 2010: 45; Gudavičius 2011: 109), rejected “the structural approach to the concept of meaning, when the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships between words are analyzed and the meaning is conveyed by them” (Maumevičienė 2010: 11; see also Mikulskas 2009: 40). From “immanent” linguistics, which studied language only “in itself and for itself”, there was a shift to anthropological, human-oriented linguistics (Gudavičius 2007: 17). The main problems of this linguistics are two: “1) what influence does man have on language and 2) what influence does language have on man, his thinking and culture” (Rol 1988: 91, cited from Gudavičius 2000: 6). “Although the meaning of a word appears to the speaker as a self-evident thing, its conception in linguistics varies greatly and depends on the general linguistic concept” (Gudavičius 2003: 61), therefore there is a difference between the conception of meaning perceived by structuralists and cognitivists. During the act of communication even completely different (dėl amžiaus, patirties, išsilavinimo) turintys komunikacijos akto dalyviai susikalba įvairiose encyclopedic knowledge in life situations (Gudavičius 2000: 47), so it is obvious that most of the meaning is common to all speakers (Gudavičius 2003: 61). However, cognitivists tend to emphasize Agnieszka Aleksa. The concept of love and its synonyms in the Lithuanian language worldview | 4 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 subjective meaning determined by individuals’ experience, education, circumstances of the act of communication and other factors (Gudavičius 2003: 61; see also Maumevičienė 2010: 17–18). The definition of subjective meaning states that "lexical meaning is meaning to one. Since linguistic communication involves all the communicators’ knowledge – both general and situational, related precisely to this context of communication and specific experience, and the difference between linguistic and non-verbal knowledge is not recognized, it is clear that language users do not lack turi savas, individualias žodžių reikšmes“ (Gudavičius 2007: 20–21). Be abejo, kalbėtojų such words in the constant lexical base, whose “meaning reflects not only reality itself, but also the evaluation of that reality – the emotional relationship of the speaker with the object or phenomenon being named” (Gudavičius 2007: 83). Kognityvistų teigimu, individas per kalbą ne tik išreiškia savo, kaip kalbėtojo, a positive or negative emotional relationship with the named thing, but also know the world (Gudavičius 2000: 126). It is emphasized that "the word denotes a meaning that is primarily the result of cognitive or cognitive activity, and this activity, in turn, can be defined both as a mental catch and as a thought process. The essence of knowledge is the division of the world around us into categories, or categorization” (Mikulskas 2009: 40; cf. Gudavičius 2003: 62). Cognitivists perceive human cognitive activity as a process of categorization, where cognitive categories, or concepts, represent a natural division of the world around individuals, rather than an artificial classification of world phenomena (Mikulskas 2009: 42). Of course, in each language the world is categorized differently (see Gudavičius 2003: 62), “therefore the world view of each nation is slightly different” (Gudavičius 1992: 3). KONCEPTUALIOSIOS METAFOROS Since ancient times, metaphor has been given much attention. Aristotle and other representatives of the classical linguistic schools treated metaphor as a rhetorical figure, a kind of ornament of the text, which for a long time was on the fringes of linguistics. Cf. the definition of metaphor included in the International Dictionary of Words (hereinafter – IDW): metãfora (Greek metaphora – “transfer”) – “one of the types of tropes (the other most well-known – metonymia, synecdoche, irony, hyperbole): comparison of unrelated phenomena based on the similarity of some of their characteristics; in a metaphor, what is compared (faces, handles) can be seen from the context, and what is compared to is represented Agnieszka Aleksa. The concept of love and its synonyms in the Lithuanian language worldview | 5 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 concrete images (roses, lilies), e.g.: blooming roses / on my faces; / white lilies / on my wrists; / sparkling rings / on my fingers. (Tautosaka)". The characteristics of such a poetic metaphor are its individuality, novelty, unexpectedness – that which creates an emotional expressive load (Gudavičius et al. 2014: 15). In fact, metaphor is a hidden comparison, which should be considered one of the essential ways of knowledge, because we know a lot by comparing (Gudavičius 2000: 87). It is precisely this feature of metaphor that is emphasized by cognitive linguistics, which values metaphor not as a text ornament, but as a “means of understanding and conveying the mentality of a nation” (Vaivadaitė-Kaidi 2011: 9). The 1980 book Metaphors We Live by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (2014: 14). Traditionally understood metaphor is only a phenomenon of By (Metaforos, su kuriomis gyvename) reikšmingai išplėtė metaforos sampratą (Gudavičius et language, and cognitivists looked at conceptual metaphor as a strategy of thinking, a way of thinking and cognition, realized in language through metaphorical statements (Gudavičius et al. 2014: 14). Representatives of cognitive linguistics emphasize that conceptual metaphors make 3 the cognitive process understandable to all language users, since many important concepts are abstract and difficult to capture in the experience of language users (e.g., love), therefore, in order to establish them in consciousness, speakers must use more vivid concepts (e.g., natural phenomena) (Lakoff, Johnson 1980: 115, cited from Gudavičius et al. 2014: 14). Thus, “conceptual metaphors facilitate the process of communication, because they provide an opportunity to talk about what is more difficult to perceive” (Kvašytė, Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2013: 108), i.e., by assigning specific sensory characteristics to abstracts (e.g., the feeling of love), language users make those abstracts clearer (Gudavičius et al. 2014: 14). Conceptual metaphors not only facilitate the process of communication, but also reveal the worldview, mentality and values of a nation, because “[e]very nation’s language preserves an interesting history of many centuries of people’s efforts to know, understand and incorporate the world around them” (Копыленко 1995: 19, cited from Gudavičius 1995: 19). 2000: 8) 4 . 3 Metaphor is such a common tool that we use it unconsciously, as if automatically, almost without any effort, that we do not even notice it (Lakoff, Turner 1989: xi). 4 As Edward Sapir famously said: “Language [is] a symbolic guide to culture. Vocabulary is a very sensitive index of the culture of a people“ (Wierzbicka 1997). [“Language is the key to a nation’s culture. It is precisely in the most mobile layer of the lexicon that the constant change of a nation is visible” – aut. vert.] AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Meilės konceptas ir jo sinonimai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje | 6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 MEILĖS KONCEPTO IR JO SINONIMŲ ANALIZĖ LIETUVIŲ KALBOS PASAULĖVAIZDYJE LKŽe nurodomos penkios žodžio meilė reikšmės, iš kurių atliekamam tyrimui the following are important: 1. “a feeling of attachment, devotion to someone”; 2. “a feeling of strong attraction to a person of the opposite sex”. DŽ7 provides definitions of four meanings of this word, the first two of which are the same as in LKŽe: 1. “a feeling of attachment, devotion”; 2. “a feeling of strong attraction to a person of the opposite sex”. From the definitions of LKŽe and DŽ7 it is clear that when describing the feeling of love, the most Atliekant tyrimą, iš DLKT grožinės literatūros ir publicistikos dalių buvo surinkti 62 koncepto MEILĖ vartosenos pavyzdžiai (peržvelgti 1682 grožinės literatūros ir 1044 important are three lexems: attachment, devotion and (strong) attraction. publicistikos vns. case of use of the noun form love). The empirical material showed that the most productive area of origin is the ILLIVID WORLD (NATURE) (29 per cent). The analysis of the origin of NATURE allows us to speak about three predominant conceptual metaphors: LOVE IS FEATURES (FIRE) (12.9%), LOVE IS HEAVENLY BODIES (SUN) (6.5%) and LOVE IS WATER (4.8%). From the examples of DLKT it is clear that love is compared to fire and water – the most important elements of the universe, forming sacred zones (Čepienė 2014: 57, 58). The conceptual metaphor LOVE IS FIRE is represented by examples of usage covering the main stages of the development of unchosen love: (1) <...> and love burned in my breast [S. T. 5 Kondrotas. Love according to Joseph; 2004]; (2) Then everything leveled out and his love was 6 even more inflamed [I. Buivydaitė. A telephone romance; 2001]; (3) <...> visa baigėsi, visa praėjo, tik meilė dar rusena 7 giliausiame širdies kamputyje [L. Gutauskas. The Theology of Dreams; 2006]; (4) Gailė felt how her love for 8 Karmina faded [R. Kundrotas, A. Lyva. Air Castle; 2002]. 5 LKŽe light: 1. "to create (fire), to burn light". 6 The Fire: 4. ‘prk. atsiradus, atsiradus stipriai, aktyviai vykti”. 7 LKŽe rusenti: 1. "slowly burning, smoking". 8 LKŽe fading: 1. “extinguish, diminish fire, withdraw with ashes (about embers)”; 2. ‘prk. weak, fading”. Agnieszka Aleksa. The concept of love and its synonyms in the Lithuanian language worldview | BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 7 Through one example of the conceptual metaphor LOVE IS WATER it is shown that in the Lithuanian language worldview the power of love is compared to one of the main elements of the world – water, which “permeates and connects the main layers of the world structure (sky, earth and underground), marks the beginning and the end of the world (the emergence of the world from the bottom of the primordial ocean and its subsidence in the depths of the flood), accompanies the essential moments of human life (water in baptism, marriage, funeral, etc. customs)” (Būgienė 1999: 13), e.g.: (5) Love struck Eva as the ninth wave [J. 9 Ivanauskaitė Sapnų nublokšti; 2000]. Along with other natural objects, Lithuanians worshipped water bodies (Būgienė 1999: 17), believed that only pure and flowing water of springs and rivers had a positive effect on man (Būgienė 1999: 58). Two examples of usage representing the conceptual metaphor LOVE IS WATER (RIVER) are found in the DLKT: (6) Understood that his love also does not spill over the edges [Z. Čepaitė. 10 (7) – No, – she objects, – love does not run out, 11 true love cannot run out [A. Markevičius. Green pepper gyvatė; 1996]. In Lithuanian beliefs, flowing water is associated with the sun (Būgienė 1999: 65), and it was believed that both objects were connected by a round shape (e.g., a body of water), shine, radiance and movement, described by the common word for both objects flow (Būgienė 1999: 64). In addition, the Lithuanians worshipped the sun, sometimes even considered it a deity, to which it was forbidden to point a finger and to look at it with an uncovered eye if one was MEILĖ YRA SAULĖ vartosenos pavyzdžius atskleidžiama, kad meilės, įprasminančios žmogaus soiled by sins (Razauskas 2012: 16, 18). Through the being of conceptual metaphor, you cannot hide: (8) Love radiates [Artuma; 2003]; (9) Love is the only life-giving sun of the world [XXI century; 1997]. 9 The first association that comes to the author of the article is the painting The Ninth Wave by the famous sailor Ivan Konstantinovich Ayvazovski. 10 LKŽe cast: 4. ‘ref. to flow abundantly; float with the current’; 5. ‘refl. to flow over, to get out of the gutter”. 11 LKŽe exhausted: 1. ‘to fade, to dry’; 3. ‘prk. to come to an end, to exhaust.” Agnieszka Aleksa. The concept of love and its synonyms in the Lithuanian language worldview | 8 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DLKT fixed conceptual metaphors LOVE IS FIRE, LOVE IS SUN and LOVE IS WATER show that in the Lithuanian worldview love is a pure feeling, because it is compared with sacral elements of Baltic beliefs – fire, sun and water. In the area of the origin of natural phenomena, three single conceptual metaphors LOVE IS AIR, LOVE IS WIND and LOVE IS COLOR (4.8 per cent) can be distinguished, which describe the stages of the development of love – the beginning and the end, e.g.: (10) His love did not weaken or cool [Artuma; 2003]; (11) I feel that her love is like warm gusts of wind coming from some depths [J. Ivanauskaitė. Year of the Mountains; 2003]; (12) But over time love fades like the colors of an old painting [N. Pečiūra. Vilnius cyberpoem; 2004]. The area of origin of natural metals is revealed by the conceptual metaphor LOVE IS IRON: (13) In a word, the saying that old love does not 12 rust, this time was confirmed [A. Tamaliūnas. Kriminalinės istorijos 1; 1995]; (14) – Old love does not rust [P. Treinys. Actress; 2001]. These examples show that the prevailing belief in the Lithuanian language worldview is that love has always been seen as prieš daug metų užgimusių šiltų jausmų neįmanoma pamiršti. Tokią nuomonę pagrindžia ir a constant, deep and unwavering feeling (Mačianskas 1972: 50). In terms of productivity, the third area of origin – the ILLIVIT WORLD (THE OBJECTS) shows (19,4 proc.). Per konceptualiosios metaforos MEILĖ YRA DAIKTAI vartosenos pavyzdžius that love is a fragile feeling that requires a lot of effort and dedication from lovers. Unrelenting love is compared to broken, shattered objects, which leave a pile of worthless shards and combs, e.g. : 12 LKŽe rust: 1. “shrink by rust”; 5. ‘prk. slowly disappear, perish”. Agnieszka Aleksa. The concept of love and its synonyms in the Lithuanian language worldview | 9 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 (15) – If love broke, what if it never existed? – she asks giggling [B. Jonuškaitė. Didžioji sala, II d.; 1999]; (16) Then my love would have been broken, like a broken plate thrown out of my hands [A. Markevičius. Green pepper gyvatė; 1996]. In the area of the natural origins, the sacrality of love is emphasized, and objects tend to devalue love, making it a commodity, comparing it with unwanted and even insistent, over-forced material things: (17) Love today is imposed by 13 force [bernardinai.lt; 2006 02 17]. In the field of the origin of objects there are isolated examples representing the conceptual metaphors LOVE IS FOOD and LOVE IS TRANSPORT (1.6 per cent): (18) <...> simply intoxicating love gradually subsides, confirmed by the data of the study [Verslo 14 žinios; 2005 11 14]; (19) Meilė pralaužia vienatvės kiautą [I. Kanišauskaitė, N. Servinikaitė, S. Žukas. Literatūros textbook for 9th grade; 2006]. In the 18th example of the usage we can recognize the motif of alcoholic beverages, from which (as from love) the head turns, and in the 19th – the motif of the icebreaker. The warm feelings that arise in the heart are so powerful (like an ice-breaking ship) that a person becomes powerless before them. It is true that in the 19th sentence we can see not only the motif of the icebreaker, but also of the tool – a simple tool would be enough to break through a thin shell, but the primary association – the icebreaker – cannot be rejected, because in texts about strong feelings there is a tendency to hyperbolate. Per pavienius konceptualiosios metaforos MEILĖ YRA AUGALAI (4,8 proc.) The following examples show that love is like a delicate plant, which needs special conditions to grow and bloom, and warm feelings that are not nurtured vanish like neglected plants wither: 13 Plg. The new word fixed in the Lithuanian language new words database (hereinafter – ND) spam: 1. “unsolicited (usually) e-mail, spam”; 2. "what is forced by force". 14 Intoxicated in LKŽ: 1. “to feel dizziness, stupidity; get drunk, get drunk”. Agnieszka Aleksa. The concept of love and its synonyms in the Lithuanian language worldview | 16 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Summarizing the examples of the use of the love synonym passion, it can be said that the metaphorization tendencies of the concept LOVE and its synonym are similar. The conceptual metaphor LOVE, PASSION IS FIRE prevails in the domain of the origin of natural phenomena, and the conceptual metaphor LOVE, PASSION IS ACTION prevails in the domain of the origin of man as a physical being. True, the emotional evaluation of the concepts LOVE and PASSION is completely different. In the Lithuanian language worldview, love is valued as a pure, strong and eternal feeling, having connections with sacral elements of Baltic beliefs, while passion is described as a strong but temporary feeling, characterized by a destructive origin. One can assume that for Lithuanians, value is love, not passion. CONCLUSIONS The volume of the data of this study does not allow to make large generalizations, but even in the limited empirical material it is possible to discern some emerging tendencies – the tendency of metaphorization of the concept LOVE and its synonyms (falling in love, being loved, attachment, passion and admiration) in one fragment of the worldview of the Lithuanian language – in the fictional literature and publications of the DLKT. Even the limited empirical material reveals the basic (sensitive) values of Lithuanians. 2. The most productive area of the origin of the concept LOVE – the ILLEGAL WORLD (GAMTA) (29 per cent). The conceptual metaphors LOVE IS FIRE (12.9%), LOVE IS SUN (6.5%) and LOVE IS WATER (4.8%) reveal that in the Lithuanian language worldview love is a pure feeling, because it is compared with sacral elements of Baltic beliefs. – fire, sun and water. 3. According to productivity, the second area of origin is MAN AS A PHYSICAL BEING (27.4 per cent). Through the conceptual metaphor LOVE IS ACTION, it is shown that in the Lithuanian language worldview, love is not a passive observer of events, but an active determiner of the course of action. 4. The examples of use representing the domains of origin of OBJECTS OF THE NON-LIFE WORLD (19.4%) and PLANTS (4.8%) show that love is an uncontrollable feeling that requires a lot of effort and dedication from lovers. AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Meilės konceptas ir jo sinonimai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje | 17 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 5. Koncepto MEILĖ ir jo sinonimų (įsimylėjimo, prisirišimo ir susižavėjimo) metaforizacijos tendencijos yra panašios. Iš GAMTOS REIŠKINIŲ ištakos srities vyrauja konceptualioji metafora ĮSIMYLĖJIMAS, SUSIŽAVĖJIMAS YRA UGNIS bei konceptualioji metaphor ADDICTION, AFFAIR IS WATER. 6. The most productive area of origin of the concept PASSION – the ILLIVE WORLD (GAMTA) (40.5 per cent). The main conceptual metaphors PASSION IS FIRE (24.9%), PASSION IS SUN (2.7%) and PASSION IS WATER (8.1%) show that passion (like love) is compared to sacral elements of white beliefs – fire, sun and water. vandeniu, tik sakralios reikšmės nebelikę, aistra tapatinama su naikinančiu pradu. 7. Iš konceptualiąsias metaforas AISTRA YRA DAIKTAI, AISTRA YRA MAISTAS, The examples of usage representing PASSION IS WILD ANIMAL and PASSION IS ACTION show that the Lithuanian language worldview is dominated by a negative emotional evaluation of passion. 8.The metaphorization tendencies of the concept LOVE and its synonym passion are similar. The conceptual metaphor LOVE, PASSION IS FIRE prevails from the origin domain of NATURE PHENOMENES, and the conceptual metaphor LOVE, PASSION IS ACTION prevails from the origin domain of MAN AS A PHYSICAL BEING. In the Lithuanian language worldview, love is valued as a pure, strong and eternal feeling, having connections with sacral elements of Baltic beliefs, while passion is described as a strong but temporary feeling, characterized by a destructive origin. This allows us to say that for Lithuanians value is love, not passion. ŠALTINIAI DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas/ [žiūrėta 2018 m. birželio–liepos mėn.]. DŽ7 2017 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyr. red. S. Keinys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://lkiis.lki.lt/dabartinis [žiūrėta 2018 m. birželio–liepos mėn.]. LKŽe 2017 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt [žiūrėta 2018 m. birželio–liepos mėn.]. AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. 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Įteikta 2018 07 14 Priimta 2018 11 12 THE CONCEPT OF LOVE AND ITS SYNONYMS IN THE WORLD-VIEW OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE S u m m a r y The subject of this article is 108 cases of the usage of the word love (Lith. meilė) and its synonyms (crush, fondness, affection, passion, infatuation) found in the fiction and publicistics sections of the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language. The tendencies of metaphorisation of the concept LOVE and its synonyms in the world-view of the Lithuanian language were established by structuring the conceptual metaphors: AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Meilės konceptas ir jo sinonimai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje | 21 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 2. The most productive source domain of the concept LOVE is the INANIMATE WORLD (NATURE) (29%). The conceptual metaphors LOVE IS FIRE (12.9%), LOVE IS THE SUN (6.5%), and LOVE IS WATER (4.8%) show that, in the world-view of the Lithuanian language, love is a pure feeling for it is compared with sacral elements of the Baltic religions: fire, sun, and water. 3. The second most productive source domain is MAN AS A PHYSICAL BEING (27.4%). The conceptual metaphor LOVE IS ACTION shows that, when it comes to the world-view of the Lithuanian language, love is not a passive observer, but rather an active force that drives the course of action. 4. The cases of usage that represent the source domains of ITEMS OF THE INANIMATE WORLD (19.4%) and PLANTS (4.8%) indicate that love is an unchecked feeling that requires a lot of effort and dedication from those in love. 5. The metaphorisation tendencies of the concept LOVE are similar to those of its synonyms (crush, affection, infatuation). Amidst the source domain of NATURAL PHENOMENA, the conceptual metaphors CRUSH, INFATUATION IS FIRE, and AFFECTION, INFATUATION IS WATER prevail. 6. The most productive source domain of the concept PASSION is the INANIMATE WORLD (NATURE) (40.5%). The underlying conceptual metaphors PASSION IS FIRE (24.9%), PASSION IS THE SUN (2.7%) and PASSION IS WATER (8.1%) show that passion (much like love) is compared to sacral elements of the Baltic religions: fire, sun, and water, only the sacral meaning is no longer there, and passion associates with the destructive spring. 7. The cases of usage that represent the conceptual metaphors PASSION IS THINGS, PASSION IS FOOD, PASSION IS WILD ANIMALS, and PASSION IS ACTION show that there is a negative emotional attitude towards passion in the world-view of the Lithuanian language. 8. The concept LOVE and its synonym passion share similar tendencies for metaphorisation. The source domain of NATURAL PHENOMENA is dominated by the conceptual metaphor LOVE/PASSION IS FIRE, while the source domain of MAN AS A PHYSICAL BEING, by the conceptual metaphor LOVE/PASSION IS ACTION. In the worldview of the Lithuanian language, love is a pure, strong, and eternal feeling, one that is tied AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Meilės konceptas ir jo sinonimai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje | 22 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 with sacral elements of Baltic religions, while passion is defined as a strong yet fleeting emotion that has a destructive source. It can be said that Lithuanians value love and not passion. Of course, the scope of data does not facilitate making any major generalisations, yet the limited empirical material, too, can give insight into some clear tendencies, all the more as there have been not efforts to study the concept of LOVE in Lithuanian linguistics so far. KEYWORDS: the concept LOVE, cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, world-view of the Lithuanian language. AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]