Netaisyklingi junginiai su dėmeniu „kripto“: reikšmės ir teiktini atitikmenys

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Robertas STUNŽINAS Lietuvių kalbos institutas IRREGULAR COMPOUNDS WITH THE SUBSTANCE CRYPTO: MEANS AND POSITIVE Equivalents ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: kripto, kriptografinės valiutos, junginiai, terminai, vertiniai. 2018 m. sausio 7 d. kriptografinių valiutų rinkos kapitalizacijos vertė buvo daugiau more than 813 billion, daily turnover – more than 44 billion US dollars. The most popular crypto currency – Bitcoin – was priced at $13,443. Such a rise in the field of cryptocurrencies and 1 huge profits have drawn tens of millions of people into this field. It is not surprising that this rapidly expanding profitable activity encompassed other spheres of life, affected speech. Start using new terms, words and word combinations denoting new realities. Regarding the main special lexical units of this field – terms – it is said that the novelty of the field of cryptocurrencies, unregulatedness and the influence of other languages led to their variantity, synonymicity, metaphorism and irregularity. Such terminology characteristics in this field may have arisen because of the fact that new concepts are opaque or their essential distinctive features are not understood, attempts are made to evaluate English terms, terms are used with different meanings, several concepts are marked with the same terms. 2 In news portals, special websites dedicated to cryptocurrencies and social networks, new phrases with the emphasis on crypto appear, all these compounds are named phenomena in the field of cryptocurrencies, e.g. : Crypto economy enables to ensure transparency and sustainability of the system (verslas.lrytas.lt). 3 While these investments pay off in Nvidia's long-term strategy, the company's share price was immediately affected by the crypto hangover (hitechglitz.com). Crypto enthusiasts we are waiting for you! (ecoin.lt). 1 Based on data from Coinmarketcap. 2 For more on the key terms in the cryptocurrencies field, see. Stunžinas 2018: 128–145. 3 The language of the illustrative sentences has not been corrected. ROBERT STUNŽINAS. Irregular compounds with the accent crypto: meanings and equivalents to be BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 provided | 2 Some of these compounds are close to terms – they have a defined and context-independent content. However, some of the compounds are jargon and are characterized by a strong emotional charge. Obviously, the emergence of the word crypto was influenced by other languages and the desire to say it shorter, e.g.: crypto enthusiast – crypto enthusiast, crypto capital – crypto capital, crypto money – crypto money, crypto portfolio – crypto portfolio, crypto market – crypto market, crypto father – crypto dad, crypto businessman – crypto businessman. In this case, it is possible to talk about composite and phraseological evaluations. Phraseological evaluations can be considered as literal translations of foreign phraseologisms, terminological word combinations (composite terms) and sentences (Kaulakienė 2014: 244). The concept of phraseologisms can be broad and they can be considered not only figurative compounds that have become words with a solid meaning, but also simple constant compounds that have a solid meaning, characterized by reproducibility and a defined lexical environment. These characteristics also apply to compound terms (see Kaulakienė 2014: 244). Angelė Kaulakienė, who has studied phraseological and composite evaluations in technical science, considers phraseological evaluations as phraseological compounds, literally translated by the example of a foreign language phraseological compound or punch, and composite evaluations as constant word compounds, formed by the example of foreign language constant word compounds trižodžiai junginiai, nuo kitų junginių besiskiriantys tuo, kad gali komunikacinę funkciją (composite terms). Such composite evaluations are usually two-word or performed independently. The grammatical center of such compounds is the main focus, which is connected with the dependents by syntactic or coordination links (Kaulakienė 2014: 245). In general, the cryptocurrencies field is actively expanding, and from it and the English language can come more phrases in this field, such as: crypto blogger ("blogger writing on cryptocurrencies"), crypto bluff ("bluff related to cryptocurrencies"), crypto fake ("fake news in the cryptocurrencies field"), crypto fear ("spread fear related to cryptocurrencies"), crypto greed ("desire to make as much as possible from investing in cryptocurrencies"), crypto laundering ("money laundering using cryptocurrencies investments"), crypto lie ("crypto lie in the cryptocurrencies field"), crypto management ("management of the cryptocurrencies field"), crypto news ("crypto news"), crypto psychology ("psychology of the cryptocurrencies field"), crypto-fever ("fevery investing in cryptocurrencies"). Therefore, it is important to identify the appropriate crypto-equivalents of compounds with a focus. Composites with independent elements crypto are considered irregular – crypto is used only as jargon elements, e.g. : ROBERT STUNŽINAS. Irregular compounds with accent crypto: meanings and equivalents | 3 compound BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 words. The word crypt- (Greek kryptós – “hidden, secret” TŽZ 2007: 608) indicates the connection of the second term represented by crypt with secrecy, for example, cryptography “a writing method that encrypts the content of a text <...>”, cryptogram “a writing written by cryptography”, cryptodepression “a submerged depression on the Earth’s surface, whose bottom is below sea level and the surface of the water is above it” (see TŽZ 2007: 607). This article is about the cryptographic algorithm. The aim of the thesis is to analyze compounds with crypto element according to structure and meaning and to provide their equivalents. The material is taken from news portals, special websites dedicated to cryptocurrencies, blogs, social networks. Data was collected using Google search engine – compounds were searched in Lithuanian texts by the keyword crypto and other associative combinations. In total, about five dozen compounds with a focus on crypto are discussed. 1. CRYPTOGRAPHIC RESOLUTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF COMPONENTS WITH A DETAIL In Lithuanian texts, the international element crypto is written differently. It is often used as a separate word, adapted according to pronunciation, e.g. : Here are all articles and news about crypto currency published by DELFI. LT portale (delfi.lt). Crypto market is falling (facebook.com). Buitinio stiliaus tekstuose pasitaiko junginių su neadaptuotais ir adaptuotais Start mining crypto currency today (uždarbis.lt). By the way, this is one of the things that crypto lamers are not able to understand until now - direct use is in no way compatible with the price 'trend' up to a million (traders.lt). Sometimes spelling variants with capital letters are used, e.g. : New Antminer Z9 mini (Krypto currency miner) with power supply (skelbiu.lt). Cryptocurrencies come in all kinds and every day there are more and more of them (facebook.com). There are also irregular compounds with elements connected by a dash, e.g. : ROBERT STUNŽINAS. Irregular compounds with the accent crypto: meanings and equivalents | 4 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Alternative crypto-currencies, differing from each other in their characteristics, and can be considered a substitute for bitcoins (blog.spectrocoin.com). The crypto-star of 2017 is unequivocally Ethereum and its crypto-currency - Ether (ecoin.lt). On sites dedicated to cryptocurrencies, spelling variants with an accent direction can also be detected, e.g. : There is not one platform on the Internet that offers to exchange both cryptocurrencies with each other and cryptocurrencies with real ones (English Exchange) (ecoin.lt). Such intermediate variants of crypto and crypto are very rare. For example, compounds with the unadapted variant crypto were used twelve times and with the adapted – almost 2 thousand times more. 4 As mentioned, compounds with independent elements crypto, as well as their spelling variants, are considered irregular – cryptousable only as a combination of compound words (TŽŽ 2007: 608). In news portals, websites dedicated to cryptocurrencies, compounds are often used to name digital assets, i.e. cryptocurrencies. The main elements of compounds are the terms property, money, currency, e.g. : In a report, the FSV, which deals with the financial regulation of G20 economies, said that “crypto assets currently do not pose a material risk to global financial stability (tv3.lt). Cryptocurrencies need to cool down (youtube.com). Kripto pinigai gali būti pavogti iš Jūsų skaitmeninės piniginės (zinaukaip.lt). In high demand to hold crypto currency metaphorically called a compound with the main focus star, eg. : Cryptostars work similarly to ICOs <...> (valforex.com). Also, the combinations with crypto are used to designate hypothetical monetary units. The main elements are represented by the names of official currencies, e.g. : 4 "Google search results for compounds with the main focus currency (take only the denominator results)" (accessed 17 December 2018). ROBERT STUNŽINAS. Irregular compounds with the accent crypto: meanings and equivalents | 5 One BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 and a half billion crypto dollars "covered" by bank deposits, only it is unclear whose and in which (plus.google.com). The combination with the focus crypto and focus economy refers to all activities in the field of cryptocurrencies, e.g. : Crypto economy is a new type of economy 5 dictated by technology (verslas.lrytas.lt). Also, compounds with the focus under consideration denote the production and trading activity of cryptocurrencies or its plan, e.g. : Who there knows how there will be and how much it will cost, crypto business from exchange it is definitely so far zluges <...> (technews.lt). However, some states today are still inclined to ‘ban’ crypto activity <...> (aipt.lt). It is a promising company, which is also shown by investors’ confidence – not every crypto project can enjoy having a $ 28,000,000 market cap (vrnaujienos.lt). Activity is still figuratively called the word signifying the game, although this compound is individual and is considered more occasionalism, e.g. : The Greatest Crypto Gambling in Lithuania [headline] (lzinios.lt). The components of cryptocurrencies activities – trading or mining – are called compounds with the main elements trading, mining, e.g.: more than 2 million euros) (bitcoinbaltic.com). This is a comparison with the markets of those countries where both crypto mining, only cannabis cultivation for medical Viena didžiausių kripto prekybos platformų šiuo metu rinkoje (per dieną sudaroma sandorių už purposes is a completely legal activity (medium.com). The metaphorical term mining refers to the process of mining cryptocurrencies. Other common words denoting the mining of cryptocurrencies – mining, extraction, publishing, production, generation – are almost not used with the focus in question, of the more common ones only mining is mentioned, e.g. : 5 Economics is “the activity of making the most efficient use of available production resources in order to best satisfy the unlimited demand of society for the purchase of goods and services” (AĮVTŽ, LRTB). ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS. Netaisyklingi junginiai su dėmeniu kripto: reikšmės ir teiktini atitikmenys | 6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Stiliaus mėgėjus kviečiame atrasti madingą bei šiuolaikišką aprangą su Kripto kasybos simbolika for an even more colorful spring! (reddit.com). There are also compounds with adapted debt mining – crypto compounds. mainingas (hdvidzpro.com). Šis skolinys ir toliau minimas asmenį bei įrenginį įvardijantis maineris (angl. miner) vertintini kaip svetimybės – vietoje jų vartotini savo kilmės terminai ir A large part of the compounds with crypto are made up of economic terms portfolio, capital, market, exchange, exchange, risk and name certain financial sets, a set of instruments, the sphere of commodity exchange, the place where transactions are made, the place where monetary units are exchanged, uncertainty about the results of profit, the power of the commodity and the price. Their meanings are almost identical to those of the constituent terms or the corresponding composite terms with the same basic elements, the element crypto indicating the scope of the concept, e.g. : The crypto portfolio had to be 6 adjusted, more precisely diversified (ci.lt). In exchanges, your money will be stored in wallets created specifically for you by these exchanges, so you can keep your crypto capital in them (kriptovaliutos.lt). 7 After the fall in 2014, most investors also 8 left the crypto market <...> (ecoin.lt). It can also be mentioned that the crypto exchange 9 OKEx has opened a representative office in the European Union, Malta (aipt.lt). In mid-spring, the crypto exchange 10 "OKEx" moved to Malta <...> (arsauskas.com). Know Why Crypto Risk 11 (en.tigersoftwaresolutions.com). In an interview, Saunders was inclined to disclose precise calculations of what the crypto value 12 is in his overall business, although he described the contribution as "significant" (all4bitcoin.com). As soon as the crypto rate doubles – we withdraw our 100 euros and continue to 13 participate in this lochatron for free (technews.lt). Other compounds denote a complex of security measures in the field of cryptographic currencies and mining processes, objects of trading operations, locations of mining 6 A portfolio is a “package of various assets or liabilities managed by a single business entity” (LRTB). 7 Capital – “all money, working capital and assets held by an organization” (LRTB). 8 Market – “the sphere of exchange of goods or other things” (AKSTŽ, LRTB). 9 Exchange – “an institution where commodity, financial and other transactions are organised” (AĮVTŽ, LRTB). 10 Currency exchange office – “<...> the place where currency exchange is carried out” (LRTB). 11 Financial risk is “the uncertainty about the entity’s expected future performance arising from financial factors” (LRTB). 12 Value – “the power of a good, expressed in exchange for other goods or services” (AĮVTŽ, LRTB). 13 The exchange rate is the price at which shares, bonds and other securities are bought and sold on the exchange. ROBERT STUNŽINAS. Irregular compounds with the accent crypto: values and equivalents to be BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 provided | 7 mechanisms to install. The main elements are the general terms protection, exchange, pair, room, e.g. : Well-known brands of antivirus, production automation systems and crypto security software (en.luciafontaine.com). What you need to know about Bittrex crypto exchange [heading] (inewsico.ru). Other liquid crypto pairs are almost identical and decisions can be made according to the same algorithm (aipt.lt). <...> exchange of cryptocurrencies boards, crypto mining, crypto premises (skelbiu.lt). Some compounds have metaphorical core elements, most of them are well-known metaphors from the field of economics, cryptocurrencies or other fields – jump, farm, wallet, key, valley. They are marked by a sharp rise in prices, a large location of cryptocurrencies mining facilities, a currency storage device or service, a decryption tool, a location where technology is being developed, e.g. : "Another Crypto Leap" (aipt.lt). There is a recent article in Investuok magazine about this hero and his crypto farm Finansines operacijas parduotuvėse vykdytų kompiuterio kasos aparatas, kuris kreiptųsi į mobilią (traders.lt). crypto wallet and confirm a certain transaction (prekybakriptovaliuta.lt). A crypto key "closed" turns into a set of meaningless characters - and only the owner of the key can "open" it (decrypt) (phocs.ru). Crypto Valley (infogram.com) is created especially for crypto companies. In addition, the crypt is used to form compounds denoting a mental or physiological state, e.g. : The group, led by Cinderella Academy Inc, intends to take advantage of the current wave of crypto mania by offering all tickets to their live shows and fan merchandise in digital currencies only (en.coininvestments.com). While these investments pay off in Nvidia's long-term strategy, the company's share price was immediately affected by the crypto hangover (hitechglitz.com). In general, the focus under consideration is characterized by productivity. With it, compounds denoting the result (consequence) can be formed, and activities for which cryptocurrencies are rewarded can also be named, e.g. : In mid-January in St. Petersburg, a crypto youtube blogger who boasted about his crypto success was robbed and lost 24 million rubles (btc.lt). ROBERT STUNŽINAS. Irregular compounds with the accent crypto: meanings and equivalents | 8 Vilnius BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 marathon will become the first crypto marathon in the world (delfi.lt). The term is also used to refer to the part of the public involved in cryptocurrencies or the whole of networks and systems related to cryptocurrencies. The main elements are the world of common Lithuanian language or borrowed metaphors (“a part of society, people linked by common traits, common views, activities” (LKŽe), ecosystem (“a network or interconnected system” (ODE): The new free e-book crypto world reveals the huge and bad world of finance, welcomes the crypto currency revolution [heading] (lt.coin-investments.com). The crypto economy organization plans to create an inter-agency working group that will examine cryptocurrencies. The main elements consist of the words community, entrepreneur, expert, persons named by them who are engaged in mining or trading ekosistemos ir „blockchain“ technologijos diegimo galimybes Lietuvoje (verslas.lrytas.lt). cryptocurrencies, experts in this field, e.g. <..> traders also support current ExMarkets traders so that they can grow and share their experience with the crypto community (lzinios.lt). Attracted by Lithuania’s open markets, convenient politics and cheap lifestyle, crypto entrepreneurs from all over the world – mostly young men – meet in Lithuania <...> (lzinios.lt). An hour-long broadcast on “Blockchain” (video in Chinese) with government officials and international crypto experts <...> (btc.lt). A person engaged in cryptocurrencies mining is referred to by the compound with the metaphorical main focus miner, e.g. : Every crypto miner knows that this work requires a stable internet connection (technews.lt). With other elements, such as kasik, mainer, person-identifying compounds could not be detected. A miner is a device used for mining, e.g., a computer. : Kripto Maineris (Riga) 4x Nvidia 1060 (skelbiu.lt). As a contrast to the names of individuals engaged in professional cryptocurrencies activities, compounds with the main emphasis enthusiast are used, e.g. : What do a gamer and a crypto enthusiast have in common? (facebook.com). ROBERT STUNŽINAS. Irregular compounds with the accent kripto: meanings and equivalents | 9 It can also be BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 added that the same meaning is used for irregular punches with sandu mėgėjas, e.g. : This term is not only much more technical than the insults of the earlier days of crypto-anarchism in 2010-2011, but it is also marked by open contempt and a firm belief that the world will soon be in the hands of crypto-enthusiasts (medium.com). A person concerned with the field of cryptocurrencies is called a compound with the accent father, e.g. : Giancarlo, who was given the nickname "Cryptodad" by crypto enthusiasts, for his desire to connect with the emerging industry<...> (kriptovaliutos.org). Rich people in the field in question are metaphorically called punches of irregular spelling with a sandu star, e.g. : 14 Jeffrey has become a kind of crypto-star in our city (pivx.org). Ironically, individuals engaged in the cryptocurrencies business who spam social networks and media are called compounds with antonyms millionaire (“millionaire”), ubag, e.g. : Crypto Millionaire? Crypto bay? <...> Betting guru? Marketing genius? (facebook.com). 2. VALIDATION OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC Equivalents The emergence of compounds with the domain crypto was caused by the use of the domain crypto with the significance of cryptographic currencies, e.g. : Swiss Zug is considered a crypto currency paradise. However, when today states are still inclined to ‘ban’ crypto activity, paradise may lose its meaning, because crypto cannot be isolated (aipt.lt). Regarding the main elements of currency, money, in the opinion of financial experts, the means of payment obtained by cryptographic technologies should not be called a crypto currency, but a crypto asset, because this thing does not have the characteristics of a normally perceived currency 14 Incidents with a self-hosted crypto were not detected. ROBERT STUNŽINAS. 16 IRREGULAR COLLOCATIONS WITH COMPONENT KRIPTO (CRYPTO): MEANINGS AND BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 CORRECT EQUIVALENTS | 16 IRREGULAR COLLOCATIONS WITH COMPONENT KRIPTO (CRYPTO): MEANINGS AND CORRECT EQUIVALENTS Summary In this article collocations with component kripto (crypto) are analyzed according structure, meanings and correct equivalents. Material is taken from Lithuanian news portals, webpages for cryptographic currencies, blogs and social networks. Data was collected by using Google search engine according various associations. In total about fifty different collocations with component kripto (crypto) were collected. Collocations with compound kripto (crypto) originated under the influence of other languages and have features of phraseologisms and complex terms and denotes the realities of the field of the cryptographic currencies: digital asset, economic phenomena, activities, actions, states and individuals, such as kripto valiuta (crypto currency), kripto rinka (crypto market), kripto verslas (crypto business), kripto kasyba (crypto mining), kripto manija (crypto mania), kripto bendruomenė (crypto society). In most cases as main components traditional terms of economics or cryptographic currencies are used. Insignificant part of collocations are stylistic lexical units, such as crypto star, crypto gambling, crypto millionaire. The component kripto (crypto) cannot be used as autonomous element and can be used only as part of complex word. In most cases for clarity purposes component kripto (crypto) has to be replaced with collocations kriptografinių valiutų: kriptografinių valiutų rinka (cryptographic currency market), kriptografinių valiutų verslas (cryptographic currency business). However long and clear equivalents are rather rare and shorter collocations with compound cryptocurrencies prevail: cryptocurrencies rates. Although collocations with compound kriptovaliutų are shorter they denote more attributes than complex terms with compound kripto- (crypto-). The terminology of cryptographic currencies is metaphorical and for clarity purposes compounds with non-metaphorical elements should be used, such as cryptographic currency mining. However longer collocations with non-metaphorical compounds are rather rare. In scientific, popular and administrative style texts longer and more accurate terms with dependent compounds should be used. ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS. Netaisyklingi junginiai su dėmeniu kripto: reikšmės ir teiktini atitikmenys | 17 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 In broad usage clearer and longer equivalents are hardly plausible and shorter equivalents are quite appropriate. KEYWORDS: ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]