Ypatybių pavadinimai „Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne“

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas YPATYBIŲ PAVADINIMAI LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE IN THE NEWWORDS DATA BASE KEY WORDS: noun, derivative, property names, word formation. All the languages of the world change over time – this is a normal and necessary phenomenon (Crystal 2005: 31), which ensures the full functioning of language in a globalizing world. The most dynamic layer of language – lexis – changes, being influenced not only by the perspective of time, but also by people (Jakaitienė 2018: 3), for example, the creators of novels. The current stage of the development of the general Lithuanian language is called the “age of new words” (Naktinienė 2002: 47) and the “boom of neologisms” (Girčienė 2005: 78) due to the continuous process of newword creation. For this reason, in the autumn of 2011, the Lithuanian Language Institute started creating the Lithuanian Language New Words Database (hereinafter – ND), which records new language units (words, word combinations and abbreviations) that appeared in the Lithuanian language at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century and are in public use. Data selection is based on a criterion recognised in the theory and practice of new words – the fixation of words and their meanings in dictionaries, i.e. words and their meanings considered as new words that are not recorded in the selected reference dictionaries. The database is “not only a 1 source of new language phenomena, but also one of the means of studying the current state and development of words, providing an opportunity to obtain information about them that is important for word formation studies in addition to the new words themselves” (Murmulaitytė 2016: 24). To check the properties of the names (noun abstracts) of the construction category 1 These are the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – DŽ7), the Online Dictionary of Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – LKŽe) and the Dictionary of International Words (hereinafter – TŽŽ). Although in Lithuanian apibrėžiamas kaip naujai kalboje atsiradęs žodis (Urbutis 2009: 36–37; Jakaitienė 2010: 205; Girčienė 2011: 165), vis linguistic works the new word (neologism) is usually presented in different ways, the concept of new word presented in the scientific literature varies (see Girčienė 2012: 6): some consider the distinctive feature of new words to be the impression of novelty and unusualness (Palionis 1985: 212), while others treat them as words that have not been included in reference dictionaries (Miliūnaitė 2015: 169). The “aureole of novelty” attributed to a new word is controversial among vartotojams koks nors žodis gali atrodyti jau įprastas, o kiti dar gali jo ir nesuprasti“ (Popova 2005: 9–13, cit. iš scholars, “[b]ecause novelty can sometimes be understood too subjectively: for some people, the language is a symbol of the past.” Kazlauskaitė, Župerka, Macienė 2013: 91). More reliable is the criterion of selection of new words according to reference publications, although in the case of Lithuanian language such a criterion is not completely reliable – reference dictionaries contain lexicographic gaps, and there is a problem of non-systematic dictionaries (Miliūnaitė 2015: 169). Agnieszka Aleksa. The Lithuanian language new words database | 2 belonging to the productivity of BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 new word formation types, selected constantly updated new words database. The analyzed ND material was compared with the Lithuanian grammar of the second half and the end of the 20th century (Lietuvių kalbos gramatika (hereinafter – LKG); Descriptions of the Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – DLKG), in which the names of properties are Rankiniu būdu kaupiama ND medžiaga, aišku, nerodo visiškai objektyvaus ir išsamaus grouped according to the affinity of the verb affixes. the number of new words, their prevalence, construction, etc. (Miliūnaitė 2012: 10; for the subjective method of recognition of new lexems, see Mikelionienė 2000: 68). In order to obtain a statistically representative picture, 2 computer-aided newword traps should be used (cf. 2015: 171; see also. Murmulaitytė 2016: 5), rely on textbooks, primarily the Textbook of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – DLKT). Textbook (in this case – DLKT) – “is a comprehensive data bank for word formation studies and an effective tool not only to describe the laws of the arrangement of morphemes in words, but also to determine the structure of word formation patterns, the formation of affixes, the frequency of derivatives” (Inčiuraitė-Noreikienė 2017: 23). On the other hand, ND is unique in that it is actually created not only by professional linguists, but also by the society itself, which is guided by its sense of language and knowledge of the native language, recognizing new linguistic phenomena and sending them to ND creators. Thus, it cannot be argued that the ND is too subjective or that the information it provides is too biased. The ND is constantly updated, its data is corrected and updated. As of July 3, 2018, 4708 lexicographically described language units were included in the database. The new words that are to be examined in terms of their construction are self-constructed new words and mixed constructions (hybrids), while other language units are new quotations, abbreviations, as well junginiai – nėra šio straipsnio objektas. Dariųjų priesagų vedinių ND rasta 142. Tyrimo rezultatai pateikti 1-ojoje lentelėje, iš kurios matyti, kad ND duomenys neatitinka gramatikose pateikiamos as semantic constructions, revived words and the order of construction of word-building affixes. 2 One of these new word traps was provided by Vytautas Magnus University in 2015 under the project “Lithuanian language syntax-semantic analysis system for textbook, Lithuanian Internet and public sector applications” (https://www.raštija.lt/semantika-lt). At the time of writing the article, the trap was ineffective (cf. The Millionaire 2015: 171). Agnieszka Aleksa. Ypatybių pavadinimai Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 3 1 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 LENTELĖ. Property names according to adjectives in the Current Lithuanian Grammar and Lithuanian New Words Database 3 Eil. No. (DLKG) Priesaga ND Eil. No. (ND) newcomer's words 1. -um 30 3. 2. -ity 17 4. 3. -ystė 47 1. 6. -sheep 1 6. 8. -open 0-9. -atis 0-10. - Or 16. 11. -gradis 0 -12. -to 0-14. -age 4. -unit 0 - 5. -uma 0 –7. -Ulys 16. 0-16. 41 2. - It's 2:15. -esys (LKG) 13. -(i)ava 0 - to 15 0 – -ism4 2 5. Note: In column 1, the affixes are ordered according to the number of derivatives according to the DLKG data, in the last column – according to the number of new 5 derivatives according to the ND. 3 Plg. Daiva Murmulaitytė (2016: 13–14) provides an analogous table for describing tool names according to creation affixes. 4 “Although the suffix -izmas is easily distinguished in many international words, new derivations in the Lithuanian language itself are usually not made with it” (DLKG 2006: 103). 5 “In the descriptions of the state of construction of words in the present language, the constructiveness of the construction types is very much taken into account – the arrangement of construction types is based on it (from tipų atvirumo) V. Urbučio daiktavardžių darybos aprašuose, taip pat jo ir kitų rašytuose žodžių darybos skyriuose the most constructive to the most non-constructive ones, but the number of constructs is taken into account more than in the “Grammar of the Lithuanian Language” <...> and in the “Grammar of the Present Lithuanian Language” (Keinys 1999: 25–26). Agnieszka Aleksa. 4 According to ND data, the most productive suffixes of the category of property BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 names (abstract nouns) in the period under study are -ystė, -izmas and -umas. Gramatikose teigiama, kad iš šios kategorijos priesagų tikrai darios yra vos trys, t. y. -umas, -ybė ir -ystė (LKG 1965: 306; darumą gramatikose laikytos priesagos -ystė vediniai (47 leksemos), padaryti iš daiktavardžių (asmenų DLKG 2006: 100). Kaip matyti iš 1-oje lentelėje pateiktų duomenų, ND vyrauja trečios pagal pavadinimų) ir žymintys „pagrindiniu žodžiu pasakytam asmeniui būdingą ypatybę, būvį, padėtį, verslą, pasielgimą“ (DLKG 2006: 102), pvz.: mažaspalvỹstė (: mažaspalvis, -ė) „būsena, kai yra mažai spalvų“, saulininkỹstė (: saulininkas, -ė) „saulės energetikos verslas“, suaugỹstė (: suaugęs, -usi) „amžius, kai žmogus yra jau suaugęs“ (plg. paauglystė), taikdarỹstė 6 (: paikdarys, -ė) "efforts to bring peace, what to reconcile", lamgrobỹstė (: žemgrobys, -ė) "illegal 7 acquisition of ownership of land". The database is full of innovative and traditional branches of the economy, new words denoting business, e.g.: antreprenerỹstė (: antrepreneris, -ė) "generation of business ideas", barzdaskutỹstė (: barzdaskutys, -ė) "beard shaving craft", klumpdirbỹstė (: klumpdirbys, -ė) "craft of working on lumps", kubilininkỹstė (: kubilininkas, -ė) "craft of working on buckets" and others. Plg. 8 9 novadaro balkonininkỹstė (: balkonininkas, -ė) „garžininkystė balkone“ in the internet search engine Google (hereinafter referred to as G) examples of the use of the reference word balkonininkas, -ė [emphasis here and elsewhere by the author of the article]: 10 I, for example, would fit into the category of balcony gardeners, because I grow and germinate at home, but I will move out with herbs and vegetables. (supermama.lt 2010 03 31) Hello girls. I am calling to Vilnius balcony gardeners, maybe somebody wants to show their kindergarten to the public? I.e. the topic of balcony gardening will be published in the magazine "Mano namai" and they would like to photograph as many of your kindergartens as possible . (supermama.lt 2009 07 07) Internete rasti penki naujadaro balkonininkas, -ė vartosenos pavyzdžiai 11 , o DLKT pavyzdžių nerasta [žiūrėta 2018 05 02]. Beje, interneto vartosenoje esama pavienių morfologiškai trumpesnio naujadaro – darybinio varianto – balkoninkas, -ė vartosenos pavyzdžių (apie tos pačios 6 In the article new words are pronounced or not pronounced (if their pronunciation is not yet clear) according to the presentation ND. 7 The definitions of all new words discussed in this article are taken from ND. 8 For example, see the note in the ND "business is old, but its name is not in the reference dictionaries". 9 Plg. LKŽe: cube making "cube craft"; 7: "Battle of the Bulls". 10 The language of the usage examples in the article has not been corrected. 11 Here and elsewhere, quantitative data are given for all examples of use of the new-maker paradigm, excluding the repetitive ones. Agnieszka Aleksa. 5 (variable) suffixes -ininkas, -ė and -(n)inkas, -ė derivatives see. DLKG 2006: 114–115; for more details BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 on the constructive variants see. Vaskelienė 2013: 206): Aaagnex, thank you for the link to the balcony forum. (supermama.lt 2010 05 13) is finishing its harvest, herbs are growing, some are even blooming (overgrown, I didn’t have time to consume), and the most fun – cucumbers and tomatoes are knitting. (ciliukas.lt 2012 07 08) Mano daržininkės – balkoninkės patirtis tęsiasi. Sakyčiau, visai neblogai tęsiasi, žemuogės dera, nors jau ir Only three cases of use of balkoninkas, -ė were recorded in the Internet usage; DLKT examples not found [accessed 2018 05 02]. For example, the derivative of this basic word balkoninkystė: we won't dig in the garden, but we'll do the art of balcony gardening:D and we'll grow onions not in the garden, but on the window sill:D but it's also a great joy! (justinosspalvos.blogspot.com 2012 04 25) Balkoninkystė – gardening on the balcony <...>. (lzinios.lt 2017 08 29) A separate group consists of derivatives of this adjective that have become widespread in usage relatively recently, covering different types of diet: 果食主義 (: 果食主義, -ė) "a diet (branch of veganism) where only uncooked fruits are eaten" (cf. English fruitarianism), 全食主義 (: 全食主義, -ė) "eating all food products, without distinguishing any of their kinds", one-day new forms made by analogy with the words 果食主義, 全食主義 and 原食主義, e.g., 錯食主義 (: *錯食主義, -ė) "wrong diet, harmful to health". žaliavalgỹstė (: žaliavalgis, -ė) „maitinimosi termiškai neapdorotu ar iki 40–42 °C apdorotu, paprastai augaliniu maistu sistema (pasaulėžiūra ir praktika)“. Taip pat kuriami ir okaziniai, 12 12 By the way, the works of Lithuanian linguistics examine only two types of new forms – usual, acquired, and occasional forms – expressive forms that are distant from the system of creation and have become rigid in the individual context (Blažinskaitė 2004: 59; Urbutis 2009: 323–324; Jakaitienė 2010: 207), which are also referred to as authorial, individual, stylistic, situational, contextual, one-time and unusual forms of new forms / neologisms, as well as forms not fixed by dictionaries (Mikelionienė 2000: 67; 2002: 74; Jakaitienė 2010: 207; Kazlauskaitė, Župerka, Macienė 2013: 92; Miliūnaitė 2014: 247), leaving out of sight the very important stage of the creation of a new form and its establishment in usage. Prominent literary theorist, writer, philosopher and cultural scholar Mikhail Epstein proposed a new term – protologism (from Greek protos “primitive, first” + logos “word”). Protologism is a newly created and not widely used unit of language, which aims to fill a gap in the vocabulary. According to Mikhail Epstein, each newly created unit of language is a protologism, which later turns into a neologism and eventually becomes part of the main vocabulary. Although it is difficult to draw a clear distinction between protologism and neologism, the number of speakers is considered to be the main distinguishing feature of these new linguistic units at different stages of development. It is commonly used by individuals (e.g. only the author), therefore protologizmus, which has entered the broad usage (newspapers, magazines, books, websites, etc.) AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Ypatybių pavadinimai Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 6 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Priesagos -ystė abstraktų, padarytų ne iš asmenų pavadinimų, ND fiksuotas vos vienas kitas (plg. DLKG 2006: 102): naujažodỹstė (: naujažodis) „naujažodžių kūrimas“, pakaitalỹstė (: substitute). See, for example, the examples of the reference word dvikainỹstė (: dvikainis, -ė) “indication of prices in two different currencies (in this particular case, the transition period from litas to euro is in mind)” on the Internet (G – 29); DLKT examples not found 13 [accessed 2018 05 02]: The dual tariff is the fee for one kilowatt of active power declared by the user in hours of maximum loads of the energy system-* and for one kilowatt hour of active electricity supplied to the user /kWh/. (e-seimas.lrs.lt 1995 04 28) The following electricity tariffs have been approved for residents since July 1: domestic consumers of the single-price tariff will pay 35 ct, while those who used to use cheaper electricity due to the available electric stove, double-price tariff, large amounts of energy consumed also decreased by 2 ct each. (alfa.lt 2009 06 30) The smallest group consists of the new words bisantuokỹstė (: *bisantuokis, -ė?) "having two spouses (wives, husbands) at the same time" and protgėdỹstė (: *protgėdys, -ė? / protgėdus, -i?) "shame for reason", which, only formally, could be assigned to the suffix -ystė derivatives made from potential adjectives (see DLKG 2006: 102). The bi-marriage was probably made by the way of making the stitch-adverbs (: two marriages + suffix -ystė), “where the formant goes with the adverb at the same time as the stitch form (sandūra)” (Urbutis 2009: 341). In the case of Naujadaro protšadystė, the creation of adverbs is also more apparent (: proto gėda + adverb -ystė). Although the ND does not aim to create a constructively complete picture of the new word (Murmulaitytė 2016: 4), it would still be useful to provide a constructive nest and consistently record the co-root words in the database (see table 2). During the investigated period, after rejection of ND, the opposition of the verb with a potential (imaginary) basis, e.g. subinšaldỹstė (: *subinšaldys, -ė) „seated freezing“, and the opposition of the verb with a base word fixed in the opozicijos poras, pvz., bulvininkỹstė (: bulvininkas, -ė 14 ) „bulvių auginimo verslas“, darybos reference dictionaries, e.g., 2012: 72; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protologism) was fixed. 15 laikomas neologizmu, t. y. naujadaru, kurį be jo kūrėjo viešojoje vartosenoje renkasi vartoti ir kiti asmenys (Andreescu 13 In the Internet usage, there are two more examples of double-value, -es, in which the new word is used in another, ND unfixed meaning. 14 ND: potato farmer, -ė "potato grower; potato trader’. 15 In this case, it is also possible to see the way of making adjectives (: subinę šaldė + suffix -ystė). Agnieszka Aleksa. 7 kryždirbỹstė (: kryždirbys, -ė) „cross-working, part of Lithuanian folk art“, BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 found 8 missing pairs of abstract suffixes -ystė, forming opposition of the noun, when only the 16 noun is included in the ND, leaving the basis of the noun at the margin, e.g. dvipasỹstė (: dvipasis, -ė) „iron. possession of passports of two different countries", bipavardỹstė (: dvipavardys, -ė) "possession of a double spelling of the surname in the personal identity document", kailiakeitỹstė (: 17 kailiakeitys, -ė) "change of the fur (i.e., views, values)", kubilininkỹstė (: kubilininkas, -ė) "craft of 18 working fur", lokiažudỹstė (: lokiažudys, -ė) "bear beheading", mažaspalvỹstė (: mažaspalvis, -ė) 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 "low color state", etc. 16 LKŽe: crossworker, -ė; kruždirbis, -ė "who works the cross". 17 Naujadaras dvipasystė galėtų būti laikomas ir mišrios darybos dariniu (: dvi, pasas + priesaga -ystė). 18 Only one example of a two-way word has been found in the Internet usage: Dvipasių bėdos: Izraelis reikalauja grąžinti į Armenian kariuomenę mobilizuotą Cahalo kareivį [header] (facebook.com 2015 10 18). DLCT samples not found [viewed 2018 05 02]. 19 The new-found double-naming could also be considered as a derivative of a mixed action (: two, surname + suffix -ystė). 20 In the Internet usage, there are four examples of a double noun, -es, where the new word is used with another one, remaining ND nefiksuota reikšme: Sveikos merginos, tapsiančios ar jau esančios -ienės, -ė, "dvipavardės", ar esančios, bei with the maiden name. (supermama.lt 2012 01 14); „<...> Therefore, willingly or unwillingly, the younger Kazimieras, a Swede, when writing something about translation, literature or translation criticism, would add a ‘tail’ – Sasnava. This is how the double surname – Kazimieras Ambrasas-Sasnava came into being. This double surname is most commonly used for my scientific works and numerous articles." (aidas.lt May 2018 (no later than). DLKT examples not found [accessed 2018 05 02]. 21 There are six examples of the noun kailiakeitys, -ė usage on the Internet: Wondering which one of them is kailiakeitys? (traders.lt 2018 01 27); What a great memory. Thank you for the clarification. And I remember that the first one was Lithuanian. Did you confuse it with your own? Because normally only "transformers" suspect everyone like that. (greitas.eu May 2018 (no later than). DLKT examples not found [accessed 2018 05 02]. 22 On the Internet, there are only two new words for kubilininkas, -ė "kubilų darbininkas; examples of the usage of “tub seller”: The tub seller A. Kundrotas invited people to buy tubs, spoons, and other wood carvings. (zasliukc.lt May 2018 (no later than); Traditional craftsmen of our district also showed themselves beautifully at the festival: Jurgita Treinytė, a master of straw weaving, Onutė Raudeliūnienė, a baker, and Arvydas Kundrotas, a cube maker. (zasliukc.lt May 2018 (no later than). In other websites, the noun kubilininkas, -ė is used to mean "follower of Lithuanian politician Andrius Kubilius". DLKT examples of the meaning of “tub worker; „nerasta [žiūrėta 2018 05 02]. 23 Lačplēsis (Latvian: Lāčplēsis, roughly meaning 'bear-slayer') is a Latvian epic poem written by the poet Andrejs Pumpurs, based on Latvian folk tales and legends about the mighty bear-slayer Lačplēsis. (en.wikipedia.org May 2018 (no later than). DLKT examples not found [accessed 2018 05 02]. The name is derived from the word "bear", meaning "hunter of bears". 24 Naujadaro mažaspalvystė atveju taip pat galima įžvelgti dūrybos-priesagų darybos būdą (: mažai spalvų + suffix -ystė). 25 Internete rasti aštuoni naujadaro mažaspalvis, -ė vartosenos pavyzdžiai: Tokio mažaspalvio, stingstančio I’m listening to the world right now – the Canadian duo “Nadja” tells me cold-breathed stories. (bernardinai.lt 2009 07 10); I believe that if a flag wears out so much that it becomes unsuitable for honourable display, then its status should no nebebus valstybės vėliava. Išblukusi raudona bus neberaudona, ir tokio mažaspalvio skuduro sunaikinimas ar išmetimas longer be considered as desecration of state symbols. (newsgroups.lt 2009 06 25). DLKT pavyzdžių nerasta [žiūrėta 2018 05 02]. Agnieszka Aleksa. 2008. List of names in the English language | 8 2 TABLE. Missing BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 suffix -ystė abstract co-rooted words slot words 26 Eil. nr. Naujadaras Pamatinis žodis ND pateikiami bendrašakniai Fixed 3. ND 1. 2. 4. 6. 8. 9. 10. antreprenerỹstė antrepreneris, -ė + –balkonininkỹstė balkonininkas, -ė ––barzdaskutykla bulvininkỹstė bulvininkas, -ė + –dvikainỹstė dvikainis, -ė ––dvipavardỹstė dvipavarddis, -ė ––entreprenerỹstė entrepreneris, -ė + –filibusterỹstė filibusteris, -ė + –kailiakeitỹstė kailiakeitys, -ė ––kinkadrebỹstė kinkadrebys, -ė 0 –kitamanỹstė kitamanis, -ė 0 –klumpdirbỹstė klumpdirbystė, -ė 0 –korepetitoriavimas kryždirbỹstė kryždirbystė, -ė 0 – barzdaskutỹstė barzdaskutys, 12. 13. 14. -ė 0 korepetitorius, -ė 0 korepetitoriauti, citatmeldystė *citatmeldys, -ė 0 citatatonija dvipasỹstė dvipasis, -ė ––kubiloidas27 laisvadarbỹstė laisvadarbis, -ė + – hipsterỹstė hipsteris, -ė + hipsterija, kubilininkỹstė kubilininkas, -ė –kulizmas, hipsteriškai 16. 15. 17. 5. 7. 11. 18. 19. 26 Tables 2 and 3 contain not only data directly related to the study (new words and their base words), but also additional material useful for further research (fixed ND consonants). 27 The basis of these novelties is the name Kubilius. "Menk". Andrius Kubilius’ ideology and policies”; cubiloid ‘none. "Lithuanian politician Andrius Kubilius". Agnieszka Aleksa. Names of characteristics in Lithuanian vocabulary database | 9 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Eil. nr. Naujadaras Pamatinis žodis ND pateikiami bendrašakniai words Fixed y, ND 20. 23. 25. 26. 28. 22. newborn newborn, -ė 0 21. mamỹstė mama 0 mamadienis, mommy, -a, mommy, -ė, plan, supermommy, 24. –newword low-colour low-colour, -ė 29. 30. 31. substitute substitute 0 newword 0 newword dictionar- –follower 32. 33. 34. follower, -ė 0 –ranger ranger, -ė + –sunny sunny, -ė + sunny 27. profit-making profit-making, -ė 0 signarỹstė signarỹstė signarỹs, -ė 0 –snail snail, -ė + –roof roofer, -ė + –adult adult, -usi 0 –subinsaldỹstė *subinsaldys, -ė 0 –35. ––peacemaker peacemaker, -ė 0 – 36. – idle-going idle-going, -ė 0 37. –tutor-going tutor, -ė + 38. –fruit-eating fruit-eating, -ė (dkt.) + –39. vargondirbỹstė vargondirbys, -ė + – 40. vedlỹstė vedlys, -ė 0 – interope- Agnieszka Aleksa. In the case of MRI of the brain, the T1 images of the fronto-basal and temporal regions BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 show hypointense zones, and the T2 images – hyperintense zones. (sveikaszmogus.lt („Vaistų žinios“) 2009) In the Internet usage, not only the foreignness kredibilumas, which is not necessary for common language, but also its non-normative base word kredibilus, -i (G – 20) is also spreading; DLKT examples not found [accessed 2018 05 06]: The main thing to understand is that all this comes from science and numerous studies. In order to understand this as well as possible, you need to read not new age books and pages (as bahuriux appeared to do above in this topic), but articles, books and other credible (reliable) sources about evolution, entropy, systems and their formation, thermodynamics and other natural phenomena. (technologijos.lt 2012 08 30) and how did acquaintances perform sample tests? Are they credible or not? (legalus.net 2016 02 06) TABLE 3. Missing suffix -umas of abstract co-roots words nest words antigayism antigayism, -a –antigayism atlépausiškumas *atlépausiškas, -a 0 –traceability Eil. nr. Naujadaras Pamatinis žodis Fiksuota ND ND pateikiami bendrašakniai traceable, -a 0 –any kind of *any kind of, -a 0 –multitasking *multitasking, -a 0 –multiculturalism multicultural, -a 1. –multicultural, -ė multiprogramiškumas *multiprogramiškas, -a 0 multiprogramis, -ė multitasking multitasking, -a –multitasking fifishkùmas fifiškas, -a + fifa glokalùmas glokalus, -i + glokaliai, glokalizacija hyperintensyvùmas hyperintensyvus, -i ––12. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. rability interoperable, -i –– employa13. bility *įsidarbinamas, -a 0 – AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Ypatybių pavadinimai Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 17 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Eil. nr. Naujadaras Pamatinis žodis Fiksuota ND ND pateikiami bendrašakniai words 14. intelligence intelligent, -ioji + intelligence, intelligence, intelligence, ty 15. sapiosexual, -ė /+ – intelligence, -ė credibility 16. family, -a 0 – labyrinth labyrinth, -a –– legitimacy 17. legitimate, -i ––metrosexual, -i whistling whistling, -a 0 18. credibility, -i ––liminality liminalus, -i + liminalus, -ė 19. – 20. neuroplasticity neuroplastic, -a 21. ––unforgettableness *unforgettable, -a 0 22. intelligence, pan-Europeanism pan-Europeaunforgetta23. ble, -ė pan-European, -ė performativ24. ity performative, -i –performer, 25. -ė political correctness politically correct, -a + 26. n, -a + pan-Europeapolitical n, -ė, sapiosexuali27. corrector, -ė competition competition, -a + 28. –sapiosexual, -i interaction interaction, -i + –family 29. wasteful, wasteful, wasteful, wasteful, wasteful, wasteful, wasteful 30. metrosexuality metrosexual /+ – As can be seen from the presented data, 11 reference words fixed in the usage (in many cases – common, usual) were not included in the ND. In order to avoid the so-called lexicographic gaps (about the non-systematic nature of dictionaries published in Lithuania, see also Miliūnaitė 2015: 169), the database should Agnieszka Aleksa. Names of characteristics in the Lithuanian language new words database | 18 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 should be included and, relatively, long-established and no longer giving the impression of newness to the language users, the words laumiškas, -a and švaistūniškas, -a. 45 46 Lazy hair, legs and eyelashes are sprinkled with flour or opaque powder. On the body – only panties Barbora ir balta persišviečianti drapanėlė. (delfi.lt (5braskes.lt) 2013 10 26) dreams of finding “the one one” who would not bounce off seeing her fairy-like, chicken-like skin. (kultura.lrytas.lt 2018 03 07) Wasted budget will feed rising inflation (vz.lt 2007 10 10) Typical representatives of this sign are very realistic about the situation in the world, in the country and in their workplace, as well as realistic about wasteful purchases. (alfa.lt (astromanija.lt) 2017 10 01) Such language units, probably by mistake vertina savo galimybes. Paprastai jos įgunda skaičiuoti savo pajamas ir išlaidas, taip užkirsdamos kelią not included in LKŽe and DŽ7, should be marked in ND as nenuovas (unfixed) (cf. revived word kiaulasubinis, -ė included in ND). Based on ND data, it can be seen that the productivity of the suffix -ybė slightly decreased to the second place). Abstracts of the -ość suffix are usually made from adjectives and passive present tense participants with the meaning of adjectives (see DLKG 2006: 101), e.g.: beskonybė (: beskonis, -ė) "unflavored (rasta 17 leksemų) – ji atsiduria ketvirtoje vietoje, nors DLKG vertinta kaip itin dari (užima thing", išverčiamybė (: išverčiamas, -a) "possibility of the text to be translated", lyginamýbė (: lyginamas, -a) "ability to be compared", nuostabybė (: nuostabus, -i) "wonderful thing", etc. Most of the difficulties arise from the noun archajýbė (: archajus, -i? / archajus?) "what is archaic, old-fashioned". One example of archaicism was found on the Internet (fixed in the user history as early as 2004); DLKT examples not found [accessed 2018 05 02]: 45 The only adjective fixed in the LKŽ is lauminis, -ė "rožuotas laumės juostos (rainbow) spalvų juostomis". Online examples of the use of novadaro laumiškas, -a – quite a lot (93 entries); No DLKT examples found [viewed 2018 05 06]. 46 There are only three types of LC: 1. “whoever likes to waste, acts recklessly”; 2. "who wastes wealth without need, a wasteful, a wasteful". In the Internet usage of novadaro švaistūniškas, -a usage examples – abundant (110 entries); No examples of DLKT have been provided [accessed 2018 05 06]. Agnieszka Aleksa. 19 used in the language of the characters and they do not burden the text at all, dissolving it in BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Čia surašyti pavyzdžiai neturėtų sudaryti įspūdžio, kad visas kūrinys taip ir išverstas. Tos archajybės dažniau the language of the work as a whole. (llvs.lt („Gimtoji kalba“) 2004, Inga Mataitytė) Plg. The example given by ND: Ask a schoolboy, a student or a passer-by on the street what are the “roots of Lithuanianness”, and he will probably say without a blink of an eye that they are Lithuania’s antiquity, millennium, princes, language, and, of course, pagan faith. The latter, together with the archaic features of the language, reveals how old the former Lithuanian civilization was, how harmonious, virtuous and vibrant it was. (bernardinai.lt („Naujasis Židinys-Aidai“) 2012 03 19, Tomas Tiriamuoju laikotarpiu interneto vartosenoje (elektroninėje komunikacijoje) fiksuoti vos Daugirdas) a few isolated, non-informative archaea of possible reference words? (dkt.) and archaic, -i? (bdv.) examples of use. Perhaps the most informative (only conditionally, taking into account possible proofreading errors of reference words) could be considered the example below; No DLCT samples found [žiūrėta 2018 05 02]: - But there are several mass bases in that area that are well protected. Taré Zench, the only warlord who was archaic, unlike other warlords who were Zentil or Templar class warriors. His name means "the one who is born in lightning" <...> -EN TARO ADUN. It was the greeting of the zen leader which means “Peace today”. And out of the darkest shadow appeared Orihime. He was a Zen Templar in 1576 who had archaic powers. <...> -Gather two thousand more archaea and you will take them to this battle Flame Bearer, and tell everyone not to disturb me because you have to heal the wounds. (games.lt 2010 07 30) Nevertheless, the definition of archaism of the noun makes it possible to assume that it can also be based on the adjective archaic, -a – here it is possible to see the disintegration of the basic root in the derivative (to the adjective archaic, -a it is not possible to add the suffix -ybė directly, therefore the suffix -iškas, -a is discarded and the author creates an analogous noun (from the word strangeness) (for more on the role of disintegration in word formation, see Urbutis 2009: 241–244). In ND, there are a number of derivatives of the suffix -ybė, which denote not an abstracted property, but the object itself having the property (cf. DLKG 2006: 101): geidžiamýbė (: geidžiamas, -a) "the desired thing", paklausýbė (: paklausus, -i) "the demanding goods". There are individual derivatives of this suffix from adverbs and nouns – names of persons and animals, for example: anapusýbė (: anapus) “that which is beyond the limits of this life”, šiuolaikybė (: šiuo metu) “the present, the time now lived”, katalonybė (: katalonas, -ė) “support of everything related to the Catalan nation and Catalanism”, Agnieszka Aleksa. The name is derived from the Latin word for "cat": cat (= cat). The latter is obviously BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 made by analogy with the word šunybė. In ND there is only one derivative of the suffix -ybė – triprasmýbė to words and phrase names. It is possible that the category of word and phrase names is expanding – it (: triprasmis, -ė) „miglotas, kelias prasmes turintis kalbinės raiškos būdas“ – kurį būtų tikslu skirti includes not only such derivatives of the suffix -ybė, which “tell, from which ND the 5th place in terms of composition is occupied by the suffix -ūra (2 lexems) (cf. 17th place according to DLKG). In the database, kalbos ar tarmės yra kilęs jais žymimas žodis bei posakis“ (DLKG 2006: 141). after rejecting the inappropriate results of the automated search by the letter sequence *ūra (for more about the search in ND see http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/?Apie_duomenyna), e.g., and many compound new words, such as mitókūra „creation of myths“, etc., two suffixes -ūra made from nouns (personal names) kontaminacinį darinį seimokratūrà (: [Seim]as + pr[okuratūra]) „iron. Seimas, virtęs prokuratūra“ were found to be Vedic: podoktorantūrà new words. (: podoktorantas, -ė) „studijos ir tyrimai, atliekami įgijus daktaro laipsnį“ (plg. anglų k. post doc) ir rezidentūrà (: rezidentas, -ė) „podiplominės aukštojo medicinos mokslo studijos“ (plg. anglų k. residency). Žinoma, abejotina, ar tikrai ne dėl kitų kalbų poveikio lietuvių kalboje radosi minėti 47 According to ND data, the 6th place in terms of consistency is occupied by three suffixes, i.e. -ovė, -ulys and -yba (respectively DLKG: 6th, 7th and 10th places). In the database, after rejecting inappropriate results with the ending *ovė, e.g., the contaminative noun batakovė (: [bata]s + ran[kovė]) „a shoe-attached aule“, the semantic noun daržóvė „a vegetating patient who has come out of a coma, but has not regained consciousness: unable to react voluntarily to the environment and not aware of it“ (cf. vegetable „vegetable“), the enriched noun minkštãlovė „soft reclining furniture“ etc., only one derivative of the suffix -ovė – daugóvė (: daugus, -i) „majority“ was fixed. According to ND data, the 48 suffix -ulys (1 lexicon) is also unproductive: keistulỹs (: keistas, -a) "strangeness". In the DLKG, ND is ranked 6th as an unproductive suffix -yba, rising from 10th place (according to grammar), although this suffix is very rarely presented in the abstract database (1 lexem). The list of new words includes one ND lexicographically described language unit – šulniakasyba (: well-digger, 49 47 For example, online Russian words – poddoktoratura and pezidentura – examples, excluding repetitions atvejus, rasta atitinkamai – 1 ir 18. Pastarasis naujažodis rezidentūra įtrauktas į TŽŽ (2013). 48 Įmanomas ir kitas šio naujažodžio pamatas – prieveiksmis daug. 49 Plg. The note included in the ND "business is old, but in the reference dictionaries there is no such name". In addition, this novelty could be considered as a derivative of the mixed form (: šulinį kasė + suffix -yba). As can be seen from the examples analyzed in this thesis (dvipasystė, dvipavardystė, dvisantuokystė, mažaspalvystė, protšadystė, subinšaldystė, šulniakasyba, etc.), mixed verbs are increasing in modern Lithuanian. Agnieszka Aleksa. The name is derived from the Latin word for "21st century" (21st-century). It BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 seems to be controversial the creative division of the novelist tepyba or “artistic spreading of melted cheese on a slice”. The ND indicates that the noun tepyba (: [tep]ti + tap[yba]) is to be regarded as a contaminative noun, although it could also be treated as a derivative of the suffix 50 -yba, made from a non-prepositional transitive verb, despite the fact that there is only one other derivative of this suffix in common language, made only from nouns (DLKG 2006: 103). It should be emphasized that general conclusions about 4 non-productive suffixes (-ovė, -ulys, -yba, -ūra) and 9 suffixes (-enybė, -uma, -atvė, -atis, -astis, -ata, -(i)ava, -umė, -ra), for which ND was not found at all during the investigation period, cannot be drawn. This estimate is conditional, since it would be inaccurate to claim that the above-mentioned suffixes are not productive on the basis of ND data ND medžiagą, akivaizdu, kad nedarių afiksų rikiavimas pagal produktyvumą yra daugiau alone. In this case, it is possible to talk only about emerging tendencies. In order to thoroughly investigate the consistency of property names (abstract nouns) suffixes, one should įvairesniais ir gausesniais šaltiniais. The rare and, as emphasized, characteristic only for dialects abstract suffixes of nouns (-ysta, -asta, -astas, -atva, -iškė) (1965: 313) presented by LKG are not found in ND, except for the afix -esys. From the results presented by ND, after rejecting the semantic newword blizgesỹs „cosmetic product that gives lip gloss and has less color than lipstick“ and the enriched newword žuvlesỹs „bird thinking about fish“, ND presents two derivatives of the suffix -esys: drovesỹs (: shy) „shyness“ and ieškesỹs (: ieško) „synonym of constructive search“, thus according to the consistency of ND this suffix is in the 5th place. The derivative ND of the non-productive international suffixes -ažas and -itetas (LKG 1965: 315) was not found. 50 By the way, this way of mixing words has long been on the fringes of word formation, a problem in most Lithuanian and mokslininkų vertintas tik kaip nesąmoningas liežuvio suklupimas, atsiradęs dėl neapsisprendimo, kurį kalbos vienetą pasirinkti (Urbutis 2009: 324; Lehrer 2003: 369). Ilgainiui kontaminaciniai dariniai imti vertinti ne kaip pavieniai foreign speech, but as a result of conscious linguistic activity, which language users prefer in search of an expressive and concise way of expressing their thoughts (Miliūnaitė 2014: 261; see also Mikić Čolić 2015: 25–26 for a more detailed evaluation of the two-fold evaluation of mixing words). In the recent scientific literature of some languages, word fusion is recognized as a common and productive way of word formation (Gries 2004: 639; Mikić Čolić 2015: 33). In Lithuania, comparatively early, the first works were published in which scientists drew attention to contamination (Skardžius 1996: 21) and studied it as a lawful phenomenon classified according to various characteristics (Kabašinskaitė 1998: 5, 69). AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ. Ypatybių pavadinimai Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 22 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 IŠVADOS 1. Tiriamuoju laikotarpiu ND fiksuotų ypatybių pavadinimų tyrimas rodytų, kad LKG ir In the DLKG, the last considered suffix of this category -umas (30 lexems ND) perhaps begins to descend to the third in order of frequency suffix -ystė (47 lexems) and the sixteenth -izmas (41 lexems). The same applies to the -ybė suffix (17 lexems ND), which is the second most commonly used suffix in grammar. However, it is necessary to take into account the generally small number of fixed derivatives and the potentiality of derivatives (especially of the suffix -umas), so confirming or refuting the assumption of the decreasing usefulness of these suffixes would be possible only by studying more new words and their base words. The suffix -izmas in LKG and DLKG is clearly regarded as inactive with Lithuanian words, and the material accumulated in the database shows that this type of action in Lithuanian language is now quite productive (the foreign suffix -izmas is tended to be added to the native roots) – names of political directions, ideologies, social orders, business and fields of activity are constantly created. 3.The derivatives of suffixes (-ovė, -ulys, -yba, -ūra) had only one or two NDs in the investigated period, and the derivatives of 9 suffixes (-enybė, -uma, -atvė, -atis, -astis, -ata, -(i)ava, -umė, -ra) had no NDs at all. Based on ND data alone, it would be inaccurate to say that the aforementioned suffixes are not productive now. And in this case, considering the manual way of collecting ND data, it is possible to talk only about emerging tendencies. In order to thoroughly investigate the consistency of suffixes of property names (abstract nouns), it is necessary to rely on more diverse and abundant sources. 4. one revived affix – -esys, which LKG considers as a rare and only dialect-specific noun abstract suffix, is fixed in ND. 5. Examination of the names of fixed features in ND shows changes in the baseline of the work. The -ism adverb is based on a more diverse, non-described basis in traditional grammar - 6. Manually collected ND material, of course, does not provide a completely objective and sintagma, žodžių junginiu ir santrumpa. comprehensive picture of new word formation, but a small study has shown that so far it is the only effective database systematically collecting new language units. Agnieszka Aleksa. Names of characteristics in the Lithuanian vocabulary database | BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 23 SOURCES AN 2005 – Anglonas. English-Lithuanian computer dictionary. South. B. 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