Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės „Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne“

RITA MILIŪNAITĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language PRESENTATION AND SEARCH OPTIONS FOR NEOLOGISMS IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE NEOLOGISM DATABASE KEYWORDS: lexicography, neologisms, digital resources, language technologies. INTRODUCTION The rapidly developing language technologies around the world rely on digital language resources—dictionaries, databases, corpora, and similar collections of more or less systematized and scientifically described language data serving various purposes, and in recent years also on growing collections of other types of digital information (big data). Digital Lithuanian-language resources are increasingly viewed not as separate sources traditionally used for distinct scholarly or practical purposes, but as Lithuanian-language data needed for the shared digital marketplace of the world’s languages. There, data from many languages are used to create digital tools and services (Internet search engines, machine translation tools, semantic word networks, and ultimately artificial intelligence). Under conditions of globalization and the spread of the Internet, this need is driven above all by the political, economic, and cultural ties of the multilingual global community, whose free development is hindered, among other things, by differences between languages (for more, see Rivera Pastor et al. 2017). The institutions of the European Union emphasize that the languages of all European Union countries are recognized as equal, but the technologies for several dominant major languages, especially English, are more advanced, creating inequality among languages. Therefore, efforts are being made to encourage research into European languages and the related technological development and innovation. Since the end of 2011, the Institute of the Lithuanian Language has been developing the online Lithuanian Language Neologism Database (hereinafter, ND, http://naujazodziai.lki.lt) is also one of the important resources of contemporary Lithuanian. It collects the new vocabulary of the 21st century, reflecting developments in Lithuanian vocabulary over recent decades, including its semantic, morphemic, and derivational BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 2 structural changes. At the same time, this database is a tool for studying the lexicon of contemporary Lithuanian and for standardizing the layer of it required for the standard language. The ND began as part of the project “Baltic and Nordic Parts in the Open European Linguistic Infrastructure” (META-NORD), partly funded by the European Commission. It is currently being prepared for integration into the Lithuanian Language Digital Resources System “E. kalba” under another digital-resource development project1, and will eventually become part of a multilingual semantic word network now under development. For this purpose, the ND data—already collected and continually updated—must be specially prepared and described. It is therefore useful to examine the neologisms in this digital resource itself, explore their characteristics, and reveal the problems involved in describing them. Thus, the subject of this article is the new lexicon collected in the ND and its semantic, structural, and functional features. A practical question is directly related to the characteristics of neologisms and their description: what information and by what search methods can neologism researchers and all database users already obtain from the ND today? The aim of this article is to describe the data-search options provided by the ND and directions for their development, and to reveal how these relate to the characteristics of neologisms. To achieve this aim, the following objectives are set: 1) to describe the principal characteristics of ND neologisms and the principles for presenting the data; 2) to describe the ND search system; and 3) to discuss possible directions for neologism research using the ND and related opportunities to expand data-search functionality. 1. SYSTEMATIZING INFORMATION ABOUT NEOLOGISMS Neologism dictionaries are published around the world to present information about neologisms. Some languages have more than one, and they are often published at regular intervals. It should be noted, however, that such work is rarely undertaken by individual researchers. Neologism dictionaries are generally compiled as long-term projects by large publishing houses with extensive experience in dictionary publishing, or by neologism-monitoring centers based at language-science institutions (cf. English observatories of neology) (Guerra 2016: 528, 531). Researchers of neologism dictionaries (primarily printed dictionaries are meant here) note that such works are important as reflections of the lexical and semantic changes in a language during a given period, and have lasting value. New words may be used only briefly, and not all find their way into general dictionaries, but they are a continual part of neology 1 In mid-2018, the Institute of the Lithuanian Language launched a two-and-a-half-year project, “Development of the Lithuanian Language Resources Information System (E. kalba),” implemented under Priority 2, “Promoting the Information Society,” of the European Union Funds Investment Action Programme for 2014–2020, measure No. 02.3.1-CPVA-V-527, “The Lithuanian Language in Information Technologies.” BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 3 process, revealing tendencies in word formation and, more broadly, marking fundamental changes in society and helping people navigate them (Guerra 2016: 529). In Lithuanian lexicographic practice, the ND is an unconventional undertaking, since new lexicon is collected, systematized, and described in a way that differs from traditional dictionaries. Until now, Lithuanian dictionaries have generally acquired a digital form from a paper—that is, printed—version, a consistently edited text with a finite form. Digitizing paper dictionaries makes access to the data more convenient and creates various computer-search options. Dozens of digital dictionaries intended for Lithuanian or multilingual dictionaries can be found on both individual and shared websites. For example, see the Lithuanian Language Digital Resources System “E. kalba” (http://lkiis.lki.lt)2 or the Information System of Integrated Lithuanian Language and Written Heritage Resources “Raštija” (https://www.raštija.lt)3. An increasing number of lexicographic works are now being compiled without a printed version (or with print becoming secondary). Preparing digital dictionaries from the outset makes it possible to plan a data-description method better suited to a digital format (for example, without economizing on space for examples) and, with computer editing tools, to present the data more systematically and consistently, and to add, correct, reclassify it, and so forth as needed. Like the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (BLKŽ) or the Database of New Loanwords (NSDB)4, the ND is being created as a digital collection of systematized data on the contemporary Lithuanian lexicon. The collection of neologisms encourages and accelerates research in this field—not only research on new loanwords, but especially on neologisms formed within the language, for which, it seems, Lithuanian has not previously had even a minimally lexicographically processed digital resource devoted exclusively to them. Throughout the ND’s existence, since 2011, a number of articles have been published on the neologisms it contains. They examine theoretical issues in neologism research and practical questions of neologism management. Most attention has focused on the database’s contents: the concept of neologisms, methods of data collection and selection, principles of systematization, and the structural and 2 In a couple of years, this website will have a new internet address, but it will also remain accessible at this old address. 3 It is worth noting that the creators of this website chose an address containing the Lithuanian diacritic š, thereby showing that technical restrictions on such characters are no longer an obstacle on the internet. 4 At the end of 2018, this database listed 2,246 new loanwords and their derivatives, and the period in which they began to appear in usage is counted from the restoration of independence; thus, the NSDB covers a decade more than the ND, and its compilers consider the 1985 Dictionary of International Words to be one of its most important reference dictionaries (for comparison: the ND uses the 2001 Dictionary of International Words). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 4 semantinė analizė ir kt. (žr. Miliūnaitė 2014, 2015; Murmulaitytė 2014, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c, 2018 ir kt.). Without repeating the contents of those articles, it is worth recalling here that the concept of a neologism varies in Lithuanian and foreign-language linguistic studies. The most important criteria for identifying neologisms are generally considered to be the following: the time factor (the emergence of new words from a chosen point of reference), the lexicographic criterion (the word is not recorded in lexicographic works), instability of word form and semantics (the form of neologisms tends to vary, while their meaning may remain unsettled and difficult to define for some time), and neological perception, or the perception of novelty (language users feel that a word is new, unusual, and sometimes even strange) (cf. Kerremans 2015: 31–32; Guerra 2016: 529). ND’s lexical selection is essentially based on these criteria as well. At the end of 2018, ND’s headword list comprised nearly 5,000 neologisms, with about 19,000 examples of their usage. Some 400–500 neologisms are described each year, although almost twice as many are recorded in the card index. It should be recalled that ND data are collected manually, so their quantity is not an adequate reflection of the entire neological process currently underway in Lithuanian. Attempts to develop Lithuanian neologism harvesting tools (primarily using internet data) have been made, but it will be some time before we reach the level already attained by technologies for other languages in this regard (see Kerremans, Stegmayer, Schmid 2011: 59–96; Kerremans 2015: 78–92). ND neologisms are described according to principles similar to those used in established foreign neologism dictionaries, so that their most important characteristics are comprehensively revealed. However, in seeking to make data publicly available promptly, it is not always possible to determine some characteristics of neologisms immediately, or there may be insufficient information about a word that has just been discovered. It has therefore been decided which types of information about a neologism must be included in ND and which may be added later when missing. Information about each neologism is organized and presented in ND in two blocks. I. General information about the neologism: 1) the headword (or phrase), 2) the accented form of the headword and the accentuation of words belonging to the relevant parts of speech (if it can be determined); 3) the neologism’s classificatory features according to its formal characteristics (distinguishing neologisms with a borrowed root, coinages, new word meanings, etc.)5; 5 There is no single established classification of neologisms in Lithuanian or foreign-language linguistics. Neologisms are generally classified according to their structural and semantic features (cf. Заботкина 1989: 8–26). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 5 4) grammatical features (part of speech and other characteristic grammatical labels—indeclinable, reflexive or definite form, etc.); 5) variant forms (usually spelling variants, less often inflectional variants); 6) the origin of neologisms and, for borrowed or translated items, the original form as well; 7) for neologisms formed within the language: the type of formation, the derivational formant and the derivational meaning (these features sometimes require special research, so they are not always indicated immediately); 8) special features of neologisms that may be relevant to searches (for example, author-created, occurring only once, created by emigrants, etc.); 9) related words; 10) data contributors (it is important to record and encourage language users’ initiatives, so the first contributor to send in a neologism is identified); 11) the dates when information was entered into the ND and updated. Since a neologism may have more than one meaning, the information in the second block is provided separately for each meaning. II. Meaning(s) and usage of the neologism. 1) definition of the neologism; 2) notes for users (if necessary, normative information is provided, for example, indicating what loanword equivalents and usage recommendations exist, etc.); 3) thematic area of use (there may be more than one, for example, “food” and “business”); 4) codification (indicates whether the neologism has been codified in any way, or whether its assessment with regard to norms varies); 5) functional and expressive nuances; 6) other variants (if any); 7) semantic links with other neologisms in the ND; 8) usage examples and their dated sources and authors (if available). Usage examples accompanied by specific bibliographic details for the sources in which the neologisms occur are very important, because they not only prove that a neologism has indeed existed for at least some time in a particular context, but also record the date by which it was definitely in use and, occasionally, the exact time of its emergence. All this information about neologisms forms the basis for creating an ND search system that would allow information about neologisms to be filtered in various ways. The ND classification is continually being improved; several classification alternatives are emerging, depending on the choice of different classification criteria. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 6 2. SEARCH OPTIONS IN THE NEOLOGISM DATABASE Given the continuous flow of neologisms and the growing size of the ND, it is important not only to manage and systematize the data in this resource so that it can be described and presented in the most useful way for both researchers and practitioners. It is important to reveal as many aspects of the ND’s potential as possible to users. Since the end of 2011, the search options have been expanded several times. What considerations guide their design? 2.1. Search needs and capabilities As a collection of new phenomena, the ND provides new, systematized knowledge about changes in the lexicon of Lithuanian in the 21st century that is not published elsewhere. This naturally creates a space that attracts both ordinary language users, often driven by curiosity, and participants in the Lithuanian language teaching process (teachers, lecturers, pupils, and students), as well as researchers of language innovations. The ND search system is designed with these target groups in mind. It should be emphasized that the ND is not an ordinary dictionary. There are two main differences from other dictionaries customary in lexicography. Much also depends on these differences in terms of search capabilities. First, the difference stems from the way the data are collected and described. Since the emergence of neologisms cannot be predicted in advance, they are collected as they are encountered in various sources of current usage. Consequently, the data are not described according to a systematic principle (i.e., not consistently in semantic groups and exhaustively by derivational nests, as, for example, in BLKŽ), but only the items that are recorded are described. The completeness of a derivational nest is usually determined by the frequency and popularity of neologism use. For example, the derivational nest of the word instagramas, currently frequently used, is expanding rapidly: instagrameris, -ė; instagraminimas; instagraminis, -ė; instagraminti; instagramintojas, -a; instagramiškumas. The issue of data representativeness is also related to systematicity (cf. Liutkevičienė, Murmulaitytė 2015: 87–88; Murmulaitytė 2016a: 20). In this way, the representativeness and reliability of the information accumulated in the ND grow as the amount and diversity of the data increase, while the subjective aspect diminishes as the range of data sources and the number of data contributors expand6. Thus, over time, the scholarly value of the ND data increases. 6 Efforts are made to involve the public in collecting the constantly changing lexicon in various ways. This practice is widely used in foreign lexicography (cf. Abel, Meyer 2013). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 7 Second, the usual model of information retrieval in dictionaries cannot be applied directly to the ND. Typically, a dictionary search begins with a known headword, in order to find more information about it (to learn about its semantic, grammatical, and stylistic characteristics, origin, usage, standardness, equivalents in other languages, and so on). Because of their novelty, many ND words are unknown to users, so a search starting from the headword list is often not possible. This raises the question of what and how one can search for in the ND so that users can obtain as much and as varied information as possible about the new lexicon of Lithuanian. 2.2. Search methods At the end of 2018, several ways of accessing ND data were available. 1) Searching the ND section News. Upon entering the ND website, users see regularly updated ND news alongside the headword list. This information is intended to satisfy initial curiosity—highlighting especially notable cases that stand out in some way from the overall stream of new words (see Fig. 1). By opening any of the several dozen News pages, one can find interesting new words presented in reverse chronological order. This information often reflects current political, social, and cultural developments of significance to society, which are immediately given linguistic expression. To name or emotionally color some new object, phenomenon, or event, people coin new words (e.g., droninukė7; gamtinėti; kėdžmogis; kuprinmaišis; melasklaida; na isus, -i; pakramtukas; seimonautas), while borrowings (e.g., kimatika, okupendumas, oganesonas, trampokalipsė) and calques (e.g., naujienlaiškis, orlentė, veidaknygė) arrive with news from abroad. Since links to new words in news items are active, clicking a highlighted new word takes users directly to its entry, where they can also find links to related words in ND (a), semantically related words (b), and usage variants (c), for example: (a) riedis – riedkalnis, riedslidės, riedutininkas, -ė; saitvietė – saitąžymė, saitžodis, saitynas, tinklalovietė, etc.; (b) tortilija – buritas, enčilada, kesadilija, načio, takas; sušis – noris, nigiris, temakis, uramakis, etc.; asmenukė – droninukė, grupinukė, gyvūnukė; 7The meanings of all the new words given in the examples, as well as further information about them, can be found in ND (http://naujazodziai.lki.lt). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 8 (c) flešmobas – sulėktuvės, sąspietis, žaibiškas sambūris; feisbukietis, -ė – feisbukėnas, -ė; feisbukininkas, -ė; feisbukiškis, -ė. FIG. 1. ND news page 2) Searching the new-word headword list. If users already know which word they want to look up in ND and would like more information about it, they can search in the usual ways used for digital dictionaries—that is, in the list of all headwords, the headword list visible on the left side of the ND website. For example, having heard or otherwise come across a new word, one can try to find it in ND (see Fig. 2). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 9 FIG. 2. After learning a new word, for example, kūnovara, one can try searching for it in the ND If the word being sought is not in the ND headword list, users are invited to send it to the database editors (see Fig. 3). FIG. 3. As soon as the neologism kiaulega appeared in usage, the ND search responded by suggesting that the word be sent to the database editors BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 10 For this purpose, on the ND website page Your Suggestions, a form must be completed requesting the neologism itself, its source, and an example of its use; if the sender wishes, they may also define the neologism’s meaning. It should be noted that requiring the source discourages users from sending words of their own making, since the ND follows the principle of recording neologisms only as instances of actual usage. In a section of the adjacent ND suggestions page, one can find a list of neologisms submitted by website visitors. At the end of 2018, the list contained more than 700 visible neologisms, while more than 1,000 unprocessed suggestions remained in the ND card file8. The ND headword list also allows a search for neologisms by word fragment, a method common in digital lexicographic work: an asterisk is typed before the fragment in the search box. This makes it possible to select words sharing a root or all neologisms with the same ending (see Fig. 4). FIG. 4. Search in the ND by the final fragment of the headword -ainis; only the first half of the full search results is shown here 3) Search by parameters. Until autumn 2017, the ND website offered a search for neologisms using six parameters. As the data grew and new types of neologisms became increasingly apparent 8 Unprocessed neologisms accumulate in the ND card file because only minimal resources are available for this work; for the same reason, the needs of contemporary lexicography are currently not being met in Lithuania as a whole. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 11 Because of these features, and as language users discovered new needs, the list of parameters was later expanded (see Fig. 5). Some of the more important ones are discussed below. FIG. 5. Searching for neologisms in the ND by parameters since the end of 2017; new parameters are marked with red stars It is usually useful to combine a search by PARTS OF SPEECH with other parameters, since search results for a single part of speech can be extensive and not particularly informative. However, extracting words belonging to parts of speech that are statistically rare can also provide interesting information. For example, extracting all interjections from the ND (there were 15 at the end of 2018) shows that this part of speech has recently been supplemented by borrowings from English and other languages (see Fig. 6). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 12 FIG. 6. Search results by part of speech—the list of interjections in the ND Optional lists are provided for some of the search parameters. They expand when the check mark in the parameter field is clicked. For example, by selecting the ORIGIN parameter, one can choose new borrowings that entered Lithuanian, usually via English as an intermediary, from any one of 48 languages (Arabic, Armenian, Icelandic, Spanish, Japanese, etc.). Parameters can also be combined. For example, one can select borrowings from Japanese that have the feature “food” under the other parameter, FIELD OF USE (which includes more than 50 fields) (see Fig. 7). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 13 FIG. 7. Search results for the features “Japanese” + “food”; the red arrow indicates where the search-parameter table opens Optional search lists are compiled and, when necessary, supplemented while investigating and describing neologism features in the ND data-entry interface. Queries for some search parameters are entered freely, without optional lists. For instance, the ORIGINAL FORM parameter can be used to find a borrowing without knowing how its spelling has been adapted in the headword list, or to find the equivalent of a new borrowing included in the headword list. For example, entering the English borrowing outsourcing in the ORIGINAL FORM search field returns the headword autsorsingas in the ND, and its entry provides information about the Lithuanian equivalent veiklos rangą. In actual usage, neologisms, especially borrowings, often have various spelling and grammatical-form variants (cf. gaspačas – gaspačis, gaspačo, gaspacho, gazpačo, gazpacho). Neologism dictionaries generally follow one of three strategies for presenting variants: 1) variants are presented as separate headwords; 2) variants are listed alongside the main lemma; 3) variants are included in the microstructure of the entry (see Guerra 2016: 533–535). In view of the characteristics of neologism variants, the ND most often applies the first and third strategies. In some cases, it is necessary to list as separate headwords those variants that BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 14 Because of spelling differences, they end up in different places in the headword list and may be harder to find (cf. vaifajus and Wi‑Fi). In addition, the ND database has a separate field for form variants, so entering one of them in the FORM VARIANT search field in the ND search parameters increases the likelihood of finding the neologism entry if it cannot be found through a headword search. In such cases, usage examples are presented together in the same entry and reflect actual variable usage. Although it was mentioned that neologisms can be linked by semantic features, this is sometimes not enough to select words from a particular semantic group in the ND. The freely fillable DEFINITION field may be useful here (see Fig. 8). FIG. 8. Search results obtained using the DEFINITION search parameter in the ND, after entering the fragment “makaron” in its field and expecting that definitions of names for various types of pasta or neologisms related to pasta would contain some form of this word It should be emphasized that both semantic links and searching by a definition fragment are merely a few rather superficial ways of getting a sense of semantic relationships among neologisms. In general, the search for semantic relationships between words has scarcely been implemented in Lithuanian digital lexicography, although there is considerable demand for it. As mentioned, under the development project for the Lithuanian Language Digital Resources System “E. kalba” BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 15 a semantic word network is already being developed, so the neologisms in the ND will also have to be systematically processed according to the principles of that network, and new search options will become available in this respect as well. 2.3. Improving ND search options A specialized search has been implemented in the ND data editor, which is accessible only to ND editors (see Fig. 9). It provides even more search filters. This is particularly necessary when editing data, because maintaining it over a long period of time, rather than reviewing a finite text in its entirety (as is often done when compiling traditional dictionaries), leads to various inconsistencies. Expanding ND search options means that neologisms are first described according to an increasing number of features. This, in turn, raises theoretical and practical problems and encourages a more comprehensive and in-depth study of the neologisms themselves. FIG. 9. Specialized search in the ND editor (intended for organizing, editing, and standardizing ND data); additional search parameters, underlined in red, are not yet visible to users of the ND website BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 16 A detailed description of neologisms is greatly complicated by the fact that some studies require considerable time and scholarly effort. For example, determining certain systematic features of a neologism requires establishing the language of its origin and how it came about (a calque or a derivative, a newly coined word or a new meaning, etc.; see Miliūnaitė 2015: 174–180 for a fuller discussion). It is not uncommon for major English-language dictionaries not yet to have described new borrowings found in Lithuanian public usage, so the origins and meanings of such neologisms can be established only with the help of more usage examples (and initially there are not many of these either). As the ND search system is improved, the database becomes increasingly useful for studying language contact as well as new tendencies in Lithuanian word formation, since it is currently the only data source that seeks to record neologisms from a variety of domains of use and describe them, at least minimally, in lexicographic terms. Research in this field is under way at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, and in time both scholarly works and services for the public will emerge that apply the results of this research. SUMMARY 1. The continually growing collection of the new vocabulary of 21st-century Lithuanian—the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms—makes it possible to view this stratum of the language systematically and to present and describe neologisms according to principles, established practices, and features common to many languages that are customary in neological lexicography worldwide. At the same time, the collection and systematization of neologisms, together with preliminary research, reveal characteristics that encourage more in-depth study of new vocabulary and enable the development of new models for describing it. 2. The lexicographic processing of the stream of neologisms, alongside research into them, makes this process particularly dynamic. The more new data are recorded and systematized, the more new characteristics of neologisms come to light. ND data and their development provide a basis for the following lines of research: a) the nature of changes in the Lithuanian domains and media of language use that are renewing most actively (the functioning of new vocabulary in the media, electronic communication, and particular areas of social activity—science, business, advertising, computing, entertainment, tourism, and so on); b) characteristics of the origins of neologisms (the balance between native and borrowed elements, their competition, and their impact on the system of standard Lithuanian); BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 17 c) new tendencies in word formation (the renewed relevance of word-formation methods and devices, changes in word-formation meanings—narrowing or broadening, etc.); d) changes in word meanings and prevailing tendencies; e) characteristics of how neologisms function (for example, competition between variants and reasons why new coinages take hold or are rejected); f) problems in the codification of new phenomena (the incorporation of new borrowings, and the relationship of new word-formation phenomena and semantic innovations to the norm); g) stylistic characteristics of new vocabulary. 3. ND search capabilities are developed and expanded with reference to the systematic and functional characteristics of neologisms, the state of research on them, and the needs of various target groups. The publicly available ND parameter-based search system and its specialized version make it possible to explore neologisms from a range of perspectives. This information is already beginning to generate added scholarly and practical value, and new ways of using it are emerging: a) in scholarship: research into new vocabulary in various fields is being designed and conducted; b) in the education system: it encourages the updating of teaching content and methodology and enlivens the teaching process9 (teachers and lecturers actively use ND data and involve pupils and students in exploring and collecting new vocabulary); c) in business: it provides ideas for creating names for new products, services, and companies; d) in the field of public language education: helps people become familiar with changes in the Lithuanian language, learn about new Lithuanian vocabulary and its potential for renewal. ŠALTINIAI BLKŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyr. red. Danutė Liutkevičienė. Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt. ND – Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas. Tęstinis internetinis žinynas nuo 2011 m. Sud. ir ats. red. Rita Miliūnaitė, programuotojas Evaldas Ožeraitis. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt (žiūrėta 2018 m. spalį–lapkritį). 9 Plg. išvestinį ND kūrinį – Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių tartuvą, kuriame, naudojant elektroninio teksto skaitytuvą (lietuvių šnekos sintetatorių), galima išgirsti, kaip tarti ir kirčiuoti naujai lietuvių kalboje atsiradusius žodžius (žr. https://liepa.rastija.lt/Tarttuvas). BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 18 NSDB – Naujųjų skolinių duomenų bazė, parengė Lietuvių kalbos instituto Sociolingvistikos skyrius, žr. http://nsdb.sociolingvistika.lt/. LITERATŪRA Abel A., Meyer Ch. M. 2013: The dynamics outside the paper: user contributions to online dictionaries. – Proceedings of eLex 2013, 179–194. Prieiga internete: http://eki.ee/elex2013/proceedings/eLex2013_13_Abel+Meyer.pdf (žiūrėta 2018 09 12). Guerra A. R. 2016: Dictionaries of neologisms: a review and proposals for its improvement. – Open Linguistics 2 (1), 528–556. Kerremans D. 2015: A Web of New Words: A Corpus-Based Study of the Conventionalization Process of English Neologisms. – English Corpus Linguistics 15. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Kerremans D., Stegmayer S., Schmid H. J. 2011: The NeoCrawler: Identifying and Retrieving Neologisms from the Internet and Monitoring Ongoing Change. – Current methods in historical semantics. K. Allan, J. Robinson (eds.). De Gruyter Mouton, 59–96. Liutkevičienė D., Murmulaitytė D. 2015: Nuo Dabartinės prie Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 5, 83–146. Miliūnaitė R. 2014: Naujieji kontaminaciniai dariniai lietuvių kalboje. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica, 71, 246–264. Miliūnaitė R. 2015: Naujažodžių atranka ir pateikimas Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 5, 161–184. Murmulaitytė D. 2014: Priesagos –iklis naujadarų apibrėžčių sistemiškumas. – Bendrinė kalba 87, 1–17. Prieiga internete: http://www.bendrinekalba.lt/Straipsniai/87/Murmulaityte_BK_87_straipsnis.pdf Murmulaitytė D. 2016a: Naujieji asmenų pavadinimai darybos ir semantiniu aspektu. – Lietuvių kalba 10, 1–22. Prieiga internete: http://www.lietuviukalba.lt/index.php/lietuviu-kalba/article/view/200 Murmulaitytė D. 2016b: Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 75, 46–66. BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 19 Murmulaitytė D. 2016c: Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas ir naujadarų tyrimų perspektyvos. – Bendrinė kalba 89, 1–27. Prieiga internete: http://www.bendrinekalba.lt/Straipsniai/89/Murmulaityte_BK_89_straipsnis.pdf Murmulaitytė D. 2018: Kontaminacija ir lietuvių kalbos naujadara. – Kalba ir kontekstai 8(1), 60–70. Rivera Pastor R. et al. 2017: Kalbų lygybė skaitmeniniame amžiuje. Gimtosios kalbos projektas. Briuselis: Europos Parlamento tyrimų tarnyba. Prieiga internete: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/598621/EPRS_STU(2017)598621_LT.pdf. Versija anglų kalba: Rivera R. et al. 2017: Language equality in the digital age: Towards a Human language Project. Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service. Prieiga internete: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/598621/EPRS_STU(2017)598621_EN.pdf (žiūrėta 2018 11 26). Заботкина В. И. 1989: Новая лексика современного английского языка. Москва: Высшая школа. Įteikta 2018 12 15 Priimta 2018 12 30 BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne | 20 NEOLOGISM PRESENTATION AND SEARCH POSSIBILITIES IN THE DATABASE OF LITHUANIAN NEOLOGISMS Summary The language technologies that are seeing rapid development all over the world are grounded on digital language resources: various dictionaries, databases, corpuses, and similar compilations of structured and scientifically described language data. The digital resources of the Lithuanian language are also undergoing an increasing degree of integration in general databases (see http://lkiis.lki.lt, https://www.raštija.lt) and preparation for the digital global market of languages. These resources are used for the development of digital tools and services (such as online search engines, machine translation tools, semantic wordnets, and finally, artificial intelligence). The article offers an introduction into a digital compilation of neological data – the online Database of Lithuanian Neologisms that has been under development by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language since 2011 and is now subject to ongoing updates (ND, http://naujazodziai.lki.lt). Designed to capture Lithuanian neologisms of the early 21st century, it mirrors the changes in the vocabulary of the Lithuanian language and its semantic, morphemic, formational structure. As of late 2018, the ND contains nearly 5,000 neologisms and about 19,000 usage examples. The purpose of the article is to describe the possibilities of trolling for data to be included in the ND and the directions in which they could expand, based on the semantic, structural, and functional attributes of the modern-day Lithuanian language. The first segment deals with the term neologism that has been adopted in the ND, the principles of presenting the data, and the problems with neologism descriptions. It shows that the database can benefit both neological researchers and language users. The second segment examines the development of the ND search engine based on the above requirements. Neologisms in the ND are described following principles that resemble those of the established practice of foreign neologism dictionaries. The information on each neologism in the ND is presented in two blocks: (1) general information on the neologism (a heading, its accentuation; neologism classification based on the characteristics of its form; grammatical attributes; variations of form; neologism origin, original form; formational properties of neologisms; kindred words); BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 RITA MILIŪNAITĖ. Naujažodžių pateikimas ir paieškos galimybės Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne |21 (2) the meaning(s) and usage of the neologism (neologism definition; the relationship between the neologism and the norm of the standard language; thematic fields of usage; functional and expressive shades; other variations; semantic ties with other neologisms in the ND; usage examples and dated sources and authors thereof). The ND search engine is being developed on the basis of the above attributes of neologisms, considering the requirements of neological researchers and users of the language (for instance, the ND has a broad application in the process of teaching the Lithuanian language at schools of general and tertiary education). The structuring and initial studies of neologisms reveal their properties that drive wider investigation of the new vocabulary and development of new models to describe them. KEYWORDS: lexicography, neologism, digital linguistic recourses, language technologies. RITA MILIŪNAITĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected] BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204