Labializuotų bendrinės lietuvių kalbos balsių eksperimentinis tyrimas

BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 EDITA LEDICHOVA Lietuvių kalbos institutas LABIALISED GENERAL LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE marks EXPERIMENTAL STUDY KEY WORDS: co-articulation; labialization; the quality of the voice; allophone. ANNOTATION The term "labialization" has been used in Lithuanian linguistics since the middle of the 20th century. Already at that time, it was noted that vowels near the labial consonants or vowels have different acoustic and articulatory characteristics. However, no detailed experiments have been carried out so far, observations and remiantis tik klausa arba nedideliais žvalgomojo pobūdžio tyrimais. Šis darbas – vienas iš pirmųjų bandymų eksperimentinio tyrimo būdu išsiaiškinti labializacijos poveikį lietuvių bendrinės kalbos ilgiesiems ir conclusions have been made for short vowels. The qualitative characteristics of labialized allophones are analyzed by comparing the pronunciation data of vowels of natural and artificial words with isolatedly pronounced sounds. The results of the experimental study show that the third formant (F3) data of labialized allophones differ most markedly. The second form (F2) is also very trendy, but the effects of labialization on the posterior and anterior vowels are different. The least labialized and unlabialized allophones differ in the position of the first formant (F1) in the spectrum. The evaluation of the forming F1, F2 and F3 values revealed that the allophones of CpVCp position also qualitatively differ from the isolated vowel variants in terms of compactness (diffusity), bemolarity, tonality and tension. INTRODUCTION In the works on phonetics of the Lithuanian language, considerable attention has been paid to experimental studies of vowels of Lithuanian common language and dialects 1 (Pakerys 1982; Kaukėnienė 2002: 41–59; 2003: 35–47; 2004: 199–200). 211; Girdenis 2003: 222; Jaroslavienė 2014: 68–84; 2015; Jaroslavienė et al. 2019 et al.) or consonants (Vaitkevičiūtė 1965: 72–90; Mikalauskaitė 1975; Kliukienė 1994: 43–52; 1995: 58–68; 2011; Dereškevičiūtė 2008: 15–19; Dereškevičiūtė, Kazlauskienė 2009: 98–111; Ambrazevičius 2010: 5– 10; 2012: 13–18; Urbanavičienė, Indričāne 2016a: 46–77; 2016b: 46–79; Urbanavičienė et al. 2019 et al.), but a comprehensive study of the interaction of vowels and consonants – a justified written or verbal variant of Lithuanian language for the purposes of 1 Bendrine kalba šiame straipsnyje laikoma taisyklinga, žodyno, gramatikos, rašybos ir skyrybos normomis public life (VKĮPĮ 2011). Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 2 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 co-articulations – phenomena are still lacking. Only some cases of sound interaction have been 2 investigated and described (Vaitkevičiūtė 1960: 207; Girdenis, Kubiliūtė-Kliukienė 1982: 30–38; Kliukienė 2002: 33– 49; Jaroslavienė 2010: 133–139; 152–158; 2013: 105–125; Ledichova 2012: 76–85; Kliukienė, Raudžiūtė 2013: 111–119; Ambrazevičius, Leskauskaitė 2014; Jaroslavienė et al. 2019 and others). There are generally two cases of co-articulation in the flow of speech: assimilation and accommodation (Pakerys 2003: 178–179; Thomas 2010: 174, 293–294). Assimilation is the total or partial resemblance of a sound to other sounds of the same or adjacent word, changing the phonological value of that sound (LKE 2008: 36). For example, the consonant [p] can be replaced by the consonant [b]: lìpa ['lʲɪpɐ]: lìpdavo 3 ['lʲɪbdɐʋoː]. Accommodation is the combination of sounds that usually does not cause phoneme changes, only slight sound changes occur; The result of this process are variants of the same phonemes, or allophones. In writing, such changes in sounds are usually not reflected (Pakerys 2003: 189). This article deals with one of the types of accommodation – labialization. Labialization (from Latin labialis – lip), or lip, is defined as the transformation of a non-labial sound into a labial one lūpiniu. Ją lemia garso tarimas papildomai atkišant lūpas į priekį (Ladefoged, Maddieson 2008: 356; (Ladefoged, Johnson 2014: 245), resulting in the lengthening of the oral cavity and lowering the timbre of the sound (LKE 2008: 296), but, like all accommodation, it is only a partial adjustment of sounds, without changing the differential features of the sound and the phonemic composition of the language (or dialect). Although the term labialization is mentioned quite often in Lithuanian linguistic researchers’ works, detailed studies of labialized sounds are not carried out. It is true that Elžbieta Mikalauskaitė (1975: 12) and Antanas Pakerys (2003: 192) in their works on phonetics mention the possible effect of labial consonants on vowels, but they do not undertake to examine these insights more extensively and to confirm them by experimental research, and other works on 4 phonetics of the Lithuanian language describe only the most general features of labialization. 2 Coarticulation is defined as the merging of adjacent sounds, resulting from the continuous transformation of the vocal tract to produce another sound (Ladefoged, Johnson 2014: 75). 3 In the works on the general phonetics of Lithuanian language and dialects, the Lithuanian phonetic alphabet characters are most often used, but in order to make the results of the study more understandable to researchers of other languages, the article applies the standardized universal International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) developed by the International Phonetic Phonetic Alphabet [IPA], plačiau dėl TFA rašmenų žr. Ball ir kt. 2018: 155–164; dėl TFA simbolių taikymo bendrinės Association (IPA). For the possibilities of translating Lithuanian sounds, see Jaroslavienė 2017: 196–218; Kazlauskienė 2018: 18–19, 54–55, 57, for application to dialect sounds see. Bakšienė, Čepaitienė 2017: 105–135). The International Phonetic Alphabet does not use the usual accent marks, only the'symbol for the main accent. However, in Lithuanian, it is necessary to mark syllables pronounced with a strong and a strong-pronounced accent differently, therefore, this thesis is based on the notation of prepositions proposed by Asta Kazlauskienė: “1'” – strong-pronounced preposition, “2'” – strong-pronounced preposition (Kazlauskienė 2018: 19). 4 The term labialization is quite often used in the works of dialect researchers, it is characteristic of the people of Anykščiai and Kupiškis (Salys 1992: 119–120; Zinkevičius 1994: 68–69; 2006: 86–89; LKTCh 2004: 142, 152; Markevičienė 2011: 305; Balčiūnienė et al. 2017: 47), some of the Žemaičių šnektos, e.g., Klaipėda, Kretinga, Plungė (Girdenis, Riaubiškytė 1981: 92; Zinkevičius 1994: 122; LKTCh 2004: 272; LKE 2008: 296), but it is not a change of sounds affected by co-articulation, therefore it is not a subject of this article. Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 3 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 In foreign linguistic works, the main principles of labialization have already been studied and described in detail. The most important qualitative characteristics of labialized vowels are the decrease of the (F3) formančių reikšmių kitimas. Nustatytas labai ryškus priešakinės eilės balsių F2 reikšmių second (F2 ) and third, when they are near the labial consonants, and the vowels of the posterior row are more prone to anterior articulation due to the effect of labialization, i.e. their F2 resonates more frequently in the higher frequency range; Furthermore, the F3 values of the vowels between the labial consonants are of lower frequencies (Stevens, House 1963: 111–128; Ohde, Sharf 1975: 923–927; Strange et al. 1976: 213–224; Hillenbrand et al. 2001: 748–763; Flemming 2002: 22; Steinlen 2005: 87–91, 101–106, 118–122; Thomas 2011: 49; Fletcher, Bucher 2014: 98; Renwick 2014: 186; Sylak-Glassman 2014: 17–38; Beeley 2015 et al.). Experimental studies have not recorded a more pronounced qualitative change of the first formant associated with labialization. The aim of this thesis is to consistently and comprehensively investigate and describe the effect of labialization on the quality characteristics of long [ɑː, oː, uː, æː, eː, iː] and short [ɐ, ɔ, ʊ, ɪ, ɛ] 5 vowels in Lithuanian common language. The tasks are: 1) to create a database of research words; 2) 6 find suitable speakers and record the research words; 3) conducting experimental quality tests of allophones using special programs; 4) to compare and describe the acoustics of labialized and isolated vowel variants požymius. 1. TYRIMO METODIKA The study consists of two parts. Firstly, the vowels of natural Lithuanian words, mainly two-syllabic, were 7 studied: [ɑː] – bábą [2'bɑːbɑː], pãpadę [2'pɑːpɐdʲæː]; [oː] – bbbos [1'boːboːs], põpo [2'poːpoː]; [uː] – būbų [2'buːbuː], pūūpso [2'puːpsoː]; [æː] – bbę [2'bʲæːbʲæː], pplę [2'pʲæːpʲlʲæː]; [eː] – bėjbė [2'bʲeːbʲeː], pėppė [2'pʲeːpʲeː]; [iː] – riebbbė [rʲɪɛ1'bʲiːbʲeː], pępė [2'pʲiːpʲeː]; [ɐ] – bàbsi ['bɐpʲsʲɪ], pàpsi 5 The effect of labialization on vowels between the labial consonants [p], [b] (graphically the investigated position is marked CpVCp) was studied. 6 Although contemporary Lithuanian linguists are of the opinion that /ɪɛ/ and /uɔ/ function as long vowels in Lithuanian (Bacevičiūtė 2002: 5–17; Girdenis 2003: 102–104; 2009: 213–242), the methodology of studying and describing these variable elevation sounds differs from that of studying and describing sounds of constant articulation, so they were not included in the experimental study. 7 In order to establish a database of natural Lithuanian words for research and to obtain as accurate results as possible, we tried to ensure that as many of the research words as possible were diphthongs and, if possible, the research vowels were used between consonants of the same articulation place and had the same (solid) prefix. But make an ideal word. fonetines sąlygas dažnai būna sudėtinga, taigi į tyrimą teko įtraukti vieną kitą triskiemenį ar tvirtapradę priegaidę turintį EDITA LEDICHOVA. Labializuotų bendrinės lietuvių kalbos balsių eksperimentinis tyrimas | 4 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 ['pʲsʲɪ]; [ɔ] – bòbo ['bɔboː], pòpo ['pɔpoː]; [ʊ] for bùbu ['bʊbuː], pòpu ['pʊpuː]; [ɪ] – Bible ['bʲɪbʲlʲɪjɛ], pípkį ['pʲɪpʲkʲiː]; [ɛ] – bébyti ['bʲɛbʲiːtʲɪ], pèpsi ['pʲɛpʲsʲɪ]. The second part of the study consists of vowels 8 of artificial words, i.e. artificially formed words, but not pronounced in Lithuanian language, taking into account the peculiarities of Lithuanian word structure: [ɑː] – baba [bɑːbɑː], papa [pɑːpɑː]; [oː] – bobo [boːboː], popo [poːpoː]; 9 [uː] – būbū [buːbuː], pūpū [puːpuː]; [æː] – bebe [bʲæːbʲæː], pepe [pʲæːpʲæː]; [eː] – bėbė [bʲeːbʲeː], pėpė [pʲeːpʲeː]; [iː] – byby [bʲiːbʲiː], pypy [pʲiːpʲiː]; [ɐ] – baba [bɐbɐ], papa [pɐpɐ]; [ɔ] – bobo, popo; [ʊ] – bubu [bʊbʊ], pupu [pʊpʊ]; [ɪ] – bibi [bʲɪbʲɪ], pipi [pʲɪpʲɪ]; [ɛ] – bebe [bʲɛbʲɛ], pepe [pʲɛpʲɛ]. These words correspond to the ideal examples for experimental research, as they allow the comparison of vowel nagrinėti balsius, vartojamus tarp tos pačios artikuliacijos vietos priebalsių. allophones of natural and artificial words with the quality characteristics of isolatedly pronounced 10 vowels. Sounds pronounced in isolation, i.e. without any context, reflect natural articulation. Pronunciation of these sounds is separated from the influence of surrounding sounds and other factors affecting the changes in quality parameters, so such a voice is the closest to the acoustic standard. In addition, the comparison of isolated vowels and vowels pronounced in the flow of speech allows to determine the differences in the qualitative characteristics of allophones. The isolated vowel was presented in a short statement of affirmative intonation, for example, I pronounce long [ɑː], I pronounce long [iː], etc. The narrators were asked to read the sentences at a normal pace, without emphasizing or lengthening anything, and to make a short pause before uttering the investigative voice. In many Lithuanian experimental phonetic works, the vowel-forming values are calculated by taking the average of the vowel-forming values of the whole sound under study (see Atkočaitytė 2002; Kazlauskaitė 2002a; Bacevičiūtė 2004; Kaukėnienė 2004; Leskauskaitė 2004; Trumpa 2005; Murinienė 2007), but this way not only the indicators of the stationary part of the sound are summarized, but also those of the transitional segments – the beginning and the end of the sound, which are mainly affected by co-articulation with neighboring sounds. Therefore, in this study the sound-forming values were calculated differently: the allophone was divided into 3 parts and the values of the beginning (I position), the stationary part – the middle (II position) and the end of the segment were calculated. 8 According to this research methodology, a number of experimental sound interaction studies are carried out abroad (e.g. : Whalen 1990: 149–176; Marchal, Hardcastle 1993: 137–153; Boyce, Epsy-Wilson 1997: 3741–3753; Herrick 2007: 231–254; Strange et al. 2007: 1111–1129; Maxwell et al. 2015; Zellou, Pycha 2018: 1–24), they have also been carried out on the basis of phonetic data of the Lithuanian language (Ledichova 2012: 76–85; Grigorjevs, Jaroslavienė 2014: 35–49). 9 Artificial words have no accent or prefix, so the syllable that the informants had to emphasize was underlined. 10 Isolated vowels should not be confused with Jones cardinal vowels, which are generally accepted standards of vowel quality used as theoretical constructs to describe the vowels of certain languages or dialects, but which do not correspond to the actual vowels of a particular language (for more information, see Jones cardinal vowels). Jaroslavienė, Kaukėnienė 2004: 25–38; for the acoustic and articulatory characteristics of isolated vowels of individual Lithuanian dialects compared with Jones’ cardinal vowels see : Murinienė 1998: 91−105; Bacevičiūtė 2000: 13−17; Leskauskaitė 2000: 83−94; Kazlauskaitė 2002b: 61−78; Urbanavičienė 2004: 65–80 and others. ). Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 5 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 (III position), i.e. 1/3 of the sound part, forming the value. A total of 1056 labialized allophones were studied. Material for the experiment was collected in Vilnius. The samples for the study were persuaded by two male speakers: A. S. (23 years old) and K. B. (22 years old), who come from the western Highland dialect area, have a good pronunciation of common Lithuanian and actively communicate with it in everyday life. It is in this dialect area that the number of long vowels is best preserved, and the phonetic system and grammatical structure of the dialect itself is almost the same as that of the common Lithuanian language (LKE 2008: 310). At the time of recording both speakers were students of the third year of the acting specialty of the Academy of Music. Their articulation without noticeable shortcomings, pronunciation conforms to the norms of Lithuanian common language. In order to make the purpose of the study unclear to the speakers and to prevent them from influencing the results of the experiment, the words were presented in a random order, in addition to inserting words of an analogous structure irrelevant for the study. The study material was read with normal, natural speech pace, uniform, emotionally neutral nominative intonation, without lowering the voice at the end of the word. Each informant counted the given words three times. The recordings were segmented and spectral analysis was performed using the computer sound processing and analysis program PRAAT developed by researchers Paul Boersma and David Weenink of the University of Amsterdam. When applied, the values of the first four formants (F1, F2, F3, F4) are calculated in hertz (Hz), the format value in the work was considered to be 10 hertz rounded sound start, stationary part (middle) and end formats. In order to more accurately describe the qualitative relationships of the analyzed allophones, the following acoustic sound parameters were calculated according to the values of the first, second and third formants (Hz) of the initial, stationary and final articulation positions: compactness (C), tonality (T), bemolarity (b), diffusivity (df) and tension (t). The arithmetical operations were performed in the Microsoft Office Excel electronic spreadsheet, which, according to the research methodology developed by Raimundas G. Piotrovskis (Пиотровский 1960: 24–38), calculated the indices of the examined segments. The obtained results help to assess how the quality of the allophone changes when it is pronounced isolated and together with consonants, as well as which part of the investigated segment – the beginning, the stationary part (middle) or the end – is most affected by co-articulation. According to Bladon and Fant's formula (Bladon, Fant 1978: 2–3) the value of the so-called effective second formant (F2') was additionally calculated. EDITA LEDICHOVA. Labializuotų bendrinės lietuvių kalbos balsių eksperimentinis tyrimas | 6 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 c is calculated assuming B2 = 67 Hz and K(f) = 12 · F2/1400, according to the following formula: The results are converted to bars using the Traunmüller formula (Traunmüller 1988: 97). Bark = 26,81/ (1 + (1960/f)) – 0,53. The graphically comparable vowel variants are represented in the psychoacoustic F2'/F1 space. In it, the studied allophones are marked with circles with a diameter of 1 bar (z), and the distances between the circles indicate the degree of difference in perceived quality: the further the circles are from each other, the stronger the qualitative difference of the sounds (Jaroslavienė 2015: 5). It is stated that such a picture of vowel relations tiksliau perteikia klausos ypatumus, nes atsižvelgiama į logaritminę suvokimo prigimtį (Grigorjevs 2013: 303). 2. RESULTS OF THE QUALITY STUDY OF LABIALISED LONG AND SHORT BALLS The evaluation of labialized vowels is carried out by comparing the values of the first three formants (F1, F2 and F3) of their beginning, stationary part (middle) and end with the corresponding values of the formants of isolatedly pronounced vowels. Scientific literature (e.g. Ladefoged 2008: 440; Krug, Schlüter 2013: 234; Carignan et al. 2017: 363; Wayland 2019: 170) states that the first form F1 is inversely proportional to the elevation of the tongue, i.e. the lower this form, the higher the elevation of the tongue and the closer the sound; the second form F2 is related to the horizontal movement of the tongue, i.e. the higher this form, the more forward the sound. It is assumed that the values of F1 and F2 are sufficient to describe the acoustic characteristics of vowels, other values usually convey only expressive information or individual characteristics of the voice (cf. (1) (2) (3) ; . Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 7 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 Girdenis 2003: 221–222; Ladefoged 2008: 48). Tačiau, kaip atskleis šio tyrimo rezultatai, kai kuriais In some cases, the data of the third form F3 may be particularly important for differentiating vocal allophones. 2.1. Long vowels of natural words Firstly, the spectral characteristics of long labialized allophones pronounced in natural words charakteristikos, o tada rezultatai lyginami su dirbtinių žodžių tyrimo duomenimis. Analogiškai are analyzed, as well as those of short labialized and isolated vowels. TABLE 1. Signs of quality of labialized and isolated long vowels [ɑː], [oː], [uː], [æː], [eː], [iː] in natural words Sound Position F1 F2 F3 C b T df ít II 800 1310 2490 915 106 –65 510 500 [ɑː] 810 1250 2670 923 Cp[ɑː]Cp 106 –141 440 730 I 500 860 2630 898 111 –250 640 770 III 560 830 2570 923 111 –320 III 790 1290 2470 915 106 -69 500 530 610 800 I 380 760 2680 871 113 –246 860 1040 III 380 760 2630 871 113 –238 860 990 I 690 1620 Cp[oː]Cp 2500 869 106 182 930 310 III 730 1650 2410 876 106 190 920 470 III 450 2050 2610 791 106 554 1600 710 1210 II 260 2260 3080 709 108 805 2000 1580 [iː] 280 2380 3080 715 107 817 2100 1680 Cp[uː]Cp Forman (Hz) Indexes I 760 1300 2440 908 106 –40 540 520 II 550 840 2620 918 111 –310 610 830 [oː] 470 750 2680 909 111 –350 780 960 II 370 700 2660 878 113 –303 Cp[æː]Cp 930 1090 [uː] 350 660 2700 877 114 –336 990 1190 II 710 1610 2450 874 106 173 900 370 [æː] 710 1740 2550 866 105 223 1030 500 I 430 2080 2650 784 106 579 1650 800 II Cp[eː]Cp 440 2100 2630 786 106 581 1660 790 I 280 2230 3030 720 108 768 1950 1480 III 270 2280 3030 714 108 803 2010 1540 Cp[iː]Cp Notes: I – the beginning of the vowel, II – the middle, III – the end; The parentheses indicate the forms of the isolated vowel and their values. After analysing the trends in the changes in the forming values of the long labialized vowels of natural words, evaluating the qualitative parameters (see table 1) and comparing the results obtained with Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 8 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 the data of isolated vowels, some preliminary conclusions can be drawn (they are presented in figure 1). More pronounced differences in the values of the first form (F1) of labialized vowels are recorded only for medium-pitched vowels [oː] and [eː] – the allophones F1 between the labial consonants are slightly higher than the corresponding form of isolated vowels, so they should be slightly more open. A stronger influence of co-articulation on the values of labialized [oː] F1 has been found in the stationary and posterior positions of articulation (see Cp[oː]Cp F1 = 550 Hz, 560 Hz and [oː] F1 = 470 Hz; see also 500 Hz and 470 Hz), whereas the three positions of labialized [eː] are very similarly influenced by the adjacent consonants (see Cp[eː]Cp F1 = 430 Hz, 440 Hz, 450 Hz and [eː] F1 = 390 Hz). The results of other vowel allophones do not show any significant qualitative variation in the spectrum of the first formant. There are significant differences in the values of the second formant of labialized and non-labialized allophones. They, as can be seen, are related to the order of vowel pronunciation. The F2 allophones of the long posterior row of labialized vowels [ɑː], [oː], [uː] have higher frequencies, so these allophones should be considered as more forward articulations than isolatedly pronounced [p], [b], among which were labialized vowels, also articulated by the front part of the mouth – the obstacle is formed by both lips, pressing one against the other. When pronouncing such consonants, the tongue also moves slightly forward. This means that when the voice is pronounced, the vowels of the back balsiai. Tai iš tikrųjų labai tikėtina, nes priebalsiai row are pronounced a little more forward than the vowels of the front row. The F2 values of the labialized frontal [æː], [eː] and [iː] allophones are lower than those of the isolated vowel variants. In terms of articulation, this relationship should be interpreted as follows: the tongue withdraws backwards towards the hard palate and the pronounced vowel moves backwards. Nustatyta, kad koartikuliacija stipriau veikia Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 9 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 the initial or (and) final part of the segment, but also the whole allophone affected by the labial consonants [p], [b] qualitatively differs significantly from the isolatedly pronounced vowel variant. The direction of change of the values of the third formant is also very tendencious – in all cases and all articulation positions of the labialized vowel F3 are significantly lower frequencies. The preliminary results of the experimental study confirm the conclusions of foreign phonetic researchers (Stevens, House 1963: 111–128; Ohde, Sharf 1975: 923–927; Hillenbrand et al. 2001: 748–763; Cole et al. 2010: 167–184; Paillereau 2016) about the trends in the values of the second form, as well as support the idea of Edward Flemming (2002: 22), Erik R. Thomas (2011: 49), Helena Beeley (2015) and Andrew Bucher, Janeta Fletcher (2014: 98) that labialization is most related to the consistent decrease of the values of the third form. It should be noted that the change in the values of the first formant is very pale and, as can be suspected, little related to labialization. Foreign phonetic specialists do not write about the more pronounced differences in F1. The results of the evaluation of the forming values also allow to draw some preliminary conclusions, the changes in properties are best reflected by the compactness indices. tiesa, nustatytos tendencijos irgi yra glaudžiai susijusios su prigimtinėmis balsių akustinėmis savybėmis. Žemutinio pakilimo balsiai iš prigimties yra kompaktiniai, todėl jų alofonų akustinių Between the labial consonants [p], [b] the low-pitched [ɑː] is less compact than the isolated [ɑː] (see Cp[ɑː]Cp C = 908, 915 and [ɑː] C = 923), while the compactness index of the low-pitched [æː] labialized allophone is higher at all three articulation positions (see Cp[æː]Cp C = 869, 874, 876 and [æː] C = 866). The compactness index of the labialized medium-pitched vowel [eː] is also higher (see Cp[eː]Cp C = 784, 786, 791 and [eː] C = 763). The diffusivity index is more important for upper-ascent vowels – CpVCp position allophones have less diffusivity at the initial, stationary and final articulation positions than isolated vowel variants (see Cp[uː]Cp df = 860, 930 and [uː] df = 990; Cp[iː]Cp df = 1950, 2000, 2010 and [iː] df = 2100). Lower diffusivity index values are also observed in all three positions of the labialized medium elevation [oː] articulation (see Cp[oː]Cp df = 640, 610 and [oː] df = 780). Differences in bemolarity between labialized and isolated vowel variants have been recorded only for [æː], [iː] and [uː]. The front row [æː] and [iː] between the labial consonants are more bemolic (cf. Cp[æː]Cp b = 106 and [æː] b = 105; Cp[iː]Cp b = 108 and [iː] b = 107) – articulating them should be more active than when pronouncing an isolated vowel. It was expected that the indexes would also reveal the degree of labialization of the labial vowel [uː], but the labial consonants do not show the typical 1 PAV for this vowel. Spectra of labialized (___) and isolated (....) long vowels of natural words doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 EDITA LEDICHOVA. Labializuotų bendrinės lietuvių kalbos balsių eksperimentinis tyrimas | 16 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The results of the study of the short vowels of both natural and artificial words reveal the kokybinių parametrų kitimo tendencijas, todėl toliau trumpųjų balsių tyrimo duomenys aptariami same together, highlighting the most common laws or discussing some distinctive cases. TABLE 3. Signs of quality of labialized and isolated short vowels [ɐ], [ɔ], [ʊ], [ɪ], [ɛ] in natural words Sound Position F1 F2 F3 C b T df ít II 650 1330 2420 883 107 51 680 400 [ɐ] 740 1290 2690 904 106 –78 Cp[ɐ]Cp 550 640 II 590 920 2590 916 109 –257 490 760 [ɔ] 580 890 2720 918 109 –299 530 910 III 410 870 2570 865 112 –144 720 790 I 390 1990 2600 775 107 592 1600 700 I 500 1740 Cp[ɔ]Cp 2570 818 107 372 1240 310 III 500 1740 2570 818 107 375 1250 330 II 570 910 2580 912 110 –249 520 740 Formant (Hz) Indexes I 670 1290 2420 891 107 11 620 460 III 640 I 410 900 Cp[ʊ]Cp 2520 860 112 –106 690 710 III 380 1990 2560 772 107 610 1610 670 1350 2440 878 107 67 710 350 I 600 920 2590 919 109 –264 480 770 III 580 920 2580 913 109 –247 Cp[ɪ]Cp 500 740 II 410 870 2550 865 112 –140 720 770 [ʊ] 420 810 2620 878 112 –225 770 890 II Cp[ɛ]Cp 380 2010 2610 771 107 610 1630 740 [ɪ] 400 2090 2790 772 107 593 1690 980 II 510 1750 2310 771 107 610 1140 700 III 670 1290 2590 890 107 22 670 380 470 I 570 930 TABLE 4. Qualitative characteristics of labialized and isolated short vowels [ɐ], [ɔ], [ʊ], [ɪ], [ɛ] in artificial words 2520 909 110 –220 500 660 III 560 870 2600 916 110 –284 570 790 Cp[ɐ]Cp Cp[ɔ]Cp EDITA LEDICHOVA. Labializuotų bendrinės lietuvių kalbos balsių eksperimentinis tyrimas | 17 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 [ɔ] 580 890 2720 918 109 –299 530 910 II 430 850 2600 875 112 –190 720 820 [ʊ] 420 810 Cp[ʊ]Cp 2620 878 112 –225 770 890 II 380 2090 2680 767 107 632 1710 890 [ɪ] 400 2090 2790 772 107 593 1690 980 I 580 1750 2470 839 106 330 1170 360 III 600 1750 2430 844 106 322 Cp[ɪ]Cp 1150 420 I 390 2070 2660 771 107 614 1680 840 III 380 2050 2690 768 107 614 1170 860 II 610 1780 2460 844 106 325 1140 700 [ɛ] 650 1790 2760 849 105 252 1140 700 Cp[ɛ]Cp When analyzing the results of the pronunciation of both natural (see tables 3 and 5) and artificial (see tables 4 and 6) words, it was observed that the difference in the values of the first formant is more pronounced for lower-rising vowels [ɐ], [ɛ] – between the initial, stationary and final articulation positions of the allophones [ɐ], [ɛ] of the labial consonants [p], [b] there are lower frequencies F1 than variantų (plg. Cp[ɐ]Cp F1 = 670 Hz, 650 Hz, 640 Hz ir [ɐ] F1 = 740 Hz; Cp[ɛ]Cp F1 = 500 Hz, 510 Hz ir [ɛ] F1 = 650 Hz (natūralių žodžių duomenys); Cp[ɐ]Cp F1 = 640 Hz, 690 Hz, 670 Hz ir [ɐ] F1 = 740 for isolatedly pronounced vowels Hz; Cp[ɛ]Cp F1 = 580 Hz, 610 Hz, 600 Hz and [ɛ] F1 = 650 Hz (data of artificial words)), so it can be assumed that the articulation of labialized allophones has a higher degree of tongue elevation and they are more closed. The F1 values of labialized [ɔ], [ʊ] and [ɪ] variants in natural or artificial words do not show any clearer qualitative difference – a difference of 10–20 Hz between the compared positions can be considered insignificant at all. The values of the second form change rather trendy, and the ratio is analogous to the results of the study of long vowels of natural words already discussed (see Tables 1 and 2): the F2 values of labialized [ɐ], [ɔ], [ʊ] allophones of the posterior row are higher, so they should all be considered as more anterior articulations than pronounced isolated vowels, and the labialized [ɪ], [ɛ] F2 of the anterior row are of lower frequencies, so it can be assumed that when articulating them the tongue shifts slightly more to the posterior part of the oral cavity. The discussed feature is characteristic of the results of the study of both natural and artificial words. It is necessary to note that the data of the short vowel-forming values Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 18 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 reveals not as sharp qualitative difference as long vowels, but the variation of F2 is very constant and allows to say that this is not accidental, but undoubted influence of labial consonants [p], [b]. The most consistent data on the third form of all grupei bendrus kokybinius rezultatus rodo the allophones studied – the articulation positions F3 of three labialized [ɐ], [ɔ], [ʊ], [ɪ], [ɛ] allophones are lower than those of isolated vowel variants. The tendency that emerged throughout the experimental study, as well as the findings of many foreign phonetic specialists (Flemming 2002: 22; Thomas 2011: 49; Fletcher, Bucher 2014: 98; Beeley 2015), allows us to boldly say that the marked differences in F3 results are related to the effects of labialization. It should be noted that there was no greater difference in the formative values between the initial, stationary and final articulation positions – a similar influence of the labial consonants on the quality results was recorded in all three phases of allophone pronunciation. There was no significant difference in the values of F1, F2 and F3 between the results of the natural and artificial words – the influence of labialization on the short vowel variants studied in both cases was significant. panaši. The evaluation of the forming values allows to describe more accurately the characteristics of short labialized and isolated allophones. The compactness of the lower-rising [ɐ], [ɛ] variants of the three articulation positions studied between the labial consonants is lower (cf. Cp[ɐ]Cp C = 891, 883, 878 and [ɐ] C = 904; Cp[ɛ]Cp C = 818, 823, 818 and [ɛ] C = 849 (data for natural words) and Cp[ɐ]Cp C = 881, 892, 890 and [ɐ] C = 904; Cp[ɛ]Cp C = 839, 844 and [ɛ] C = 849 (data for artificial words)). Required 5 PAV. Spectra of labialized and isolated (....) short vowels of natural words (___) 6 PAV. The study of the spectra of labialized and isolated (....) short vowels of the artificial words (___) draw attention to the fact that the values of the compactness of the labialized low elevation [æː] are Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 19 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 higher than those of the isolated vowel variant, while the already discussed labialized short vowel [ɛ] variant is characterized by lower compactness. The diffusivity values of the upper elevation [ʊ], [ɪ] and middle elevation [ɔ] vary slightly, but some general trends can be seen. The labialized [ʊ], [ɪ], [ɔ] allophones of natural words are not as diffuse at the initial, stationary and final articulation positions as their isolated variants (see Cp[ʊ]Cp df = 690, 720 and [ʊ] df = 770; Cp[ɪ]Cp df = 1600, 1630, 1610 and [ɪ] df = 1690; Cp[ɔ]Cp df = 480, 490, 500 and [ɔ] df = 530). The results of the study of artificial words show that [ʊ] in three articulation positions (cf. Cp[ʊ]Cp df = 730, 720, 760 and [ʊ] df = 770), [ɪ] in the stationary and final positions (cf. Cp[ɪ]Cp df = 1680, 1670 and [ɪ] df = 1690), [ɔ] in the initial and stationary positions (cf. Cp[ɔ]Cp df = 500, pronounced variants; in the unaddressed pronunciation phases the diffusivity of the labialized variant is higher. [ɐ] and [ɛ] allophones are characterized by more active lip activity than their isolated variants (cf. Cp[ɐ]Cp b = 107 and [ɐ] b = 106; Cp[ɛ]Cp b = 108 and [ɛ] b = 107 (data for natural words); Cp[ɐ]Cp b = 107 and [ɐ] b = 106; Cp[ɛ]Cp b = 106 and [ɛ] b = 105 (data for artificial words)). However, the difference in the bemolarity index between the long labialized and the isolated [ɑː] has not been recorded. It should be 520 ir [ɔ] df = 530) ne toks difuziškas kaip izoliuotai noted that only the artificial words [ɔ], which are between the labial consonants, have a higher bemolarity index (see Cp[ɔ]Cp b = 110 and [ɐ] b 109); no change in the values of the [ɔ] bemolarity index of Bemoliškumo indeksas rodo, kad labializuotiems natural words was recorded. It should be recalled that according to the values of the second form, two groups of vowels were clearly distinguished: labialized vowels of the posterior row with higher F2 values and vowels of the anterior row with lower F2 values. However, the analysis of tonality parameters revealed a different relationship: all posterior and posterior consonants between the labial consonants Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | The tonal doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 values of 20 of the anterior row of short [ɐ], [ɔ], [ʊ], [ɪ] and [ɛ], examined in three articulation 12 positions, are greater than those of the isolatedly pronounced variants of these vowels, therefore labialized allophones should be considered as having a higher timbre (cf. Cp[ɐ]Cp T = 11, 51, 67 and [ɐ] T = –78; Cp[ɔ]Cp T –264, –257, –247 and [ɔ] T = –299; Cp[ʊ]Cp T = –106, –140, –144 and [ʊ] T = –225; Cp[ɪ]Cp T = 610 and [ɪ] T = 593; Cp[ɛ]Cp T = 372, 415, 375 and [ɛ] T = 252 (data for natural words); Cp[ɐ]Cp T = –22, –1, –18 and [ɐ] T = –78; Cp[ɔ]Cp T = –220, –249, –284 and [ɔ] T = –299; Cp[ʊ]Cp T = –195, – 190, –211 and [ʊ] T = –225; Cp[ɪ]Cp T = 616, 632, 614 and [ɪ] T = 593; Cp[ɛ]Cp T = 330, 325, 322 and [ɛ] T = 252 (data for artificial words). The most consistently changing quality parameter has been stress – all labialized allophones of short vowels of both natural and artificial words are pronounced with less stressed devices than their isolated variants. All of the vocals in the group are less stressed than the allophones between the labial consonants. 12 The tonal parameter of the initial position of the labialized [ɪ] is slightly lower (see Cp[ɪ]Cp T = 592 and [ɪ] T = 593). Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 21 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The analysis of vowel relations (see figures 7 and 8) revealed that both natural and artificial words show žemutinio pakilimo trumpieji labializuoti ir izoliuotai ištarti [ɐ] ir [ɛ] variantai psichoakustinėje the greatest difference in the space – their comparative circles are very clearly distant from each Atstumai neabejotinai leidžia teigti, kad alofonai suvokiami kaip iš esmės kokybiškai skirtingi garsai. other. The studied [ɪ] variants should also be perceived as qualitatively different, but their comparative circles are slightly less distant than those of [ɐ], [ɛ] allophones. Similarly, [ʊ] variants can be perceived, but it is necessary to note that the qualitative difference between the vowel variants of natural words is greater (circles do not touch each other) than the vowel variants of artificial words (circles touch marginally). In psychoacoustic space, the least difference is between labialized and isolated [ɔ] variants – the circles overlap one another by a third or more, which means that allophones should be perceived as very similar but of different qualities. All labialized short vowels, with the exception of natural words [ɔ], have moved closer to the center of the psychoacoustic space, while isolated variants of these vowels occupy a more peripheral position. Such a tendency has also been established by analyzing the differences in the position of long vowel variants in the psychoacoustic space. 7 PAV. Natūralių žodžių labializuotų (žali Relationship of isolated (yellow circles) and isolated (red circles) short vowels in psychoacoustic space 8 PAV. Relationship of labialized (green circles) and isolated (yellow circles) short vowels of artificial words in psychoacoustic space EDITA LEDICHOVA. Labializuotų bendrinės lietuvių kalbos balsių eksperimentinis tyrimas | 22 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 CONCLUSIONS After detailed analysis of the quality parameters of labialized long and short allophones of natural and artificial words and comparing them with the data of isolated vowels, the following characteristics of vowel variants were established: 1. The most pronounced and consistent differences in all vowel groups are found in the data of the third form F3 – the F3 values of the allophones of labialized long and short vowels of natural and artificial words in all examined articulation positions, i.e. initial, stationary and final, are lower in frequency. Taigi manytina, jog spektre aiškiausiai išryškėjantys garso labializacijos požymiai pirmiausia sietini su trečiosios formantės žemėjimu. 2.The change in the meaning of the second form is also very pronounced and trendy, but its changes are related to the natural order of vowel pronunciation. The F2 values of the labialized long and short allophones of the posterior sequence [ɑː], [ɐ], [oː], [ɔ], [uː], [ʊ] of natural and artificial words are higher than those of isolated vowels, so they should all be somewhat more forward articulated; The labialized variants of the anterior row [æː], [ɛ], [eː], [iː], [ɪ] F2 resonate in the lower frequency range, so they are probably characterized by posterior articulation. A slightly stronger difference in the values of the second form F2 of the vowels of the back row was recorded, so it is assumed that these vowels are more strongly affected by the consonants [p], [b]; The direction of the change of the frontal vowels is somewhat fainter, but the general trend is maintained in all the studied vowel groups. The effect of labialization on the values of the first formant F1 is related to the elevation of the vowels under study – only the long medium elevation vowels [oː] and [eː] and the short low elevation vowels [ɐ] and [ɛ] show marked F1 shifts in the spectrum, but their qualitative characteristics are not uniform. The F1 values of the allophones [oː], [eː] between the labial consonants are higher, so they should be more open than the isolated variants, and the first form of the labialized [ɐ] and [ɛ] is lower than that of the isolated vowels, so the allophones should be considered more closed. There is no significant difference between the long and short vowels in the first consonant. 4. The results of the assessment of the formative values can be summarised as follows: 4.1. CpVCp pozicijoje esančių žemutinio pakilimo [ɑː], [ɐ], [ɛ] ir vidutinio pakilimo [eː] alofonų kompaktiškumas mažesnis nei izoliuotai ištartų jų variantų, labializuoto žemutinio pakilimo [æː] the values of the compactness index of all three articulation positions of the variant are higher; The Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 23 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 high-pitched [uː], [ʊ], [iː], [ɪ] and medium-pitched [oː], [ɔ] allophones reveal a slightly different relationship – labialized variants of the examined vowels in the initial, stationary and final articulation positions tend to be less diffuse than isolatedly pronounced variants. 4.2. in terms of tonality, the following groups of vowels can be distinguished: long labialized allophones of the posterior line [ɑː], [oː], [uː], which have a higher degree of tonality and thus a higher timbre, and long labialized variants of the anterior line [æː], [eː], [iː], which have a lower degree of tonality at the CpVCp position and thus a lower timbre; The short labialized vowels of the posterior and anterior order [ɐ], [ɔ], [ʊ], [ɛ], [ɪ] should be considered as having a higher timbre. 4.3. differences in bemolarity between labialized and isolated allophones were recorded only in [ɐ], [æː], [ɛ], [iː] and [uː]: the anterior row [æː], [ɛ], [iː] and the posterior row [ɐ] in the CpVCp position are more bemolar – when articulating them the lip activity should be more active than when pronouncing the isolated variants of these vowels; The posterior [uː] allophone between the labial consonants has lower values of amorphousness. 4.4. General qualitative language apparatus distinguishing labialized and isolated požymis yra įtempimas – visi CpVCp pozicijoje esantys alofonai artikuliuojami mažiau įtemptais vowel variants. 5. labialization has a slightly stronger effect on the initial or initial and final articulation positions of long allophones. In the group of short vowels, there was no significant difference between the initial, stationary and final positions compared – a similar influence of labial consonants on the quality results was found in all parts of the short allophone. 6. No greater difference in qualitative meanings between natural and artificial words has been established – labialization affects the characteristics of both naturally used and artificially formed words very similarly, i.e. in all cases the same direction of change in qualitative meanings is maintained. 7. Most of the studied labialized and isolated vowels in the psychoacoustic acoustic space show clear differences. This is especially true for the long [oː], [uː], [æː], [eː] and short [ɐ], [ɛ] variants – the distances between the labialized and isolated allophone circles in the psychoacoustic space very clearly show that these vowel variants should be perceived as qualitatively different sounds; The comparative circles of the long [iː] and short [ɔ] variants most coincided, so the qualitative difference between their allophones is small. Edita Ledichova. Experimental study of labialized vowels of common Lithuanian language | 24 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 8. labialized vowels are characterized by a greater or lesser shift towards the center of the psychoacoustic space, while isolated variants tend to occupy a more peripheral position, i.e. they are located at the edges of the coordinate system quarter. 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F le m m i n g E d w a r d 2002: Auditory Representations in Phonology, Routledge, New York. G ir d e n is A le k s a s 2003: Teoriniai lietuvių fonologijos pagrindai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. G ir d e n is A le k s a s 2009: Vadinamųjų sutaptinių dvibalsių [ie uo] garsinė ir fonologinė sudėtis. – Baltistica 44(2), 213–242. G ir d e n is A le k s a s , K u b i l i ū t ė -K l i u k i e n ė R e g in a 1982: Regresyvinis priebalsių palatalizacijos poveikis balsių spektrui šiaurės žemaičių tarmėje. – Kalbotyra 33(1), 30–38. G ir d e n is A le k s a s , R i a u b i š k yt ė S v a j o n ė 1981: Viena šiaurės žemaičių ir prūsų fonetikos paralelė. – Baltistica 17(1), 92–95. EDITA LEDICHOVA. Labializuotų bendrinės lietuvių kalbos balsių eksperimentinis tyrimas | 32 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 to describe better the qualitative ratios of the analysed allophones, the following acoustic parameters of the beginning, the middle part and the end of the segment articulation positions were calculated according to the first, second and third formant values (Hz): compactness (C), tonality (T), flatness (b), diffusivity (df) and tension (it). The relationships of the graphically compared vowel variants are represented in the psychoacoustic F2'/F1 space, in which the researched allophones are marked by circles of 1 bark size (z) in diameter, and the distances between them indicate the degree of difference in perceived quality: the farther the circles are from each other, the more qualitatively those sounds differ. After a detailed study of the qualitative characteristics of labialized vowels of the Lithuanian standard language and their comparison with the data of isolated vowels, the following general tendencies were identified. Labialized allophones are most evidently and stably characterised by the data of the third formant F3 – in all articulation positions, i. e., in the beginning, the middle part, and the end of the segment, they are characterised by lower-frequency F3 values. Thus, it is considered that the most obvious signs of sound labialization in the spectrum are primarily related to the degradation of the third formant. The change in the values of the second formant F2 of labialized vowels is also greatly pronounced and tendentious, but its changes are related to the pronunciation of vowels. The labialized allophones of back vowels [ɑː], [ɐ], [oː], [ɔ], [uː], [ʊ] of all the studied groups more often have higher frequency F2 values, so they should be slightly more front articulation than pronounced in isolation. The corresponding variants of the front vowels [æː], [ɛ], [eː], [iː], [ɪ] have a resonant F2 in the lower frequency range, so they are likely to have a slightly more back articulation. The effect of labialization on the values of the first formant F1 is not systematic. The evaluation of labialized allophone formant values has shown that consistent trends were found by analysing the values of compactness/diffusion, tonality, flatness and stress indices, but systematic differences were not recorded in all groups of vowels. The analysis of the relationships of vowel variants in psychoacoustic space has shown that in many cases, the allophones pronounced in different positions are perceived as sounds of unequal quality. Attention was drawn to the fact that no greater qualitative difference was observed between the words that are actually used in speech and artificially constructed ones – labialization has a very similar effect on their acoustic characteristics. EDITA LEDICHOVA. Labializuotų bendrinės lietuvių kalbos balsių eksperimentinis tyrimas | 33 doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2020.93.03 BENDRINĖ KALBA 93 (2020) http://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba ISSN 2351-7204 The strength of coarticulation influence on the quality characteristics of labialized vowels depends primarily on the length of the vowel. Long allophones are more likely to experience a stronger influence of adjacent consonants in the beginning or in the beginning and the end of the segment articulation positions. Short vowel variants experience a stronger effect of full-sound coarticulation because no more pronounced differences were found between the measured articulation positions – all allophonic phases receive a similar effect of adjacent consonants. KEYWORDS: labialization; coarticulation; quality; allophone. EDITA LEDICHOVA Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected]